diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index fb4cc8a5..36636e7d 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@
     "teen_process": "^2.0.0"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
+    "@appium/test-support": "^3.0.1",
     "@appium/eslint-config-appium": "^8.0.4",
     "@appium/eslint-config-appium-ts": "^0.x",
     "@appium/tsconfig": "^0.x",
diff --git a/test/unit/client-specs.js b/test/unit/client-specs.js
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0c49a98b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/unit/client-specs.js
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+import chai from 'chai';
+import { SettingsApp } from '../../lib/client';
+import { withMocks } from '@appium/test-support';
+import ADB from 'appium-adb';
+import chaiAsPromised from 'chai-as-promised';
+
+chai.use(chaiAsPromised);
+const adb = new ADB({});
+
+describe('client', withMocks({adb}, function (mocks) {
+  const client = new SettingsApp({adb});
+
+  afterEach(function () {
+    mocks.verify();
+  });
+
+  describe('isRunningInForeground', function () {
+    it('should return true if the output includes isForeground=true', async function () {
+      // this case is when 'io.appium.settings/.NLService' was started AND
+      // the settings app is running as a foreground service.
+      // This case could happen when only 'shell cmd notification allow_listener io.appium.settings/.NLService' is
+      // called but the process hasn't been started from io.appium.settings/.ForegroundService,
+      // or the app process was stopped by "Force Stop" via the system settings app.
+      const getActivityServiceOutput = `
+          ACTIVITY MANAGER SERVICES (dumpsys activity services)
+            User 0 active services:
+            * ServiceRecord{f0ad90b u0 io.appium.settings/.NLService}
+              intent={act=android.service.notification.NotificationListenerService cmp=io.appium.settings/.NLService}
+              packageName=io.appium.settings
+              processName=io.appium.settings
+              permission=android.permission.BIND_NOTIFICATION_LISTENER_SERVICE
+              baseDir=/data/app/~~fHuRc6u9ehtAcXvuXy-fiw==/io.appium.settings-wJRwd1HrrbVG5ZINWuHi5Q==/base.apk
+              dataDir=/data/user/0/io.appium.settings
+              app=ProcessRecord{1d61746 18302:io.appium.settings/u0a320}
+              whitelistManager=true
+              allowWhileInUsePermissionInFgs=true
+              startForegroundCount=0
+              recentCallingPackage=android
+              createTime=-6m21s859ms startingBgTimeout=--
+              lastActivity=-6m21s783ms restartTime=-6m21s783ms createdFromFg=true
+              Bindings:
+              * IntentBindRecord{a5d675f CREATE}:
+                intent={act=android.service.notification.NotificationListenerService cmp=io.appium.settings/.NLService}
+                binder=android.os.BinderProxy@1be25ac
+                requested=true received=true hasBound=true doRebind=false
+                * Client AppBindRecord{c78a275 ProcessRecord{3f853b1 1847:system/1000}}
+                  Per-process Connections:
+                    ConnectionRecord{fbf1188 u0 CR FGS !PRCP io.appium.settings/.NLService:@339692b}
+              All Connections:
+                ConnectionRecord{fbf1188 u0 CR FGS !PRCP io.appium.settings/.NLService:@339692b}
+
+            * ServiceRecord{e7a180b u0 io.appium.settings/.ForegroundService}
+              intent={act=start cmp=io.appium.settings/.ForegroundService}
+              packageName=io.appium.settings
+              processName=io.appium.settings
+              permission=android.permission.FOREGROUND_SERVICE
+              baseDir=/data/app/~~fHuRc6u9ehtAcXvuXy-fiw==/io.appium.settings-wJRwd1HrrbVG5ZINWuHi5Q==/base.apk
+              dataDir=/data/user/0/io.appium.settings
+              app=ProcessRecord{1d61746 18302:io.appium.settings/u0a320}
+              allowWhileInUsePermissionInFgs=true
+              startForegroundCount=1
+              recentCallingPackage=io.appium.settings
+              isForeground=true foregroundId=1 foregroundNoti=Notification(channel=main_channel shortcut=null contentView=null vibrate=null sound=null defaults=0x0 flags=0x62 color=0x00000000 vis=PRIVATE)
+              createTime=-5m1s703ms startingBgTimeout=--
+              lastActivity=-5m1s702ms restartTime=-5m1s702ms createdFromFg=true
+              startRequested=true delayedStop=false stopIfKilled=false callStart=true lastStartId=1
+
+            Connection bindings to services:
+            * ConnectionRecord{fbf1188 u0 CR FGS !PRCP io.appium.settings/.NLService:@339692b}
+              binding=AppBindRecord{c78a275 io.appium.settings/.NLService:system}
+              conn=android.app.LoadedApk$ServiceDispatcher$InnerConnection@339692b flags=0x5000101`;
+      mocks.adb.expects('getApiLevel').once().returns(26);
+      mocks.adb.expects('processExists').never();
+      mocks.adb.expects('shell').once().withArgs(['dumpsys', 'activity', 'services', 'io.appium.settings']).returns(getActivityServiceOutput);
+      await client.isRunningInForeground().should.eventually.true;
+    });
+    it('should return false if the output does not include isForeground=true', async function () {
+      // this case is when 'io.appium.settings/.NLService' was started but
+      // the settings app hasn't been started as a foreground service yet.
+      const getActivityServiceOutput = `
+        ACTIVITY MANAGER SERVICES (dumpsys activity services)
+          User 0 active services:
+          * ServiceRecord{41dde04 u0 io.appium.settings/.NLService}
+            intent={act=android.service.notification.NotificationListenerService cmp=io.appium.settings/.NLService}
+            packageName=io.appium.settings
+            processName=io.appium.settings
+            permission=android.permission.BIND_NOTIFICATION_LISTENER_SERVICE
+            baseDir=/data/app/~~fHuRc6u9ehtAcXvuXy-fiw==/io.appium.settings-wJRwd1HrrbVG5ZINWuHi5Q==/base.apk
+            dataDir=/data/user/0/io.appium.settings
+            app=ProcessRecord{d3b2ed1 18588:io.appium.settings/u0a320}
+            whitelistManager=true
+            allowWhileInUsePermissionInFgs=true
+            startForegroundCount=0
+            recentCallingPackage=android
+            createTime=-2s362ms startingBgTimeout=--
+            lastActivity=-2s283ms restartTime=-2s283ms createdFromFg=true
+            Bindings:
+            * IntentBindRecord{26ce8cd CREATE}:
+              intent={act=android.service.notification.NotificationListenerService cmp=io.appium.settings/.NLService}
+              binder=android.os.BinderProxy@2dbc582
+              requested=true received=true hasBound=true doRebind=false
+              * Client AppBindRecord{24ce493 ProcessRecord{3f853b1 1847:system/1000}}
+                Per-process Connections:
+                  ConnectionRecord{8f3e709 u0 CR FGS !PRCP io.appium.settings/.NLService:@d481010}
+                  ConnectionRecord{bd3f9f8 u0 CR FGS !PRCP io.appium.settings/.NLService:@1c7ed5b}
+            All Connections:
+              ConnectionRecord{bd3f9f8 u0 CR FGS !PRCP io.appium.settings/.NLService:@1c7ed5b}
+              ConnectionRecord{8f3e709 u0 CR FGS !PRCP io.appium.settings/.NLService:@d481010}
+
+          Connection bindings to services:
+          * ConnectionRecord{bd3f9f8 u0 CR FGS !PRCP io.appium.settings/.NLService:@1c7ed5b}
+            binding=AppBindRecord{24ce493 io.appium.settings/.NLService:system}
+            conn=android.app.LoadedApk$ServiceDispatcher$InnerConnection@1c7ed5b flags=0x5000101
+          * ConnectionRecord{8f3e709 u0 CR FGS !PRCP io.appium.settings/.NLService:@d481010}
+            binding=AppBindRecord{24ce493 io.appium.settings/.NLService:system}
+            conn=android.app.LoadedApk$ServiceDispatcher$InnerConnection@d481010 flags=0x5000101`;
+
+      mocks.adb.expects('getApiLevel').once().returns(26);
+      mocks.adb.expects('processExists').never();
+      mocks.adb.expects('shell').once().withArgs(['dumpsys', 'activity', 'services', 'io.appium.settings']).returns(getActivityServiceOutput);
+      await client.isRunningInForeground().should.eventually.false;
+    });
+    it('should rely on processExists for api level 25 and lower', async function () {
+      mocks.adb.expects('getApiLevel').once().returns(25);
+      mocks.adb.expects('processExists').once().returns(1000);
+      mocks.adb.expects('shell').never().withArgs(['dumpsys', 'activity', 'services', 'io.appium.settings']);
+      await client.isRunningInForeground().should.eventually.eql(1000);
+    });
+  });
+}));