MICS.bib

@article{Grogan-Kaylor2021,
abstract = {Background and Objective:Sixty countries worldwide have banned the use of physical punishment, yet little is known about the association of physical and nonphysical forms of child discipline with child development in a global context. The objective of this study is to examine whether physical punishment and nonphysical discipline are associated with child socioemotional functioning in a global sample of families from 62 countries and whether country-level normativeness of physical punishment and nonphysical discipline moderated those associations.Methods:Data for this study are from 215,885 families in the fourth and fifth rounds of the United Nations Children?s Fund Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys. Bayesian multilevel logistic models were used to analyze the associations of physical punishment and nonphysical discipline (i.e., taking away privileges and verbal reasoning) with three different outcomes representing children?s socioemotional functioning: getting along well with other children, aggression, and becoming distracted.Results:The use of physical punishment was not associated with getting along with other children, was associated with increased aggression, and was associated with increases in distraction. Taking away privileges was associated with lower levels of getting along with other children, higher levels of aggression, and higher levels of becoming distracted. Verbal reasoning (i.e., explaining why a behavior was wrong) was associated with higher levels of getting along with other children, higher levels of aggression, and higher levels of becoming distracted. Country-level normativeness moderated some of these associations but in general the direction of effects was consistent.Conclusions:Results suggest that eliminating physical punishment would benefit children across the globe and align with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, which calls for all children to be free from physical violence. More attention needs to be focused on the associations of nonphysical forms of discipline with child functioning across the globe.},
author = {Grogan-Kaylor, Andrew and Castillo, Berenice and Pace, Garrett T and Ward, Kaitlin P and Ma, Julie and Lee, Shawna J and Knauer, Heather},
doi = {10.1177/0165025420981642},
issn = {0165-0254},
journal = {International Journal of Behavioral Development},
publisher = {SAGE Publications Ltd},
title = {{Global perspectives on physical and nonphysical discipline: A Bayesian multilevel analysis}},
url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0165025420981642},
year = {2021}
}


@article{WardA,
author = {Ward, Kaitlin P. and Grogan-Kaylor, Andrew C. and Pace, Garrett T. and Cuartas, Jorge and Lee, Shawna J.},
doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046075},
journal = {BMJ Open},
number = {e046075},
title = {{A Multilevel Ecological Analysis of the Predictors of Spanking Across 65 Countries}},
volume = {11},
year = {2021}
}


@article{Pace2019,
abstract = {Spanking is one of the most common forms of child discipline used by parents around the world. Research on children in high-income countries has shown that parental spanking is associated with adverse child outcomes, yet less is known about how spanking is related to child well-being in low- and middle-income countries. This study uses data from 215,885 children in 62 countries from the fourth and fifth rounds of UNICEF's Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) to examine the relationship between spanking and child well-being. In this large international sample which includes data from nearly one-third of the world's countries, 43% of children were spanked, or resided in a household where another child was spanked, in the past month. Results from multilevel models show that reports of spanking of children in the household were associated with lower scores on a 3-item socioemotional development index among 3- and 4-year-old children. Country-level results from the multilevel model showed 59 countries (95%) had a negative relationship between spanking and socioemotional development and 3 countries (5%) had a null relationship. Spanking was not associated with higher socioemotional development for children in any country. While the cross-sectional association between spanking and socioemotional development is small, findings suggest that spanking may be harmful for children on a more global scale than was previously known.},
author = {Pace, Garrett T. and Lee, Shawna J. and Grogan-Kaylor, Andrew},
doi = {10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.11.003},
issn = {18737757},
journal = {Child Abuse and Neglect},
keywords = {Child development,Corporal punishment,International research,Spanking},
pages = {84--95},
pmid = {30448642},
title = {{Spanking and young children's socioemotional development in low- and middle-income countries}},
volume = {88},
year = {2019}
}
@article{Ma2022,
abstract = {Background: Nearly one third of children under five in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) experience spanking. Studies from North America suggest that spanking is associated with heightened risk of physical abuse. However, the link between spanking and physical abuse in the international context remains understudied. Objective: To examine the association between caregivers' spanking and physical abuse of young children in LMICs, and to estimate the extent to which physical abuse might be reduced if spanking were eliminated. Participants: We used nationally representative data from 156,166 1- to 4-year-old children in 56 LMICs from the fourth and fifth rounds of UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys. Methods: A nationally weighted multilevel logistic regression model examined the association between spanking and physical abuse. We calculated predicted probabilities of physical abuse, which we present using natural frequencies. Results: Spanking was associated with higher odds of physical abuse (OR = 5.74, p < .001). The predicted probability of physical abuse decreased by 14% comparing children who were spanked (22%) and who were not spanked (8%). When our estimates were translated to a hypothetical sample of 100 children using a natural frequency approach, 32 children were spanked; of those, seven experienced physical abuse. The elimination of spanking would result in four fewer children who were exposed to physical abuse. In relation to the population of abused children, estimates suggest that physical abuse could reduce by up to 33% if spanking were eliminated. Conclusions: Results support the UN Sustainable Development Goals Target 16.2 that calls for eliminating all forms of violence against children. Child welfare advocates should discourage caregivers from using spanking, in order to prevent physical abuse.},
author = {Ma, Julie and Grogan-Kaylor, Andrew C. and Pace, Garrett T. and Ward, Kaitlin P. and Lee, Shawna J.},
doi = {10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105662},
issn = {01452134},
journal = {Child Abuse & Neglect},
month = {jul},
pages = {105662},
publisher = {Elsevier BV},
title = {{The association between spanking and physical abuse of young children in 56 low- and middle-income countries}},
volume = {129},
year = {2022}
}

@article{WardC,
author = {Ward, Kaitlin P. and Lee, Shawna J. and Grogan-Kaylor, Andrew C. and Ma, Julie and Pace, Garrett T.},
doi = {10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105606},
journal = {Child Abuse & Neglect},
title = {{Patterns of Caregiver Aggressive and Nonaggressive Discipline Toward Young Children in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Latent Class Approach}},
volume = {128},
year = {2022}
}

@Article{Ward2023,
  abstract = {Objective: To test associations between 11 parental discipline behaviors and child aggression, distraction, and prosocial peer relations across low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).
Study Design: Data came from the fourth (2009-2013) and fifth (2012-2017) rounds of the UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS). Survey responses publicly available as of July 2020 were included. Data were restricted to household respondents with focal children under 5 years. The final analytic sample included 163,345 respondents across 60 LMICs. Data were analyzed using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression.
Results: Verbal reasoning (80%) and shouting (66%) were the most common parental discipline behaviors toward young children. Psychological and physical aggression were associated with higher child aggression and distraction. Verbal reasoning was associated with lower aggression (OR = 0.92, 95% CI [0.86, 0.99]) and higher prosocial peer relations (OR = 1.30, 95% CI [1.20, 1.42]). Taking away privileges was associated with higher distraction (OR = 1.09, 95% CI [1.03, 1.15] and lower prosocial peer relations (OR = 0.92, 95% CI [0.87, 0.98]). Giving the child something else to do was associated with higher distraction (OR = 1.06, 95% CI [1.01, 1.12]. Random slopes suggested statistically credible cultural variation in the associations between parenting behaviors and child socio-emotional outcomes.
Conclusions: Psychological and physical aggression were disadvantageous for children’s socio-emotional development across countries. Only verbal reasoning was associated with positive child socio-emotional development. Greater emphasis should be dedicated to reducing parental use of psychological and physical aggression across cultural contexts.},
  author = {Kaitlin P. Ward and Andrew C. Grogan-Kaylor and Julie Ma and Garrett Pace and Shawna J. Lee},
  journal = {BMJ Open},
  title = {Associations Between 11 Parental Discipline Behaviors and Child Outcomes Across 60 Countries},
  year = {2023},
  doi = {10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058439},
}

@Misc{MICS,
  author = {{UNICEF}},
  city = {New York, NY},
  publisher = {UNICEF},
  title = {Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS)},
  url = {https://mics.unicef.org/},
  year = {2024},
}