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# The BlueGreen Labs R project template | ||
# OCR Climate | ||
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This is a github template for a BlueGreen Labs R project repository. This template can | ||
be loaded when creating a new project in github. As such you pre-populate a | ||
project with a standard set of directories. This ensures a project-oriented | ||
and consistent workflow across all lab members, and removes some of the mental | ||
overhead in making decisions on a project structure. It further helps in ensuring | ||
reproducible workflows, for more details on minimum standards on reproducibility | ||
consult [Jenkins et al. 2023](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ece3.9961). | ||
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It must be noted that some of the functionality as provided by this setup is | ||
included in the [`usethis`](https://usethis.r-lib.org/) R package, the aim is | ||
slightly different. For one, `usethis` is aimed at populating a package structure. | ||
Second, there is not preset full template, hence many individual decisions still | ||
need to be made and code executed. This is bypassed by this setup. | ||
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> NOTE: The template uses BlueGreen Labs' default package template. BlueGreen Labs | ||
> does not take responsibility or endorses projects (accidentally) using BlueGreen Labs branding. | ||
> Please remove branding by removing the 'package' line in the _pkgdown.yml file. | ||
## Use | ||
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### A github project from the template | ||
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To use the template create a new repository on github, as you otherwise would | ||
using the big green button. If you are in the project on github you can hit | ||
the green button top right (Use this template - note that the visuals are of a fork of this project but you get the gist of it). | ||
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![Screenshot from 2023-06-08 11-33-14](https://github.com/bluegreen-labs/R_project_template/assets/1354258/bf1b479a-6d74-4df2-93cf-abfabd01b950) | ||
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Otherwise you can select the repository from the template dropdown menu, select `bluegreen-labs/R_project_template`. | ||
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![Screenshot from 2023-06-08 11-34-33](https://github.com/bluegreen-labs/R_project_template/assets/1354258/f471817f-5829-49e2-b6db-53be07cf0740) | ||
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Proceed as usual by naming your repository. However, be careful to select the | ||
correct owner of the project if you have multiple identities. | ||
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![Screenshot from 2023-06-08 11-33-36](https://github.com/bluegreen-labs/R_project_template/assets/1354258/ed95b964-393d-459a-9c2c-5cd6265fb2f9) | ||
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### Clone to your local computer | ||
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The new repository will be created and populated with the files of the template. | ||
You can then clone the project to your local computer to add files. | ||
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Although optional it is wise to rename the `*.Proj` file as this will not | ||
automatically change to your repository name. However, retaining the original | ||
name should not change any of the functionality. | ||
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```bash | ||
git clone [email protected]:USER/YOUR_PROJECT.git | ||
``` | ||
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## Structure | ||
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The structure of the template follows the structure of an R package without | ||
actually being one. There are several reasons for this. | ||
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- Familiarizes you with an R package structure | ||
- allowing for an optional switch to an R package | ||
- Avoids top level aggregation of data, code and reporting files | ||
- Splits the dynamic reporting from academic writing (`vignettes` vs. `manuscript`) | ||
- Splits pre-processing of data from working / included data (`data-raw` vs. `data`) | ||
- Splits R code from other scripts (bash / python in `src`) | ||
- Splits R functions from R analysis scripts (`R` vs `analysis`) | ||
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Below you find a comprehensive list of what goes where an why, as well as some | ||
best practices on how to structure further data within these folders. | ||
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### The R folder | ||
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The `R` folder contains R functions, not scripts. This means code wrapped in a | ||
structure as such | ||
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```R | ||
# A demo function | ||
# | ||
# This function demonstrates the general layout | ||
# of a function | ||
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my_function <- function(parameter) { | ||
some_actions | ||
} | ||
``` | ||
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Functions are actions you need more than once, which can not be generated | ||
easily with external packages and are tailored to your project. | ||
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These functions should stand on their own with limited links to additional | ||
custom functions. Ideally you provide a brief title and description on the | ||
function's purpose before. | ||
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Writing functions seems an initial waste of time, you could easily just copy and | ||
paste some code in your analysis scripts. However, this means that if you | ||
decide certain aspects of this workflow you might have to hunt down these | ||
changes in all analysis scripts. Failing to do so will result in corrupted | ||
analysis. In addition, writing functions will make it easy to re-use the code | ||
within the context of a new project, and if proven to be generally useful | ||
outside a single research project it can be integrated in a formal package. | ||
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### The src folder | ||
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The `src` folder contains scripts and code which is not R related, in packages | ||
this folder often contains Fortran or C code which needs to be compiled. Here, | ||
it is common to store bash or python functions which might assist in data | ||
cleaning or data gathering which can't be done in R alone. | ||
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### The data-raw folder | ||
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The `data-raw` folder contains, as the name suggests, raw data and the scripts | ||
to download and pre-process the data. This is data which requires significant | ||
pre-processing to be of use in analysis. In other words, this data is not | ||
analysis ready (within the context of the project). | ||
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To create full transparency in terms of the source of this raw data it is best | ||
to include (numbered) scripts to download and pre-process the data. Either in | ||
these scripts, or in a separate README, include the source of the data (reference) | ||
Ultimately, the output of the workflow in data-raw is data which is analysis ready. | ||
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It is best practice to store various raw data products in their own sub-folder, | ||
with data downloading and processing scripts in the main `data-raw` folder. | ||
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``` | ||
data-raw/ | ||
├─ raw_data_product/ | ||
├─ 00_download_raw_data.R | ||
├─ 01_process_raw_data.R | ||
``` | ||
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Where possible it is good practice to store output data (in `data`) either as human | ||
readable CSV files, or as R serialized files | ||
(generated using with the `saveRDS()` function). | ||
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It is common that raw data is large in size, which limits the option of storing | ||
the data in a git repository. If this isn't possible this data can be excluded | ||
from the git repository by explicitly adding directories to `.gitignore` to | ||
avoid accidentally adding them. | ||
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When dealing with heterogeneous systems dynamic paths can be set to (soft) link | ||
to raw-data outside the project directory. | ||
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### The data folder | ||
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The `data` folder contains analysis ready data. This is data which you can use, | ||
as is. This often contains the output of a `data-raw` pre-processing workflow, | ||
but can also include data which doesn't require any intervention, e.g. a land | ||
cover map which is used as-is. Output from `data-raw` often undergoes a | ||
dramatic dimensionality reduction and will often fit github file size limits. In | ||
some cases however some data products will still be too large, it is recommended | ||
to use similar practices as describe for `data-raw` to ensure transparency | ||
on the sourcing of this data (and reproducible acquisition). | ||
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It is best to store data in transparently named sub-folders according to the | ||
product type, once more including references to the source of the data where | ||
possible. Once more, download scripts can be used to ensure this transparency | ||
as well. | ||
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``` | ||
data/ | ||
├─ data_product/ | ||
├─ 00_download_data.R | ||
``` | ||
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### The analysis folder | ||
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The `analysis` folder contains, *surprise*, R scripts covering analysis of your | ||
analysis ready data (in the `data` folder). These are R scripts with output | ||
which is limited to numbers, tables and figures. It should not include R | ||
markdown code! | ||
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It is often helpful to create additional sub-folders for statistics and figures, | ||
especially if figures are large and complex (i.e. visualizations, rather than | ||
graphical representations of statistical properties, such as maps). | ||
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Scripts can have a numbered prefix to indicate an order of execution, but this | ||
is generally less important as you will work on analysis ready data. If there | ||
is carry over between analysis, either merge the two files or use numbered | ||
prefixes. | ||
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``` | ||
analysis/ | ||
├─ statistics/ | ||
│ ├─ 00_random_forest_model.R | ||
│ ├─ 01_random_forest_tuning.R | ||
├─ figures/ | ||
│ ├─ global_model_results_map.R | ||
│ ├─ complex_process_visualization.R | ||
``` | ||
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Output of the analysis routines can be written to file (`manuscript` folder) or | ||
visualized on the console or plot viewer panel. | ||
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### The manuscript folder | ||
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The `manuscript` folder contains a true working document often written in an | ||
external word processing software. It also, at times, contain the output of | ||
any analysis script, such as tables and rendered figures. | ||
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Thee can be an R markdown file if for example suitable templates can be found in | ||
the [`rticles`](https://pkgs.rstudio.com/rticles/) R package to facilitate | ||
publication. However, the use of R markdown should be done with much care | ||
(see notes on the `vignettes` folder). As before, use sub-folders to organize | ||
this work neatly. | ||
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### The vignettes folder | ||
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The `vignettes` folder contains dynamic notebooks, i.e. R markdown files. These | ||
might serve a dual use between analysis and manuscript. However, the use case | ||
in reality should be considered very narrowly. In general, as they are commonly | ||
used, R markdown files are rarely portable. The argument that it is easy to | ||
share rendered html files is invalid if you adhere to an open workflow with | ||
github based snapshots. The latter ensures that all code is visible, all data | ||
is visible, and the project is truly reproducible. Furthermore, R markdown | ||
documents mix two cognitive tasks, writing text and writing code. Switching | ||
between these two modes comes with undue overhead. If you code, you should not | ||
be writing prose, and vise versa. | ||
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Unless applied to small, educational, examples a markdown file has little place | ||
in a code heavy environment. In short, if your R markdown file contains more | ||
code than it does text, it should be considered an R script or function | ||
(with comments or documentation). Conversely, if your markdown file contains | ||
more text than code it probably is easier to collaborate on a true word | ||
processing file (or a Google Docs file). The use case where the notebooks might | ||
serve some importance is true reporting of general statistics. | ||
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Finally, the use of R markdown also encourages bad project management practices. | ||
Most commonly this originates from the fact that rendering of the document is | ||
relative to the location of the document itself. If no session management tools | ||
such as the package [`here`](https://here.r-lib.org/) are used this automatically | ||
causes files to pile up in the top most level of a project, undoing most efforts | ||
to structure data and code. This is further compounded by the fact that there is | ||
a tendency to remain within the working environment (document), and therefore | ||
code blocks which should be functions are not translated as such. | ||
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In short, R markdown files have their function in reporting results, once | ||
generated (through functions or analysis scripts) but should be avoided to | ||
develop code / ideas (see cognitive switching remark)! | ||
Optical Character Recognition for historical climate data |