diff --git a/runners/core-java/src/main/java/org/apache/beam/runners/core/metrics/StringSetData.java b/runners/core-java/src/main/java/org/apache/beam/runners/core/metrics/StringSetData.java
index 4fc5d3beca31..5f9bb6392ec2 100644
--- a/runners/core-java/src/main/java/org/apache/beam/runners/core/metrics/StringSetData.java
+++ b/runners/core-java/src/main/java/org/apache/beam/runners/core/metrics/StringSetData.java
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@
 import com.google.auto.value.AutoValue;
 import java.io.Serializable;
 import java.util.Arrays;
-import java.util.HashSet;
 import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
 import org.apache.beam.sdk.metrics.StringSetResult;
 import org.apache.beam.vendor.guava.v32_1_2_jre.com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
 import org.apache.beam.vendor.guava.v32_1_2_jre.com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
@@ -54,13 +54,13 @@ public static StringSetData create(Set<String> set) {
     if (set.isEmpty()) {
       return empty();
     }
-    HashSet<String> combined = new HashSet<>();
+    Set<String> combined = ConcurrentHashMap.newKeySet();
     long stringSize = addUntilCapacity(combined, 0L, set);
     return new AutoValue_StringSetData(combined, stringSize);
   }
 
   /** Returns a {@link StringSetData} which is made from the given set in place. */
-  private static StringSetData createInPlace(HashSet<String> set, long stringSize) {
+  private static StringSetData createInPlace(Set<String> set, long stringSize) {
     return new AutoValue_StringSetData(set, stringSize);
   }
 
@@ -76,11 +76,12 @@ public static StringSetData empty() {
    * <p>>Should only be used by {@link StringSetCell#add}.
    */
   public StringSetData addAll(String... strings) {
-    HashSet<String> combined;
-    if (this.stringSet() instanceof HashSet) {
-      combined = (HashSet<String>) this.stringSet();
+    Set<String> combined;
+    if (this.stringSet() instanceof ConcurrentHashMap.KeySetView) {
+      combined = this.stringSet();
     } else {
-      combined = new HashSet<>(this.stringSet());
+      combined = ConcurrentHashMap.newKeySet();
+      combined.addAll(this.stringSet());
     }
     long stringSize = addUntilCapacity(combined, this.stringSize(), Arrays.asList(strings));
     return StringSetData.createInPlace(combined, stringSize);
@@ -95,7 +96,8 @@ public StringSetData combine(StringSetData other) {
     } else if (other.stringSet().isEmpty()) {
       return this;
     } else {
-      HashSet<String> combined = new HashSet<>(this.stringSet());
+      Set<String> combined = ConcurrentHashMap.newKeySet();
+      combined.addAll(this.stringSet());
       long stringSize = addUntilCapacity(combined, this.stringSize(), other.stringSet());
       return StringSetData.createInPlace(combined, stringSize);
     }
@@ -105,7 +107,8 @@ public StringSetData combine(StringSetData other) {
    * Combines this {@link StringSetData} with others, all original StringSetData are left intact.
    */
   public StringSetData combine(Iterable<StringSetData> others) {
-    HashSet<String> combined = new HashSet<>(this.stringSet());
+    Set<String> combined = ConcurrentHashMap.newKeySet();
+    combined.addAll(this.stringSet());
     long stringSize = this.stringSize();
     for (StringSetData other : others) {
       stringSize = addUntilCapacity(combined, stringSize, other.stringSet());
@@ -120,7 +123,7 @@ public StringSetResult extractResult() {
 
   /** Add strings into set until reach capacity. Return the all string size of added set. */
   private static long addUntilCapacity(
-      HashSet<String> combined, long currentSize, Iterable<String> others) {
+      Set<String> combined, long currentSize, Iterable<String> others) {
     if (currentSize > STRING_SET_SIZE_LIMIT) {
       // already at capacity
       return currentSize;
diff --git a/runners/core-java/src/test/java/org/apache/beam/runners/core/metrics/StringSetCellTest.java b/runners/core-java/src/test/java/org/apache/beam/runners/core/metrics/StringSetCellTest.java
index f78ed01603fb..9497bbe43d0e 100644
--- a/runners/core-java/src/test/java/org/apache/beam/runners/core/metrics/StringSetCellTest.java
+++ b/runners/core-java/src/test/java/org/apache/beam/runners/core/metrics/StringSetCellTest.java
@@ -20,7 +20,13 @@
 import static org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert.assertThat;
 import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.equalTo;
 import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
 
+import java.time.Instant;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
 import org.apache.beam.sdk.metrics.MetricName;
 import org.apache.beam.vendor.guava.v32_1_2_jre.com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
 import org.junit.Assert;
@@ -94,4 +100,42 @@ public void testReset() {
     assertThat(stringSetCell.getCumulative(), equalTo(StringSetData.empty()));
     assertThat(stringSetCell.getDirty(), equalTo(new DirtyState()));
   }
+
+  @Test(timeout = 5000)
+  public void testStringSetCellConcurrentAddRetrieval() throws InterruptedException {
+    StringSetCell cell = new StringSetCell(MetricName.named("namespace", "name"));
+    AtomicBoolean finished = new AtomicBoolean(false);
+    Thread increment =
+        new Thread(
+            () -> {
+              for (long i = 0; !finished.get(); ++i) {
+                cell.add(String.valueOf(i));
+                try {
+                  Thread.sleep(1);
+                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                  break;
+                }
+              }
+            });
+    increment.start();
+    Instant start = Instant.now();
+    try {
+      while (true) {
+        Set<String> s = cell.getCumulative().stringSet();
+        List<String> snapshot = new ArrayList<>(s);
+        if (Instant.now().isAfter(start.plusSeconds(3)) && snapshot.size() > 0) {
+          finished.compareAndSet(false, true);
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+    } finally {
+      increment.interrupt();
+      increment.join();
+    }
+
+    Set<String> s = cell.getCumulative().stringSet();
+    for (long i = 0; i < s.size(); ++i) {
+      assertTrue(s.contains(String.valueOf(i)));
+    }
+  }
 }