diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 626d79f492..1fe057f93e 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
 
 - Parameter `animate` from `DataTable.move_cursor` was being ignored https://github.com/Textualize/textual/issues/3840
 - Fixed a crash if `DirectoryTree.show_root` was set before the DOM was fully available https://github.com/Textualize/textual/issues/2363
+- Live reloading of TCSS wouldn't apply CSS changes to screens under the top screen of the stack https://github.com/Textualize/textual/issues/3931
 
 
 ## [0.47.1] - 2023-01-05
diff --git a/src/textual/app.py b/src/textual/app.py
index 59332971aa..4f679c4787 100644
--- a/src/textual/app.py
+++ b/src/textual/app.py
@@ -428,7 +428,7 @@ def __init__(
         self._workers = WorkerManager(self)
         self.error_console = Console(markup=False, stderr=True)
         self.driver_class = driver_class or self.get_driver_class()
-        self._screen_stacks: dict[str, list[Screen]] = {"_default": []}
+        self._screen_stacks: dict[str, list[Screen[Any]]] = {"_default": []}
         """A stack of screens per mode."""
         self._current_mode: str = "_default"
         """The current mode the app is in."""
@@ -722,7 +722,7 @@ def is_headless(self) -> bool:
         return False if self._driver is None else self._driver.is_headless
 
     @property
-    def screen_stack(self) -> Sequence[Screen]:
+    def screen_stack(self) -> Sequence[Screen[Any]]:
         """A snapshot of the current screen stack.
 
         Returns:
@@ -731,7 +731,7 @@ def screen_stack(self) -> Sequence[Screen]:
         return self._screen_stacks[self._current_mode].copy()
 
     @property
-    def _screen_stack(self) -> list[Screen]:
+    def _screen_stack(self) -> list[Screen[Any]]:
         """A reference to the current screen stack.
 
         Note:
@@ -1494,7 +1494,8 @@ async def _on_css_change(self) -> None:
                 self._css_has_errors = False
                 self.stylesheet = stylesheet
                 self.stylesheet.update(self)
-                self.screen.refresh(layout=True)
+                for screen in self.screen_stack:
+                    self.stylesheet.update(screen)
 
     def render(self) -> RenderableType:
         return Blank(self.styles.background)
diff --git a/tests/css/css_reloading.tcss b/tests/css/css_reloading.tcss
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..12579d4579
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/css/css_reloading.tcss
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+/* This file has no rules intentionally. */
diff --git a/tests/css/test_css_reloading.py b/tests/css/test_css_reloading.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8da5312dfe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/css/test_css_reloading.py
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+"""
+Regression test for https://github.com/Textualize/textual/issues/3931
+"""
+
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from textual.app import App, ComposeResult
+from textual.screen import Screen
+from textual.widgets import Label
+
+CSS_PATH = (Path(__file__) / "../css_reloading.tcss").resolve()
+
+Path(CSS_PATH).write_text(
+    """\
+Label {
+    height: 5;
+    border: panel white;
+}
+"""
+)
+
+
+class BaseScreen(Screen[None]):
+    def compose(self) -> ComposeResult:
+        yield Label("I am the base screen")
+
+
+class TopScreen(Screen[None]):
+    DEFAULT_CSS = """
+    TopScreen {
+        opacity: 1;
+        background: green 0%;
+    }
+    """
+
+
+class MyApp(App[None]):
+    CSS_PATH = CSS_PATH
+
+    def on_mount(self) -> None:
+        self.push_screen(BaseScreen())
+        self.push_screen(TopScreen())
+
+
+async def test_css_reloading_applies_to_non_top_screen(monkeypatch) -> None:  # type: ignore
+    """Regression test for https://github.com/Textualize/textual/issues/2063."""
+
+    monkeypatch.setenv(
+        "TEXTUAL", "debug"
+    )  # This will make sure we create a file monitor.
+
+    app = MyApp()
+    async with app.run_test() as pilot:
+        await pilot.pause()
+        first_label = pilot.app.screen_stack[-2].query(Label).first()
+        # Sanity check.
+        assert first_label.styles.height is not None
+        assert first_label.styles.height.value == 5
+
+        # Clear the CSS from the file.
+        Path(CSS_PATH).write_text("/* This file has no rules intentionally. */\n")
+        await pilot.app._on_css_change()
+        # Height should fall back to 1.
+        assert first_label.styles.height is not None
+        assert first_label.styles.height.value == 1