insect.txt

30843299|t|Hydrocarbons catalysed by TmCYP4G122 and TmCYP4G123 in Tenebrio molitor modulate the olfactory response of the parasitoid Scleroderma guani.
30843299|a|Hydrocarbons (HCs) present on the epicuticle of terrestrial insects are not only used to reduce water loss but are also used as chemical signals. The cytochrome p450 CYP4G gene is essential for HC biosynthesis in some insects. However, its function in Tenebrio molitor is unknown. Moreover, it is not yet known whether CYP4G of a host can modulate the searching behaviours of its parasitoid. Here, we explore the function of the TmCYP4G122 and CYP4G123 genes in T.  molitor. The TmCYP4G122 and CYP4G123 transcripts could be detected in all developmental stages. Their expression was higher in the fat body and abdominal cuticle than in the gut. Their transcript levels in mature larvae under desiccation stress [relative humidity (RH)  <  5%] was significantly higher than that in the control (RH  =  70%). Injection of dsCYP4G122 and dsCYP4G123 caused a reduction in HC biosynthesis and was associated with increased susceptibility to desiccation. Individuals of the parasitoid Scleroderma guani that emerged from mealworm pupae showed host preference for normal pupae whereas S.  guani that emerged from pupae lacking CYP4G122 or/and CYP4G123 lost this searching preference. The current results confirm that CYP4G122 and CYP4G123 regulate the biosynthesis of HCs and modulate the olfactory response of its parasitoid S.  guani.
30843299	0	12	Hydrocarbons	Chemical	MESH:D006838
30843299	26	36	TmCYP4G122	Gene
30843299	41	51	TmCYP4G123	Gene
30843299	55	71	Tenebrio molitor	Species	7067
30843299	122	139	Scleroderma guani	Species	380176
30843299	141	153	Hydrocarbons	Chemical	MESH:D006838
30843299	307	312	CYP4G	Gene
30843299	393	409	Tenebrio molitor	Species	7067
30843299	460	465	CYP4G	Gene
30843299	570	580	TmCYP4G122	Gene
30843299	585	593	CYP4G123	Gene
30843299	603	613	T. molitor	Species	7067
30843299	619	629	TmCYP4G122	Gene
30843299	634	642	CYP4G123	Gene
30843299	1004	1019	HC biosynthesis	Disease	MESH:C536201
30843299	1115	1132	Scleroderma guani	Species	380176
30843299	1214	1222	S. guani	Species	380176
30843299	1255	1263	CYP4G122	Gene
30843299	1271	1279	CYP4G123	Gene
30843299	1345	1353	CYP4G122	Gene
30843299	1358	1366	CYP4G123	Gene
30843299	1454	1462	S. guani	Species	380176

31454682|t|Chitin deacetylase 1 and 2 are indispensable for larval-pupal and pupal-adult molts in Heortia vitessoides (Lepidoptera: Crambidae).
31454682|a|Heortia vitessoides Moore is a notorious defoliator of Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg trees. Chitin deacetylases (CDAs) catalyze the N-deacetylation of chitin, which is a crucial process for chitin modification. Here, we identified and characterized HvCDA1 and HvCDA2 from H. vitessoides. HvCDA1 and HvCDA2 possess typical domain structures of CDAs and belong to the Group I CDAs. HvCDA1 and HvCDA2 were highly expressed before and after the larval-larval molt. In addition, both exhibited relatively high mRNA expression levels during the larval-pupal molt, the pupal stage, and the pupal-adult molt. HvCDA1 and HvCDA2 transcript expression levels were highest in the body wall and relatively high in the larval head. Significant increases in the HvCDA1 and HvCDA2 transcript expression levels were observed in the larvae upon exposure to 20-hydroxyecdysone. RNA interference-mediated HvCDA1 and HvCDA2 silencing significantly inhibited HvCDA1 and HvCDA2 expression, with abnormal or nonviable phenotypes being observed. Post injection survival rates of the larvae injected with dsHvCDA1 and dsHvCDA2 were 66.7% and 46.7% (larval-pupal) during development and 23.0% and 6.7% (pupal-adult), respectively. These rates were significantly lower than those of the control group insects. Our results suggest that HvCDA1 and HvCDA2 play important roles in the larval-pupal and pupal-adult transitions and represent potential targets for the management of H. vitessoides.
31454682	0	20	Chitin deacetylase 1	Gene
31454682	87	106	Heortia vitessoides	Species	1557813
31454682	133	152	Heortia vitessoides	Species	1557813
31454682	188	206	Aquilaria sinensis	Species	210372
31454682	227	245	Chitin deacetylase	Gene
31454682	267	268	N	Chemical	MESH:D009584
31454682	384	390	HvCDA1	Gene
31454682	395	401	HvCDA2	Gene
31454682	407	421	H. vitessoides	Species	1557813
31454682	423	429	HvCDA1	Gene
31454682	434	440	HvCDA2	Gene
31454682	515	521	HvCDA1	Gene
31454682	526	532	HvCDA2	Gene
31454682	736	742	HvCDA1	Gene
31454682	747	753	HvCDA2	Gene
31454682	882	888	HvCDA1	Gene
31454682	893	899	HvCDA2	Gene
31454682	974	992	20-hydroxyecdysone	Chemical	MESH:D004441
31454682	1020	1026	HvCDA1	Gene
31454682	1031	1037	HvCDA2	Gene
31454682	1072	1078	HvCDA1	Gene
31454682	1083	1089	HvCDA2	Gene
31454682	1442	1448	HvCDA1	Gene
31454682	1453	1459	HvCDA2	Gene
31454682	1583	1597	H. vitessoides	Species	1557813

27016505|t|Hunchback knockdown induces supernumerary segment formation in Bombyx.
27016505|a|Insect segment number within species appears to be fixed irrespective of germ types: long vs. short/intermediate. The present study showed induction of supernumerary segment formation by the knockdown of Bombyx hunchback (Bm-hb), presumably by terminal segment addition, a short/intermediate-like-segmentation mode that is not observed in normal Bombyx embryogenesis. This suggests that Bm-hb suppresses segmentation. The results obtained also suggest that the gap gene Bm-Kr (Bombyx Kruppel) provides a permissive environment for the progression of segmentation by suppressing the expression Bm-hb, which terminates segmentation. This indicates a novel mechanism by which the gap gene is involved in segmentation. It appears that Bm-Kr and Bm-hb are involved in segment counting and their interplay contributes to the correct number of segments being formed in Bombyx. Similar mechanisms may be operating in insects that employ the non-Drosophilan mode of segmentation such as in short/intermediate-germ insects.
27016505	0	9	Hunchback	Gene
27016505	63	69	Bombyx	Species
27016505	275	281	Bombyx	Species
27016505	282	291	hunchback	Gene
27016505	293	298	Bm-hb	Gene
27016505	417	423	Bombyx	Species
27016505	458	463	Bm-hb	Gene
27016505	541	546	Bm-Kr	Gene
27016505	548	554	Bombyx	Species
27016505	555	562	Kruppel	Gene
27016505	664	669	Bm-hb	Gene
27016505	802	807	Bm-Kr	Chemical	MESH:D007726
27016505	812	817	Bm-hb	Gene
27016505	933	939	Bombyx	Species

31542385|t|Apoptosis-mediated vasa down-regulation controls developmental transformation in Japanese Copidosoma floridanum female soldiers.
31542385|a|Copidosoma floridanum is a polyembryonic, caste-forming, wasp species. The ratio of investment in different castes changes with environmental stressors (e.g. multi-parasitism with competitors). The vasa gene was first identified in Drosophila melanogaster as a germ-cell-determining factor, and C.  floridanum vasa (Cf-vas) gene positive cells have been known to develop into reproductive larvae. Cf-vas seems to control the ratio of investment in C.  floridanum larval castes. In this study, we identified environmental factors that control Cf-vas mRNA expression in Japanese C.  floridanum by examining Cf-vas mRNA expression under competitor (Meteorus pulchricornis) venom stress; we treated the male and female morulae with M.  pulchricornis venom. We also assessed the effects of multi-parasitism of Japanese C.  floridanum with M.  pulchricornis and found an increasing number of female soldier larvae. The results showed that several amino acid sequences differ between the Japanese and US Cf-vas. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) showed that Japanese Cf-vas mRNA is expressed in both male and female larvae and pupae, but mRNA expression decreases in adults. Cf-vas mRNA expression significantly decreased, while C.  floridanum dronc (Cf-dronc) mRNA expression increased, in female morulae after M.  pulchricornis venom treatment at 20   h and 0   h of the culture period, respectively. Females and males showed different Cf-vas or Cf-dronc mRNA expression after M.  pulchricornis venom treatment. Therefore, M.  pulchricornis venom could affect the ratio of investment in different female castes of Japanese C.  floridanum by decreasing Cf-vas mRNA expression via apoptosis.
31542385	19	23	vasa	Gene	26067080
31542385	90	111	Copidosoma floridanum	Species	29053
31542385	129	150	Copidosoma floridanum	Species	29053
31542385	287	303	multi-parasitism	Disease	MESH:D010272
31542385	327	331	vasa	Gene	26067080
31542385	361	384	Drosophila melanogaster	Species	7227
31542385	424	437	C. floridanum	Species	29053
31542385	438	442	vasa	Gene	26067080
31542385	444	450	Cf-vas	Gene
31542385	525	531	Cf-vas	Gene
31542385	576	589	C. floridanum	Species	29053
31542385	669	675	Cf-vas	Gene
31542385	704	717	C. floridanum	Species	29053
31542385	731	737	Cf-vas	Gene
31542385	772	794	Meteorus pulchricornis	Species	51522
31542385	854	870	M. pulchricornis	Species	51522
31542385	910	926	multi-parasitism	Disease	MESH:D010272
31542385	939	952	C. floridanum	Species	29053
31542385	958	974	M. pulchricornis	Species	51522
31542385	1120	1126	Cf-vas	Gene
31542385	1220	1226	Cf-vas	Gene
31542385	1328	1334	Cf-vas	Gene
31542385	1382	1395	C. floridanum	Species	29053
31542385	1396	1401	dronc	Gene
31542385	1403	1411	Cf-dronc	Gene
31542385	1464	1480	M. pulchricornis	Species	51522
31542385	1587	1593	Cf-vas	Gene
31542385	1597	1599	Cf	Chemical	MESH:D002142
31542385	1600	1605	dronc	Gene
31542385	1628	1644	M. pulchricornis	Species	51522
31542385	1673	1689	M. pulchricornis	Species	51522
31542385	1772	1785	C. floridanum	Species	29053
31542385	1800	1806	Cf-vas	Gene

30528775|t|MiR-219 represses expression of dFMR1 in Drosophila melanogaster.
30528775|a|AIMS: Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) plays a vital role in mRNA trafficking and translation inhibition to regulate the synthesis of local proteins in neuronal axons and dendritic terminals. However, there are no reports on microRNA (miRNA)-mediated regulation of FMRP levels in Drosophila. Here, we aimed to identify miRNAs regulating FMRP levels in Drosophila. MAIN METHODS: Using online software, we predicted and selected 11 miRNAs potentially acting on the Drosophila fragile X mental retardation 1 (dFMR1) transcript. These candidates were screened for modulation of dFMR1 transcript levels at the cellular level using a dual luciferase reporter system. In addition, we constructed a transgenic Drosophila model overexpressing miR-219 in the nervous system and quantified dFMRP by western blotting. The neuromuscular junction phenotype in the model was studied by immunofluorescence staining. KEY FINDINGS: Among the 11 miRNAs screened, miR-219 and miR-960 reduced luciferase gene activity by binding to the 3'-UTR of the dFMR1 transcript. Mutation of the miR-219 or miR-960 binding sites on the transcript resulted in complete or partial elimination of the miRNA-induced repression. Western blots revealed that dFMRP expression was decreased in the miR-219 overexpression model (Elav>miR-219). Drosophila larvae overexpressing miR-219 showed morphological abnormalities at the neuromuscular junction (increased synaptic boutons and synaptic branches). This finding is consistent with some phenotypes observed in dfmr1 mutants. SIGNIFICANCE: Our results suggest that miR-219 regulates dFMR1 expression in Drosophila and is involved in fragile X syndrome pathogenesis. Collectively, these findings expand the current understanding of miRNA-mediated regulation of target molecule-related functions.
30528775	0	7	MiR-219	Gene	12797923
30528775	32	37	dFMR1	Gene	37528
30528775	41	64	Drosophila melanogaster	Species	7227
30528775	72	108	Fragile X mental retardation protein	Gene	37528
30528775	110	114	FMRP	Gene	37528
30528775	342	346	FMRP	Gene	37528
30528775	357	367	Drosophila	Species
30528775	414	418	FMRP	Gene	37528
30528775	429	439	Drosophila	Species
30528775	540	550	Drosophila	Species
30528775	551	581	fragile X mental retardation 1	Gene	37528
30528775	583	588	dFMR1	Gene	37528
30528775	651	656	dFMR1	Gene	37528
30528775	779	789	Drosophila	Species
30528775	811	818	miR-219	Gene	12797923
30528775	856	861	dFMRP	Gene	37528
30528775	1021	1028	miR-219	Gene	12797923
30528775	1033	1040	miR-960	Gene	12798564
30528775	1106	1111	dFMR1	Gene	37528
30528775	1140	1147	miR-219	Gene	12797923
30528775	1151	1158	miR-960	Gene	12798564
30528775	1296	1301	dFMRP	Gene	37528
30528775	1334	1341	miR-219	Gene	12797923
30528775	1369	1376	miR-219	Gene	12797923
30528775	1379	1396	Drosophila larvae	Disease	MESH:D007815
30528775	1412	1419	miR-219	Gene	12797923
30528775	1427	1484	morphological abnormalities at the neuromuscular junction	Disease	MESH:D020511
30528775	1597	1602	dfmr1	Gene	37528
30528775	1651	1658	miR-219	Gene	12797923
30528775	1669	1674	dFMR1	Gene	37528
30528775	1689	1699	Drosophila	Species
30528775	1719	1737	fragile X syndrome	Disease	MESH:D005600

30414403|t|WSV181 inhibits JAK/STAT signaling and promotes viral replication in Drosophila.
30414403|a|The Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway plays a critical role in host defense against viral infections. Here, we report the use of the Drosophila model system to investigate the modulation of the JAK/STAT pathway by the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) protein WSV181. WSV181 overexpression in transgenic flies resulted in the downregulation of STAT92E and STAT92E-targeted genes. This result indicates that WSV181 can suppress JAK/STAT signaling by controlling STAT92E expression. An infection experiment was carried out on transgenic Drosophila infected with Drosophila C virus and on Litopenaeus vannamei injected with recombinant WSV181 and WSSV. The increased viral load and suppressed transcript levels of JAK/STAT pathway components indicate that WSV181 can promote viral proliferation by inhibiting the JAK/STAT pathway. This study provided evidence for the role of WSV181 in viral replication and revealed a new mechanism through which WSSV evades host immunity to maintain persistent infection.
30414403	0	6	WSV181	Gene
30414403	16	19	JAK	Gene	32080
30414403	20	24	STAT	Gene	42428
30414403	69	79	Drosophila	Species
30414403	150	153	JAK	Gene	32080
30414403	154	158	STAT	Gene	42428
30414403	214	230	viral infections	Disease	MESH:D014777
30414403	263	273	Drosophila	Species
30414403	324	327	JAK	Gene	32080
30414403	328	332	STAT	Gene	42428
30414403	348	373	white spot syndrome virus	Species	92652
30414403	375	379	WSSV	Species	92652
30414403	389	395	WSV181	Gene
30414403	397	403	WSV181	Gene
30414403	473	480	STAT92E	Gene
30414403	485	492	STAT92E	Gene
30414403	536	542	WSV181	Gene
30414403	556	559	JAK	Gene	32080
30414403	560	564	STAT	Gene	42428
30414403	590	597	STAT92E	Gene
30414403	613	622	infection	Disease	MESH:D007239
30414403	664	707	Drosophila infected with Drosophila C virus	Disease	MESH:D006526
30414403	715	735	Litopenaeus vannamei	Species	6689
30414403	762	768	WSV181	Gene
30414403	773	777	WSSV	Species	92652
30414403	840	843	JAK	Gene	32080
30414403	844	848	STAT	Gene	42428
30414403	882	888	WSV181	Gene
30414403	939	942	JAK	Gene	32080
30414403	943	947	STAT	Gene	42428
30414403	1002	1008	WSV181	Gene
30414403	1073	1077	WSSV	Species	92652
30414403	1122	1131	infection	Disease	MESH:D007239

30682338|t|Biochemical characterization of three midgut chitin deacetylases of the Lepidopteran insect Bombyx mori.
30682338|a|Peritrophic membrane (PM) is a chitin and protein-containing extracellular matrix that lines the midgut in most insect species, functioning as a barrier to exogenous toxins and pathogens. Midgut chitin deacetylases (CDAs) are chitin-modifying enzymes known to alter the mechanical property and permeability of PM. However, biochemical properties and specific roles of these enzymes remain elusive. In this study, the midgut-expressed CDAs (BmCDA6, BmCDA7 and BmCDA8) from Bombyx mori were cloned, recombinantly expressed and purified and their enzymatic activities toward PM chitin were determined. Of the three enzymes, BmCDA7 exhibited the highest activity (0.284    mol/min/ mol), while BmCDA8 showed lower activity of 0.061    mol/min/ mol. BmCDA6 was inactive towards PM chitin. Gene expression patterns indicated that although all three CDA genes were specifically expressed in the anterior midgut, they differed in their temporal expression patterns. BmCDA6 was expressed almost exclusively at the mid-molt stage, the stage when the PM was thick and with multiple chitin layers. Unlike BmCDA6, high expression levels of BmCDA7 and BmCDA8 were observed only at the feeding stage, the stage when the PM is thin and with fewer chitin layers. The different gene expression patterns and biochemical characteristics provide new information about the functional specialization among BmCDA6, BmCDA7 and BmCDA8 proteins.
30682338	45	63	chitin deacetylase	Gene
30682338	92	103	Bombyx mori	Species	7091
30682338	300	318	chitin deacetylase	Gene
30682338	321	324	CDA	Gene
30682338	545	551	BmCDA6	Gene
30682338	553	559	BmCDA7	Gene
30682338	564	570	BmCDA8	Gene
30682338	577	588	Bombyx mori	Species	7091
30682338	726	732	BmCDA7	Gene
30682338	793	799	BmCDA8	Gene
30682338	846	852	BmCDA6	Gene
30682338	944	947	CDA	Gene
30682338	1059	1065	BmCDA6	Gene
30682338	1194	1200	BmCDA6	Gene
30682338	1228	1234	BmCDA7	Gene
30682338	1239	1245	BmCDA8	Gene
30682338	1484	1490	BmCDA6	Gene
30682338	1492	1498	BmCDA7	Gene
30682338	1503	1509	BmCDA8	Gene

31480643|t|Suppression of Gene Juvenile Hormone Diol Kinase Delays Pupation in <i>Heortia vitessoides</i> Moore.
31480643|a|Juvenile hormone diol kinase (JHDK) is a critical enzyme involved in juvenile hormone degradation in insects. In this study, <i>HvJHDK</i> in the <i>Heortia vitessoides</i> Moore (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) transcriptional library was cloned. Stage-specific expression patterns of <i>HvJHDK</i>, <i>HvJHEH</i>, and <i>HvJHE</i> as well as juvenile hormone titers were determined. The three tested enzymes participated in juvenile hormone degradation. Moreover, juvenile hormone titers peaked after larval-larval molts, consistent with a role for juvenile hormone in inhibition of metamorphosis. <i>HvJHDK</i> was subsequently suppressed using RNA interference (RNAi) to reveal its functions. Different concentrations of ds<i>JHDK</i> elicited the optimal interference efficiency at different life stages of <i>H. vitessoides</i>. Suppression of <i>HvJHDK</i> decreased HvJHDK content and increased the juvenile hormone titer, thereby resulting in reduced triglyceride content, sharply declined survival rate, clearly lethal phenotypes, and extended larval growth. Moreover, suppression of <i>HvJHDK</i> upregulated <i>HvJHEH</i> and <i>HvJHE</i> expression levels, suggesting that there is feedback regulation in the juvenile hormone metabolic pathway. Taken together, our findings provide molecular references for the selection of novel insecticidal targets.
31480643	20	48	Juvenile Hormone Diol Kinase	Gene
31480643	71	90	Heortia vitessoides	Species
31480643	102	130	Juvenile hormone diol kinase	Gene
31480643	132	136	JHDK	Gene
31480643	230	236	HvJHDK	Gene
31480643	251	270	Heortia vitessoides	Species
31480643	383	389	HvJHDK	Gene
31480643	398	404	HvJHEH	Gene
31480643	417	422	HvJHE	Gene
31480643	697	703	HvJHDK	Gene
31480643	909	923	H. vitessoides	Species	1557813
31480643	947	953	HvJHDK	Gene
31480643	968	974	HvJHDK	Gene
31480643	1191	1197	HvJHDK	Gene
31480643	1217	1223	HvJHEH	Gene
31480643	1235	1240	HvJHE	Gene

30744887|t|Changes in the expression of four ABC transporter genes in response to imidacloprid in Bemisia tabaci Q (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
30744887|a|Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), a globally invasive species complex that causes serious damage to field crops, has developed resistance to imidacloprid and many other pesticides. Insect detoxify to pesticides may partially depend on ABC transporters, which contribute to the detoxification of xenobiotics. To determine whether genes in the ABCG subfamily are involved in imidacloprid detoxification in B. tabaci Q, we cloned four ABCG subfamily genes based on the published MED/Q genome and on our previous study of the transcriptional response of ABC transporters in B. tabaci Q adults to imidacloprid. As indicated by the quantification of mRNA levels after a 6-h exposure, the expression level of ABCG3 was 3.3-fold higher in B. tabaci Q adults exposed to 100     g/mL imidacloprid rather than to the buffer control. The expression level of ABCG3 was higher in females than in males but did not significantly differ among eggs or nymphal stages and did not significantly differ among head, thorax, and abdomen tissues of adults. Knockdown of ABCG3 via RNA interference significantly increased the mortality of imidacloprid-treated laboratory and field-collected adults of B. tabaci Q. These results indicate that the ABCG3 gene may be involved in imidacloprid detoxification by B. tabaci Q.
30744887	34	49	ABC transporter	Gene
30744887	71	83	imidacloprid	Chemical	MESH:C082359
30744887	87	101	Bemisia tabaci	Species
30744887	130	144	Bemisia tabaci	Species
30744887	290	302	imidacloprid	Chemical	MESH:C082359
30744887	384	399	ABC transporter	Gene
30744887	522	534	imidacloprid	Chemical	MESH:C082359
30744887	553	562	B. tabaci	Species	7038
30744887	719	728	B. tabaci	Species	7038
30744887	741	753	imidacloprid	Chemical	MESH:C082359
30744887	851	856	ABCG3	Gene
30744887	880	889	B. tabaci	Species	7038
30744887	921	933	imidacloprid	Chemical	MESH:C082359
30744887	993	998	ABCG3	Gene
30744887	1194	1199	ABCG3	Gene
30744887	1262	1274	imidacloprid	Chemical	MESH:C082359
30744887	1324	1333	B. tabaci	Species	7038
30744887	1369	1374	ABCG3	Gene
30744887	1399	1411	imidacloprid	Chemical	MESH:C082359
30744887	1430	1439	B. tabaci	Species	7038

32132932|t|An Overview of Embryogenesis: External Morphology and Transcriptome Profiling in the Hemipteran Insect <i>Nilaparvata lugens</i>.
32132932|a|During embryogenesis of insects, the morphological and transcriptional changes are important signatures to obtain a better understanding of insect patterning and evolution. The brown planthopper <i>Nilaparvata lugens</i> is a serious insect pest of rice plants, but its embryogenesis has not uncovered. Here, we described embryonic development process of the pest and found it belongs to an intermediate-germ mode. The RNA-seq data from different times (6, 30, 96, and 150 h, after egg laying) of embryogenesis were then analyzed, and a total of 10,895 genes were determined as differentially expressed genes (DEGs) based on pairwise comparisons. Afterward, 1,898 genes, differentially expressed in at least two comparisons of adjacent embryonic stages were divided into 10 clusters using K means cluster analysis (KMCA). Eight-gene modules were established using a weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Gene expression patterns in the different embryonic stages were identified by combining the functional enrichments of the stage-specific clusters and modules, which displayed the expression level and reprogramming of multiple developmental genes during embryogenesis. The "hub" genes at each embryonic stage with possible crucial roles were identified. Notably, we found a "center" set of genes that were related to overall membrane functions and might play important roles in the embryogenesis process. After parental RNAi of the <i>MSTRG.3372</i>, the hub gene, the embryo was observed as abnormal. Furthermore, some homologous genes in classic embryonic development processes and signaling pathways were also involved in embryogenesis of this insect. An improved comprehensive finding of embryogenesis within the <i>N. lugens</i> reveals better information on genetic and genomic studies of embryonic development and might be a potential target for RNAi-based control of this insect pest.
32132932	106	124	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
32132932	307	324	brown planthopper	Species	108931
32132932	328	346	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
32132932	379	383	rice	Species	4530
32132932	1584	1594	MSTRG.3372	Gene
32132932	1869	1878	N. lugens	Species	108931

32082181|t|<i>NlATG1</i> Gene Participates in Regulating Autophagy and Fission of Mitochondria in the Brown Planthopper, <i>Nilaparvata lugens</i>.
32082181|a|Autophagy plays multiple roles in regulating various physiological processes in cells. However, we currently lack a systematic analysis of autophagy and the autophagy-related gene 1 <i>ATG1</i> in the brown planthopper (BPH, <i>Nilaparvata lugens</i>), one of the most destructive of the insect pests of rice. In this study, the full-length cDNA of an autophagy-related gene, <i>NlATG1</i>, was cloned from BPH. Real-time qPCR (RT-qPCR) revealed that this <i>NlATG1</i> gene was expressed differently across developmental stages, at higher levels in nymphs but lower levels in adults. RNA interference with dsNlATG1 significantly decreased the mRNA level of the target gene to 14.6% at day 4 compared with that of the dsGFP control group. The survival of the dsNlATG1-treated group decreased significantly from day 4 onward, dropping to 48.3% on day 8. Examination using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that epithelial cells of the BPH's midgut in the dsNlATG1-treated group had less autophagic vacuoles than did the dsGFP control, and knockdown of <i>NlATG1</i> clearly inhibited the starvation-induced autophagy response in this insect. RNA interference of <i>NlATG1</i> upregulated the <i>NlFis1</i> gene involved in mitochondrial fission, leading to reductions in mitochondrial width and area. Furthermore, knockdown of <i>NlATG1</i> also decreased the ATP content and accumulation of glycogen. Together, these results demonstrate that the <i>NlATG1</i> gene participates in regulating autophagy and fission of mitochondria in the brown planthopper, making it a potentially promising target for pest control given its key role in autophagy, including maintaining the normal structure and function of mitochondria.
32082181	3	9	NlATG1	Gene
32082181	91	108	Brown Planthopper	Species	108931
32082181	113	131	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
32082181	338	355	brown planthopper	Species	108931
32082181	357	360	BPH	Species	108931
32082181	365	383	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
32082181	441	445	rice	Species	4530
32082181	516	522	NlATG1	Gene
32082181	544	547	BPH	Species	108931
32082181	596	602	NlATG1	Gene
32082181	1083	1086	BPH	Species	108931
32082181	1203	1209	NlATG1	Gene
32082181	1313	1319	NlATG1	Gene
32082181	1478	1484	NlATG1	Gene
32082181	1598	1604	NlATG1	Gene
32082181	1686	1703	brown planthopper	Species	108931

31981304|t|RNA interference of tyrosine hydroxylase caused rapid mortality by impairing cuticle formation in Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae).
31981304|a|BACKGROUND: The application of RNA interference (RNAi) technique in controlling agricultural insect pests has been receiving much attention since the discovery of RNAi. The brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens, a notorious pest of rice, has evolved a high level of resistance to many kinds of insecticides. Tyrosine hydroxylase (Th) is an indispensable survival gene in holometabolous insects, playing key roles in cuticle tanning and immunity. In this study, we investigated whether Th could be used as a potential target in controlling N. lugens. RESULTS: Here, we demonstrated that NlTh had a periodical expression pattern during molting with the highest level observed in epidermis. Dysfunction of NlTH by dsNlTh microinjection or 3-IT feeding similarly caused rapid death of N. lugens. Compared with dsGFP control BPHs, dsNlTh injected BPHs (i) had cuticle pigmentation and sclerotizaton defects; (ii) had less endocuticle lamella in tergum integument; (iii) showed higher mortality during the molting process as a result of defective cuticle shedding; (iv) showed feeding disorders indicated by a low number of probe wound dots on rice; (v) had more vulnerable cuticle. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that TH orthologues play a conservative and crucial role for exocuticle tanning in both holometabolous and hemimetabolous insects, and NlTh could be targeted for RNAi-mediated BPH control. The rapid lethal phenotype of NlTH dysfunction BPHs partly induced by cuticle formation defects.    2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
31981304	20	40	tyrosine hydroxylase	Gene
31981304	98	116	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
31981304	316	333	brown planthopper	Species	108931
31981304	335	338	BPH	Species	108931
31981304	340	358	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
31981304	380	384	rice	Species	4530
31981304	456	476	Tyrosine hydroxylase	Gene
31981304	478	480	Th	Gene
31981304	633	635	Th	Gene
31981304	687	696	N. lugens	Species	108931
31981304	734	738	NlTh	Gene
31981304	851	855	NlTH	Gene
31981304	929	938	N. lugens	Species	108931
31981304	1008	1046	pigmentation and sclerotizaton defects	Disease	MESH:D010859
31981304	1286	1290	rice	Species	4530
31981304	1366	1368	TH	Gene
31981304	1496	1500	NlTh	Gene
31981304	1537	1540	BPH	Species	108931
31981304	1580	1584	NlTH	Gene

30977704|t|The histone deacetylase NlHDAC1 regulates both female and male fertility in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens.
30977704|a|Histone acetylation is a specific type of chromatin modification that serves as a key regulatory mechanism for many cellular processes in mammals. However, little is known about its biological function in invertebrates. Here, we identified 12 members of histone deacetylases (NlHDACs) in the brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens. RNAi-mediated silencing assay showed that NlHdac1, NlHdac3 and NlHdac4 played critical roles in female fertility via regulating ovary maturation or ovipositor development. Silencing of NlHdac1 substantially increased acetylation level of histones H3 and H4 in ovaries, indicating NlHDAC1 is the main histone deacetylase in ovaries of BPH. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis showed that knockdown of NlHdac1 impaired ovary development via multiple signalling pathways including the TOR pathway. Acoustic recording showed that males with NlHdac1 knockdown failed to make courtship songs, and thus were unacceptable to wild-type females, resulting in unfertilized eggs. Competition mating assay showed that wild-type females overwhelmingly preferred to mate with control males over NlHdac1-knockdown males. These findings improve our understanding of reproductive strategies controlled by HDACs in insects and provide a potential target for pest control.
30977704	4	23	histone deacetylase	Gene
30977704	24	31	NlHDAC1	Gene
30977704	80	97	brown planthopper	Species	108931
30977704	99	117	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
30977704	373	393	histone deacetylases	Gene
30977704	395	402	NlHDACs	Gene
30977704	411	428	brown planthopper	Species	108931
30977704	436	454	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
30977704	498	505	NlHdac1	Gene
30977704	507	514	NlHdac3	Gene
30977704	519	526	NlHdac4	Gene
30977704	641	648	NlHdac1	Gene
30977704	710	712	H4	Chemical	MESH:D006859
30977704	716	723	ovaries	Disease	MESH:D010051
30977704	736	743	NlHDAC1	Gene
30977704	756	775	histone deacetylase	Gene
30977704	779	786	ovaries	Disease	MESH:D010051
30977704	854	861	NlHdac1	Gene
30977704	862	876	impaired ovary	Disease	MESH:D010051
30977704	991	998	NlHdac1	Gene
30977704	1234	1241	NlHdac1	Gene

30734475|t|Molecular features and expression profiles of octopamine receptors in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens.
30734475|a|BACKGROUND: Octopamine, the invertebrate counterpart of adrenaline and noradrenaline, regulates and modulates many physiological and behavioral processes in insects. It mediates its effects by binding to specific octopamine receptors, which belong to the superfamily of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). The expression profiles of octopamine receptor genes have been well documented in different developmental stages and multiple tissue types in several different insect orders. However, little work has addressed this issue in Hemiptera. RESULTS: In this study, we cloned four octopamine receptor genes from brown planthopper. The deduced amino acid sequences share high identity with other insect homologues and have the characteristic GPCRs domain architecture: seven transmembrane domains. These genes were expressed in all developmental stages and examined tissues. The expression of NlOA2B3 and NlOA3 was relatively higher in egg and first instar nymph stage than in other stages and other receptor genes. All of these receptor genes were more highly expressed in brain than other tissues. CONCLUSION: The identification of octopamine receptor genes in this study will provide a foundation for investigating the diverse roles played by NlOARs and for exploring specific target sites for chemicals that control agricultural pests.    2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
30734475	46	66	octopamine receptors	Gene
30734475	74	91	brown planthopper	Species	108931
30734475	93	111	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
30734475	125	135	Octopamine	Chemical	MESH:D009655
30734475	169	179	adrenaline	Chemical	MESH:D004837
30734475	184	197	noradrenaline	Chemical	MESH:D009638
30734475	326	336	octopamine	Chemical	MESH:D009655
30734475	447	466	octopamine receptor	Gene
30734475	694	713	octopamine receptor	Gene
30734475	725	742	brown planthopper	Species	108931
30734475	1005	1012	NlOA2B3	Gene
30734475	1017	1022	NlOA3	Gene
30734475	1246	1265	octopamine receptor	Gene

30618850|t|Genome-Wide Screening and Functional Analysis Reveal That the Specific microRNA nlu-miR-173 Regulates Molting by Targeting Ftz-F1 in Nilaparvata lugens.
30618850|a|Background: Molting is a crucial physiological behavior during arthropod growth. In the past few years, molting as well as chitin biosynthesis triggered by molting, is subject to regulation by miRNAs. However, how many miRNAs are involved in insect molting at the genome-wide level remains unknown. Results: We deeply sequenced four samples obtained from nymphs at the 2nd-3rd and 4th-5th instars, and then identified 61 miRNAs conserved in the Arthropoda and 326 putative novel miRNAs in the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens, a fearful pest of rice. A total of 36 mature miRNAs with significant different expression levels at the genome scale during molting, including 19 conserved and 17 putative novel miRNAs were identified. After comparing the expression profiles, we found that most of the targets of 36 miRNAs showing significantly differential expression were involved in energy and hormone pathways. One of the 17 putative novel miRNAs, nlu-miR-173 was chosen for functional study. nlu-miR-173 acts in 20-hydroxyecdysone signaling through its direct target, N. lugens Ftz-F1(NlFtz-F1), a transcription factor. Furthermore, we found that the transcription of nlu-miR-173 was promoted by Broad-Complex (BR-C), suggesting that its involvement in the 20-hydroxyecdysone pathway contributes to proper molting function. Conclusion: We provided a comprehensive resource of miRNAs associated with insect molting and identified a novel miRNA as a potential target for pest control.
30618850	80	91	nlu-miR-173	Gene
30618850	123	129	Ftz-F1	Gene
30618850	133	151	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
30618850	646	663	brown planthopper	Species	108931
30618850	664	682	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
30618850	702	706	rice	Species	4530
30618850	1103	1114	nlu-miR-173	Gene
30618850	1148	1159	nlu-miR-173	Gene
30618850	1171	1186	hydroxyecdysone	Chemical	MESH:D004441
30618850	1224	1233	N. lugens	Species	108931
30618850	1234	1240	Ftz-F1	Gene
30618850	1241	1249	NlFtz-F1	Gene
30618850	1324	1335	nlu-miR-173	Gene
30618850	1416	1431	hydroxyecdysone	Chemical	MESH:D004441

29465791|t|Identification and functional analysis of a novel chorion protein essential for egg maturation in the brown planthopper.
29465791|a|In insect eggs, the chorion has the essential function of protecting the embryo from external agents during development while allowing gas exchange for respiration. In this study, we found a novel gene, Nilaparvata lugens chorion protein (NlChP), that is involved in chorion formation in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. NlChP was highly expressed in the follicular cells of female adult brown  planthoppers. Knockdown of NlChP resulted in oocyte malformation and the inability to perform oviposition, and electron microscopy showed that the malformed oocytes had thin and rough endochorion layers compared to the control group. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry analysis of the eggshell components revealed four unique peptides that were matched to NlChP. Our results demonstrate that NlChP is a novel chorion protein essential for egg maturation in N.  lugens, a hemipteran insect with telotrophic meroistic ovaries. NlChP may be a potential target in RNA interference-based insect pest management.
29465791	50	65	chorion protein	Gene
29465791	102	119	brown planthopper	Species	108931
29465791	324	342	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
29465791	343	358	chorion protein	Gene
29465791	360	365	NlChP	Gene
29465791	413	430	brown planthopper	Species	108931
29465791	432	450	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
29465791	452	457	NlChP	Gene
29465791	552	557	NlChP	Gene
29465791	898	903	NlChP	Gene
29465791	934	939	NlChP	Gene
29465791	999	1008	N. lugens	Species
29465791	1066	1071	NlChP	Gene

29415259|t|Analysis of Homologs of Cry-toxin Receptor-Related Proteins in the Midgut of a Non-Bt Target, Nilaparvata lugens (St  l) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae).
29415259|a|The brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens is one of the most destructive insect pests in the rice fields of Asia. Like other hemipteran insects, BPH is not susceptible to Cry toxins of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) or transgenic rice carrying Bt cry genes. Lack of Cry receptors in the midgut is one of the main reasons that BPH is not susceptible to the Cry toxins. The main Cry-binding proteins (CBPs) of the susceptible insects are cadherin, aminopeptidase N (APN), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). In this study, we analyzed and validated de novo assembled transcripts from transcriptome sequencing data of BPH to identify and characterize homologs of cadherin, APN, and ALP. We then compared the cadherin-, APN-, and ALP-like proteins of BPH to previously reported CBPs to identify their homologs in BPH. The sequence analysis revealed that at least one cadherin, one APN, and two ALPs of BPH contained homologous functional domains identified from the Cry-binding cadherin, APN, and ALP, respectively. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction used to verify the expression level of each putative Cry receptor homolog in the BPH midgut indicated that the CBPs homologous APN and ALP were expressed at high or medium-high levels while the cadherin was expressed at a low level. These results suggest that homologs of CBPs exist in the midgut of BPH. However, differences in key motifs of CBPs, which are functional in interacting with Cry toxins, may be responsible for insusceptibility of BPH to Cry toxins.
29415259	24	58	Cry-toxin Receptor-Related Protein	Gene
29415259	83	85	Bt	Species	1428
29415259	94	112	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
29415259	150	167	brown planthopper	Species	108931
29415259	169	172	BPH	Species	108931
29415259	174	192	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
29415259	244	248	rice	Species	4530
29415259	296	299	BPH	Species	108931
29415259	336	358	Bacillus thuringiensis	Species	1428
29415259	360	362	Bt	Species	1428
29415259	378	382	rice	Species	4530
29415259	392	394	Bt	Species	1428
29415259	414	427	Cry receptors	Gene
29415259	474	477	BPH	Species	108931
29415259	525	545	Cry-binding proteins	Gene
29415259	547	551	CBPs	Gene
29415259	584	592	cadherin	Gene
29415259	594	610	aminopeptidase N	Gene
29415259	612	615	APN	Gene
29415259	622	642	alkaline phosphatase	Gene
29415259	644	647	ALP	Gene
29415259	759	762	BPH	Species	108931
29415259	804	812	cadherin	Gene
29415259	814	817	APN	Gene
29415259	823	826	ALP	Gene
29415259	849	857	cadherin	Gene
29415259	860	863	APN	Gene
29415259	870	873	ALP	Gene
29415259	891	894	BPH	Species	108931
29415259	918	922	CBPs	Gene
29415259	953	956	BPH	Species	108931
29415259	1007	1015	cadherin	Gene
29415259	1021	1024	APN	Gene
29415259	1034	1038	ALPs	Gene
29415259	1042	1045	BPH	Species	108931
29415259	1118	1126	cadherin	Gene
29415259	1128	1131	APN	Gene
29415259	1137	1140	ALP	Gene
29415259	1286	1289	BPH	Species	108931
29415259	1316	1320	CBPs	Gene
29415259	1332	1335	APN	Gene
29415259	1340	1343	ALP	Gene
29415259	1399	1407	cadherin	Gene
29415259	1477	1481	CBPs	Gene
29415259	1505	1508	BPH	Species	108931
29415259	1548	1552	CBPs	Gene
29415259	1650	1653	BPH	Species	108931

29381254|t|Double-stranded RNA targeting calmodulin reveals a potential target for pest management of Nilaparvata lugens.
29381254|a|BACKGROUND: Calmodulin (CaM) is an essential protein in cellular activity and plays important roles in many processes in insect development. RNA interference (RNAi) has been hypothesized to be a promising method for pest control. CaM is a good candidate for RNAi target. However, the sequence and function of CaM in Nilaparvata lugens are unknown. Furthermore, the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) target to CaM gene in pest control is still unavailable. RESULTS: In the present study, two alternatively spliced variants of CaM transcripts, designated NlCaM1 and NlCaM2, were cloned from N. lugens. The two cDNA sequences exhibited 100% identity to each other in the open reading frame (ORF), and only differed in the 3' untranslated region (UTR). NlCaM including NlCaM1 and NlCaM2 mRNA was detectable in all developmental stages and tissues of N. lugens, with significantly increased expression in the salivary glands. Knockdown of NlCaM expression by RNAi with different dsRNAs led to an inability to molt properly, increased mortality, which ranged from 49.7 to 92.5%, impacted development of the ovaries and led to female infertility. There were no significant reductions in the transcript levels of vitellogenin and its receptor or in the total vitellogenin protein level relative to the control group. However, a significant reduction in vitellogenin protein was detected in ovaries injected with dsNlCaM. In addition, a specific dsRNA of NlCaM for control of N. lugens was designed and tested. CONCLUSION: NlCaM plays important roles mainly in nymph development and uptake of vitellogenin by ovaries in vitellogenesis in N. lugens. dsRNA derived from the less conserved 3'-UTR of NlCaM shows great potential for RNAi-based N. lugens management.    2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
29381254	30	40	calmodulin	Gene
29381254	91	109	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
29381254	123	133	Calmodulin	Gene
29381254	135	138	CaM	Gene
29381254	341	344	CaM	Gene
29381254	420	423	CaM	Gene
29381254	427	445	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
29381254	514	517	CaM	Gene
29381254	630	633	CaM	Gene
29381254	658	664	NlCaM1	Gene
29381254	669	675	NlCaM2	Gene
29381254	694	703	N. lugens	Species	108931
29381254	854	859	NlCaM	Gene
29381254	870	876	NlCaM1	Gene
29381254	881	887	NlCaM2	Gene
29381254	951	960	N. lugens	Species	108931
29381254	1039	1044	NlCaM	Gene
29381254	1206	1213	ovaries	Disease	MESH:D010051
29381254	1232	1243	infertility	Disease	MESH:D007246
29381254	1487	1494	ovaries	Disease	MESH:D010051
29381254	1551	1556	NlCaM	Gene
29381254	1572	1581	N. lugens	Species	108931
29381254	1619	1624	NlCaM	Gene
29381254	1705	1712	ovaries	Disease	MESH:D010051
29381254	1734	1743	N. lugens	Species	108931
29381254	1793	1798	NlCaM	Gene
29381254	1836	1845	N. lugens	Species	108931

29369417|t|Characterization of NlHox3, an essential gene for embryonic development in Nilaparvata lugens.
29369417|a|Hox genes encode transcriptional regulatory proteins that control axial patterning in all bilaterians. The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), is a destructive insect pest of rice plants in Asian countries. During analysis of the N. lugens transcriptome, we identified a Hox3-like gene (NlHox3) that was highly and specifically expressed in the embryonic stage. We performed functional analysis on the gene to identify its roles in embryonic development and its potential use as a target in RNA interference (RNAi) based pest control. The sequence analysis showed that NlHox3 was homologous to the Hox3 gene and was most closely related with zen of Drosophila. There were no significant differences in oviposition between the treated and control females after injecting double-stranded RNA of NlHox3 (dsNlHox3) into newly emerged female adult BPHs; however, there was a significant difference in the hatchability of those eggs laid, which no egg from the treated group hatched normally. Injecting female adult BPHs with dsNlHox3 led to necrosis of these offspring embryos, with eye reversal and undeveloped organs, suggesting that NlHox3 was an essential gene for embryonic development and might be a potential target for RNAi-based control of this insect pest.
29369417	20	26	NlHox3	Gene
29369417	75	93	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
29369417	202	219	brown planthopper	Species	108931
29369417	221	224	BPH	Species	108931
29369417	227	245	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
29369417	304	308	rice	Species	4530
29369417	359	368	N. lugens	Species	108931
29369417	400	409	Hox3-like	Gene
29369417	416	422	NlHox3	Gene
29369417	698	704	NlHox3	Gene
29369417	778	788	Drosophila	Disease
29369417	922	928	NlHox3	Gene
29369417	1165	1173	necrosis	Disease	MESH:D009336
29369417	1260	1266	NlHox3	Gene

29236776|t|An adenylyl cyclase like-9 gene (NlAC9) influences growth and fecundity in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (St  l) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae).
29236776|a|The cAMP/PKA intracellular signaling pathway is launched by adenylyl cyclase (AC) conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to 3', 5'-cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cAMP-dependent activation of PKA. Although this pathway is very well known in insect physiology, there is little to no information on it in some very small pest insects, such as the brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens St  l. BPH is a destructive pest responsible for tremendous crop losses in rice cropping systems. We are investigating the potentials of novel pest management technologies from RNA interference perspective. Based on analysis of transcriptomic data, the BPH AC like-9 gene (NlAC9) was up-regulated in post-mating females, which led us to pose the hypothesis that NlAC9 is a target gene that would lead to reduced BPH fitness and populations. Targeting NlAC9 led to substantially decreased soluble ovarian protein content, yeast-like symbiont abundance, and vitellogenin gene expression, accompanied with stunted ovarian development and body size. Eggs laid were decreased and oviposition period shortened. Taken together, our findings indicated that NlAC9 exerted pronounced effects on female fecundity, growth and longevity, which strongly supports our hypothesis.
29236776	3	26	adenylyl cyclase like-9	Gene
29236776	33	38	NlAC9	Gene
29236776	79	96	brown planthopper	Species	108931
29236776	98	116	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
29236776	154	158	cAMP	Chemical	MESH:D000242
29236776	210	226	adenylyl cyclase	Gene
29236776	246	268	adenosine triphosphate	Chemical	MESH:D000255
29236776	270	273	ATP	Chemical	MESH:D000255
29236776	295	299	cAMP	Chemical	MESH:D000242
29236776	305	309	cAMP	Chemical	MESH:D000242
29236776	489	506	brown planthopper	Species	108931
29236776	508	511	BPH	Species	108931
29236776	514	532	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
29236776	539	542	BPH	Species	108931
29236776	607	611	rice	Species	4530
29236776	785	788	BPH	Species	108931
29236776	805	810	NlAC9	Gene
29236776	894	899	NlAC9	Gene
29236776	934	953	reduced BPH fitness	Disease	MESH:D006987
29236776	983	988	NlAC9	Gene
29236776	1026	1033	ovarian	Disease	MESH:D010049
29236776	1053	1072	yeast-like symbiont	Species	56772
29236776	1088	1100	vitellogenin	Gene
29236776	1141	1148	ovarian	Disease	MESH:D010049
29236776	1281	1286	NlAC9	Gene

29178612|t|Identification of a sugar gustatory receptor and its effect on fecundity of the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens.
29178612|a|In insects, the gustatory system plays a crucial role in multiple physiological behaviors, including feeding, toxin avoidance, courtship, mating and oviposition. Gustatory stimuli from the environment are recognized by gustatory receptors. To date, little is known about the function of gustatory receptors in agricultural pest insects. In this study, we cloned a sugar gustatory receptor gene, NlGr11, from the brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (St  l), a serious pest of rice in Asia; we then identified its ligands, namely, fructose, galactose and arabinose, by calcium imaging assay. After injection of NlGr11 double-stranded RNA, we found that the number of eggs laid by BPH decreased. Moreover, we found that NlGr11 inhibited the phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and promoted the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (AKT). These findings demonstrated that NlGr11 could accelerate the fecundity of BPH through AMPK- and AKT-mediated signaling pathways. This is the first report to indicate that a gustatory receptor modulates the fecundity of insects and that the receptor could be a potential target for pest control.
29178612	20	25	sugar	Chemical	MESH:D002241
29178612	26	44	gustatory receptor	Gene
29178612	80	97	brown planthopper	Species	108931
29178612	98	116	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
29178612	337	356	gustatory receptors	Gene
29178612	405	424	gustatory receptors	Gene
29178612	482	487	sugar	Chemical	MESH:D002241
29178612	488	506	gustatory receptor	Gene
29178612	513	519	NlGr11	Gene
29178612	530	547	brown planthopper	Species	108931
29178612	549	552	BPH	Species	108931
29178612	555	573	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
29178612	600	604	rice	Species	4530
29178612	654	662	fructose	Chemical	MESH:D005632
29178612	664	673	galactose	Chemical	MESH:D005690
29178612	678	687	arabinose	Chemical	MESH:D001089
29178612	692	699	calcium	Chemical	MESH:D002118
29178612	734	740	NlGr11	Gene
29178612	803	806	BPH	Species	108931
29178612	842	848	NlGr11	Gene
29178612	882	905	adenosine monophosphate	Chemical	MESH:D000249
29178612	1031	1037	NlGr11	Gene
29178612	1072	1075	BPH	Species	108931
29178612	1171	1189	gustatory receptor	Gene

29107231|t|Influence of the RDL A301S mutation in the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens on the activity of phenylpyrazole insecticides.
29107231|a|We discovered the A301S mutation in the RDL GABA-gated chloride channel of fiprole resistant rice brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens populations by DNA sequencing and SNP calling via RNASeq. Ethiprole selection of two field N. lugens populations resulted in strong resistance to both ethiprole and fipronil and resulted in fixation of the A301S mutation, as well as the emergence of another mutation, Q359E in one of the selected strains. To analyse the roles of these mutations in resistance to phenylpyrazoles, three Rdl constructs: wild type, A301S and A301S+Q359E were expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes and assessed for their sensitivity to ethiprole and fipronil using two-electrode voltage-clamp electrophysiology. Neither of the mutant Rdl subtypes significantly reduced the antagonistic action of fipronil, however there was a significant reduction in response to ethiprole in the two mutated subtypes compared with the wild type. Bioassays with a Drosophila melanogaster strain carrying the A301S mutation showed strong resistance to ethiprole but not fipronil compared to a strain without this mutation, thus further supporting a causal role for the A301S mutation in resistance to ethiprole. Homology modelling of the N. lugens RDL channel did not suggest implications of Q359E for fiprole binding in contrast to A301S located in transmembrane domain M2 forming the channel pore. Synergist bioassays provided no evidence of a role for cytochrome P450s in N. lugens resistance to fipronil and the molecular basis of resistance to this compound remains unknown. In summary this study provides strong evidence that target-site resistance underlies widespread ethiprole resistance in N. lugens populations.
29107231	21	26	A301S	Mutation	p.A301S
29107231	43	60	brown planthopper	Species	108931
29107231	61	79	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
29107231	99	113	phenylpyrazole	Chemical	MESH:C457899
29107231	146	151	A301S	Mutation	p.A301S
29107231	168	199	RDL GABA-gated chloride channel	Gene
29107231	221	225	rice	Species	4530
29107231	226	243	brown planthopper	Species	108931
29107231	245	263	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
29107231	322	331	Ethiprole	Chemical	MESH:C472185
29107231	355	364	N. lugens	Species	108931
29107231	415	424	ethiprole	Chemical	MESH:C472185
29107231	429	437	fipronil	Chemical	MESH:C082360
29107231	470	475	A301S	Mutation	p.A301S
29107231	532	537	Q359E	Mutation	p.Q359E
29107231	627	642	phenylpyrazoles	Chemical	MESH:C457899
29107231	677	682	A301S	Mutation	p.A301S
29107231	687	692	A301S	Mutation	p.A301S
29107231	693	698	Q359E	Mutation	p.Q359E
29107231	717	731	Xenopus laevis	Species	8355
29107231	778	787	ethiprole	Chemical	MESH:C472185
29107231	792	800	fipronil	Chemical	MESH:C082360
29107231	938	946	fipronil	Chemical	MESH:C082360
29107231	1005	1014	ethiprole	Chemical	MESH:C472185
29107231	1089	1112	Drosophila melanogaster	Species	7227
29107231	1133	1138	A301S	Mutation	p.A301S
29107231	1176	1185	ethiprole	Chemical	MESH:C472185
29107231	1194	1202	fipronil	Chemical	MESH:C082360
29107231	1293	1298	A301S	Mutation	p.A301S
29107231	1325	1334	ethiprole	Chemical	MESH:C472185
29107231	1362	1371	N. lugens	Species	108931
29107231	1416	1421	Q359E	Mutation	p.Q359E
29107231	1457	1462	A301S	Mutation	p.A301S
29107231	1599	1608	N. lugens	Species	108931
29107231	1623	1631	fipronil	Chemical	MESH:C082360
29107231	1800	1809	ethiprole	Chemical	MESH:C472185
29107231	1824	1833	N. lugens	Species	108931

27885784|t|MicroRNA and dsRNA targeting chitin synthase A reveal a great potential for pest management of the hemipteran insect Nilaparvata lugens.
27885784|a|BACKGROUND: Two RNA silencing pathways in insects are known to exist that are mediated by short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs), which have been hypothesised to be promising methods for insect pest control. However, a comparison between miRNA and siRNA in pest control is still unavailable, particularly in targeting chitin synthase gene A (CHSA). RESULTS: The dsRNA for Nilaparvata lugens CHSA (dsNlCHSA) and the microR-2703 (miR-2703) mimic targeting NlCHSA delivered via feeding affected the development of nymphs, reduced their chitin content and led to lethal phenotypes. The protein level of NlCHSA was downregulated after female adults were injected with dsNlCHSA or the miR-2703 mimic, but there were no significant differences in vitellogenin (NlVg) expression or in total oviposition relative to the control group. However, 90.68 and 46.13% of the eggs laid by the females injected with dsNlCHSA and miR-2703 mimic were unable to hatch, respectively. In addition, a second-generation miRNA and RNAi effect on N. lugens was observed. CONCLUSION: Ingested miR-2703 seems to be a good option for killing N. lugens nymphs, while NlCHSA may be a promising target for RNAi-based pest management. These findings provide important evidence for applications of small non-coding RNAs (snRNAs) in insect pest management.    2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
27885784	29	46	chitin synthase A	Gene
27885784	117	135	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
27885784	495	499	CHSA	Gene
27885784	525	543	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
27885784	544	548	CHSA	Gene
27885784	568	579	microR-2703	Gene
27885784	581	589	miR-2703	Gene
27885784	607	613	NlCHSA	Gene
27885784	752	758	NlCHSA	Gene
27885784	832	840	miR-2703	Gene
27885784	1064	1072	miR-2703	Gene
27885784	1173	1182	N. lugens	Species	108931
27885784	1218	1226	miR-2703	Gene
27885784	1265	1274	N. lugens	Species	108931
27885784	1289	1295	NlCHSA	Gene

27809951|t|Molecular characterization, expression analysis and RNAi knock-down of elongation factor 1a and 1y from Nilaparvata lugens and its yeast-like symbiont.
27809951|a|In the present paper, four cDNAs encoding the alpha and gamma subunits of elongation factor 1 (EF-1) were cloned and sequenced from Nilaparvata lugens, named NlEF-1a, NlEF-1y, and its yeast-like symbiont (YLS), named YsEF-1a and YsEF-1y, respectively. Comparisons with sequences from other species indicated a greater conservation for EF-1a than for EF-1y. NlEF-1a has two identical copies. The deduced amino acid sequence homology of NlEF-1a and NlEF-1y is 96 and 64%, respectively, compared with Homalodisca vitripennis and Locusta migratoria. The deduced amino acid sequence homology of YsEF-1a and YsEF-1y is 96 and 74%, respectively, compared with Metarhizium anisopliae and Ophiocordyceps sinensis. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis revealed that the expression level of NlEF-1a and NlEF-1y mRNA in hemolymph, ovary, fat body and salivary glands were higher than the midgut and leg tissue. YsEF-1a and YsEF-1y was highly expressed in fat body. The expression level of NlEF-1a was higher than that of NlEF-1y. Through RNA interference (RNAi) of the two genes, the mortality of nymph reached 92.2% at the 11th day after treatment and the ovarian development was severely hindered. The RT-qPCR analysis verified the correlation between mortality, sterility and the down-regulation of the target genes. The expression and synthesis of vitellogenin (Vg) protein in insects injected with NlEF-1a and NlEF-1y double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) was significantly lower than control groups. Attempts to knockdown the YsEF-1 genes in the YLS was unsuccessful. However, the phenotype of N. lugens injected with YsEF-1a dsRNA was the same as that injected with NlEF-1a dsRNA, possibly due to the high similarity (up to 71.9%) in the nucleotide sequences between NlEF-1a and YsEF-1a. We demonstrated that partial silencing of NlEF-1a and NlEF-1y genes caused lethal and sterility effect on N. lugens. NlEF-1y shares low identity with that of other insects and therefore it could be a potential target for RNAi-based pest management.
27809951	71	90	elongation factor 1	Gene
27809951	104	122	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
27809951	131	150	yeast-like symbiont	Species	56772
27809951	226	245	elongation factor 1	Gene
27809951	247	251	EF-1	Gene
27809951	284	302	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
27809951	310	316	NlEF-1	Gene
27809951	319	325	NlEF-1	Gene
27809951	336	355	yeast-like symbiont	Species	56772
27809951	357	360	YLS	Species	56772
27809951	509	515	NlEF-1	Gene
27809951	587	593	NlEF-1	Gene
27809951	599	605	NlEF-1	Gene
27809951	650	696	Homalodisca vitripennis and Locusta migratoria	Disease
27809951	805	827	Metarhizium anisopliae	Species	5530
27809951	832	855	Ophiocordyceps sinensis	Species	72228
27809951	975	981	NlEF-1	Gene
27809951	987	993	NlEF-1	Gene
27809951	1172	1178	NlEF-1	Gene
27809951	1204	1210	NlEF-1	Gene
27809951	1340	1347	ovarian	Disease	MESH:D010049
27809951	1586	1592	NlEF-1	Gene
27809951	1598	1604	NlEF-1	Gene
27809951	1725	1728	YLS	Species	56772
27809951	1773	1782	N. lugens	Species	108931
27809951	1846	1852	NlEF-1	Gene
27809951	1947	1953	NlEF-1	Gene
27809951	2010	2016	NlEF-1	Gene
27809951	2022	2028	NlEF-1	Gene
27809951	2074	2083	N. lugens	Species	108931
27809951	2085	2091	NlEF-1	Gene

27472833|t|Discovery and functional identification of fecundity-related genes in the brown planthopper by large-scale RNA interference.
27472833|a|Recently, transcriptome and proteome data have increasingly been used to identify potential novel genes related to insect phenotypes. However, there are few studies reporting the large-scale functional identification of such genes in insects. To identify novel genes related to fecundity in the brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens, 115 genes were selected from the transcriptomic and proteomic data previously obtained from high- and low-fecundity populations in our laboratory. The results of RNA interference (RNAi) feeding experiments showed that 91.21% of the genes were involved in the regulation of vitellogenin (Vg) expression and may influence BPH fecundity. After RNAi injection experiments, 12 annotated genes were confirmed as fecundity-related genes and three novel genes were identified in the BPH. Finally, C-terminal binding protein (CtBP) was shown to play an important role in BPH fecundity. Knockdown of CtBP not only led to lower survival, underdeveloped ovaries and fewer eggs laid but also resulted in a reduction in Vg protein expression. The novel gene resources gained from this study will be useful for constructing a Vg regulation network and may provide potential target genes for RNAi-based pest control.
27472833	74	91	brown planthopper	Species	108931
27472833	420	437	brown planthopper	Species	108931
27472833	439	442	BPH	Species	108931
27472833	445	463	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
27472833	738	750	vitellogenin	Gene
27472833	752	754	Vg	Gene
27472833	785	788	BPH	Species	108931
27472833	940	943	BPH	Species	108931
27472833	954	980	C-terminal binding protein	Gene
27472833	982	986	CtBP	Gene
27472833	1027	1030	BPH	Species	108931
27472833	1055	1059	CtBP	Gene
27472833	1107	1114	ovaries	Disease	MESH:D010051
27472833	1171	1173	Vg	Gene
27472833	1276	1278	Vg	Gene

26554926|t|Ran Involved in the Development and Reproduction Is a Potential Target for RNA-Interference-Based Pest Management in Nilaparvata lugens.
26554926|a|UNASSIGNED: Ran (RanGTPase) in insects participates in the 20-hydroxyecdysone signal transduction pathway in which downstream genes, FTZ-F1, Kruppel-homolog 1 (Kr-h1) and vitellogenin, are involved. A putative Ran gene (NlRan) was cloned from Nilaparvata lugens, a destructive phloem-feeding pest of rice. NlRan has the typical Ran primary structure features that are conserved in insects. NlRan showed higher mRNA abundance immediately after molting and peaked in newly emerged female adults. Among the examined tissues ovary had the highest transcript level, followed by fat body, midgut and integument, and legs. Three days after dsNlRan injection the NlRan mRNA abundance in the third-, fourth-, and fifth-instar nymphs was decreased by 94.3%, 98.4% and 97.0%, respectively. NlFTZ-F1 expression levels in treated third- and fourth-instar nymphs were reduced by 89.3% and 23.8%, respectively. In contrast, NlKr-h1 mRNA levels were up-regulated by 67.5 and 1.5 folds, respectively. NlRan knockdown significantly decreased the body weights, delayed development, and killed >85% of the nymphs at day seven. Two apparent phenotypic defects were observed: (1) Extended body form, and failed to molt; (2) The cuticle at the notum was split open but cannot completely shed off. The newly emerged female adults from dsNlRan injected fifth-instar nymphs showed lower levels of NlRan and vitellogenin, lower weight gain and honeydew excretion comparing with the blank control, and no offspring. Those results suggest that NlRan encodes a functional protein that was involved in development and reproduction. The study established proof of concept that NlRan could serve as a target for dsRNA-based pesticides for N. lugens control.
26554926	0	3	Ran	Gene
26554926	117	135	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
26554926	149	152	Ran	Gene
26554926	154	163	RanGTPase	Gene
26554926	199	214	hydroxyecdysone	Chemical	MESH:D004441
26554926	270	276	FTZ-F1	Gene
26554926	278	295	Kruppel-homolog 1	Gene
26554926	297	302	Kr-h1	Gene
26554926	308	320	vitellogenin	Gene
26554926	347	350	Ran	Gene
26554926	357	362	NlRan	Gene
26554926	380	398	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
26554926	437	441	rice	Species	4530
26554926	443	448	NlRan	Gene
26554926	465	468	Ran	Chemical	MESH:C046045
26554926	527	532	NlRan	Gene
26554926	774	777	Ran	Chemical	MESH:C046045
26554926	792	797	NlRan	Gene
26554926	1046	1053	NlKr-h1	Gene
26554926	1121	1126	NlRan	Gene
26554926	1452	1455	Ran	Chemical	MESH:C046045
26554926	1508	1513	NlRan	Gene
26554926	1518	1530	vitellogenin	Gene
26554926	1538	1549	weight gain	Disease	MESH:D015430
26554926	1652	1657	NlRan	Gene
26554926	1782	1787	NlRan	Gene
26554926	1843	1852	N. lugens	Species	108931

26185058|t|Silencing a sugar transporter gene reduces growth and fecundity in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (St  l) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae).
26185058|a|UNASSIGNED: The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens, sugar transporter gene 6 (Nlst6) is a facilitative glucose/fructose transporter (often called a passive carrier) expressed in midgut that mediates sugar transport from the midgut lumen to hemolymph. The influence of down regulating expression of sugar transporter genes on insect growth, development, and fecundity is unknown. Nonetheless, it is reasonable to suspect that transporter-mediated uptake of dietary sugar is essential to the biology of phloem-feeding insects. Based on this reasoning, we posed the hypothesis that silencing, or reducing expression, of a BPH sugar transporter gene would be deleterious to the insects. To test our hypothesis, we examined the effects of Nlst6 knockdown on BPH biology. Reducing expression of Nlst6 led to profound effects on BPHs. It significantly prolonged the pre-oviposition period, shortened the oviposition period, decreased the number of eggs deposited and reduced body weight, compared to controls. Nlst6 knockdown also significantly decreased fat body and ovarian (particularly vitellogenin) protein content as well as vitellogenin gene expression. Experimental BPHs accumulated less fat body glucose compared to controls. We infer that Nlst6 acts in BPH growth and fecundity, and has potential as a novel target gene for control of phloem-feeding pest insects.
26185058	12	29	sugar transporter	Gene
26185058	71	88	brown planthopper	Species	108931
26185058	90	108	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
26185058	158	175	brown planthopper	Species	108931
26185058	177	180	BPH	Species	108931
26185058	183	201	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
26185058	203	227	sugar transporter gene 6	Gene
26185058	229	234	Nlst6	Gene
26185058	254	261	glucose	Chemical	MESH:D005947
26185058	262	270	fructose	Chemical	MESH:D005632
26185058	350	355	sugar	Chemical	MESH:D002241
26185058	449	454	sugar	Chemical	MESH:D002241
26185058	615	620	sugar	Chemical	MESH:D002241
26185058	770	773	BPH	Species	108931
26185058	774	779	sugar	Chemical	MESH:D002241
26185058	885	890	Nlst6	Gene
26185058	904	907	BPH	Species	108931
26185058	940	945	Nlst6	Gene
26185058	1154	1159	Nlst6	Gene
26185058	1212	1219	ovarian	Disease	MESH:D010049
26185058	1349	1356	glucose	Chemical	MESH:D005947
26185058	1393	1398	Nlst6	Gene
26185058	1407	1410	BPH	Species	108931

25516715|t|The insect ecdysone receptor is a good potential target for RNAi-based pest control.
25516715|a|RNA interference (RNAi) has great potential for use in insect pest control. However, some significant challenges must be overcome before RNAi-based pest control can become a reality. One challenge is the proper selection of a good target gene for RNAi. Here, we report that the insect ecdysone receptor (EcR) is a good potential target for RNAi-based pest control in the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens, a serious insect pest of rice plants. We demonstrated that the use of a 360 bp fragment (NlEcR-c) that is common between NlEcR-A and NlEcR-B for feeding RNAi experiments significantly decreased the relative mRNA expression levels of NlEcR compared with those in the dsGFP control. Feeding RNAi also resulted in a significant reduction in the number of offspring per pair of N. lugens. Consequently, a transgenic rice line expressing NlEcR dsRNA was constructed by Agrobacterium- mediated transformation. The results of qRT-PCR showed that the total copy number of the target gene in all transgenic rice lines was 2. Northern blot analysis showed that the small RNA of the hairpin dsNlEcR-c was successfully expressed in the transgenic rice lines. After newly hatched nymphs of N. lugens fed on the transgenic rice lines, effective RNAi was observed. The NlEcR expression levels in all lines examined were decreased significantly compared with the control. In all lines, the survival rate of the nymphs was nearly 90%, and the average number of offspring per pair in the treated groups was significantly less than that observed in the control, with a decrease of 44.18-66.27%. These findings support an RNAi-based pest control strategy and are also important for the management of rice insect pests.
25516715	11	28	ecdysone receptor	Gene
25516715	370	387	ecdysone receptor	Gene
25516715	389	392	EcR	Gene
25516715	456	473	brown planthopper	Species	108931
25516715	474	492	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
25516715	519	523	rice	Species	4530
25516715	583	588	NlEcR	Gene
25516715	615	620	NlEcR	Gene
25516715	627	632	NlEcR	Gene
25516715	727	732	NlEcR	Gene
25516715	868	877	N. lugens	Species	108931
25516715	906	910	rice	Species	4530
25516715	927	932	NlEcR	Gene
25516715	1092	1096	rice	Species	4530
25516715	1229	1233	rice	Species	4530
25516715	1271	1280	N. lugens	Species	108931
25516715	1303	1307	rice	Species	4530
25516715	1348	1353	NlEcR	Gene
25516715	1774	1778	rice	Species	4530

28881445|t|The expression of Spodoptera exigua P450 and UGT genes: tissue specificity and response to insecticides.
28881445|a|Cytochrome P450 and UDP-glucosyltransferase (UGT) as phase I and phase II metabolism enzymes, respectively, play vital roles in the breakdown of endobiotics and xenobiotics. Insects can increase the expression of detoxification enzymes to cope with the stress from xenobiotics including insecticides. However, the molecular mechanisms for insecticide detoxification in Spodoptera exigua remain elusive, and the genes conferring insecticide metabolisms in this species are less well reported. In this study, 68 P450 and 32 UGT genes were identified. Phylogenetic analysis showed gene expansions in CYP3 and CYP4 clans of P450 genes and UGT33 family of this pest. P450 and UGT genes exhibited specific tissue expression patterns. Insecticide treatments in fat body cells of S. exigua revealed that the expression levels of P450 and UGT genes were significantly influenced by challenges of abamectin, lambda-cyhalothrin, chlorantraniliprole, metaflumizone and indoxacarb. Multiple genes for detoxification were affected in expression levels after insecticide exposures. The results demonstrated that lambda-cyhalothrin, chlorantraniliprole, metaflumizone and indoxacarb induced similar responses in the expression of P450 and UGT genes in fat body cells; eight P450 genes and four UGT genes were co-up-regulated significantly, and no or only a few CYP/UGT genes were down-regulated significantly by these four insecticides. However, abamectin triggered a distinct response for P450 and UGT gene expression; more P450 and UGT genes were down-regulated by abamectin than by the other four compounds. In conclusion, P450 and UGT genes from S. exigua were identified, and different responses to abamectin suggest a different mechanism for insecticide detoxification.
28881445	18	35	Spodoptera exigua	Species	7107
28881445	36	40	P450	Gene
28881445	45	48	UGT	Gene
28881445	105	120	Cytochrome P450	Gene
28881445	125	148	UDP-glucosyltransferase	Gene
28881445	150	153	UGT	Gene
28881445	474	491	Spodoptera exigua	Species	7107
28881445	615	619	P450	Gene
28881445	627	630	UGT	Gene
28881445	702	706	CYP3	Gene
28881445	711	715	CYP4	Gene
28881445	725	729	P450	Gene
28881445	740	745	UGT33	Gene
28881445	767	771	P450	Gene
28881445	776	779	UGT	Gene
28881445	877	886	S. exigua	Species	7107
28881445	926	930	P450	Gene
28881445	935	938	UGT	Gene
28881445	1003	1021	lambda-cyhalothrin	Chemical	MESH:C037304
28881445	1023	1042	chlorantraniliprole	Chemical	MESH:C517733
28881445	1044	1057	metaflumizone	Chemical	MESH:C528570
28881445	1062	1072	indoxacarb	Chemical	MESH:C401104
28881445	1202	1220	lambda-cyhalothrin	Chemical	MESH:C037304
28881445	1222	1241	chlorantraniliprole	Chemical	MESH:C517733
28881445	1243	1256	metaflumizone	Chemical	MESH:C528570
28881445	1261	1271	indoxacarb	Chemical	MESH:C401104
28881445	1319	1323	P450	Gene
28881445	1328	1331	UGT	Gene
28881445	1363	1367	P450	Gene
28881445	1383	1386	UGT	Gene
28881445	1454	1457	UGT	Gene
28881445	1579	1583	P450	Gene
28881445	1588	1591	UGT	Gene
28881445	1614	1618	P450	Gene
28881445	1623	1626	UGT	Gene
28881445	1715	1719	P450	Gene
28881445	1724	1727	UGT	Gene
28881445	1739	1748	S. exigua	Species	7107

29154832|t|Carboxylesterase genes in pyrethroid resistant house flies, Musca domestica.
29154832|a|Carboxylesterases are one of the major enzyme families involved in the detoxification of pyrethroids. Up-regulation of carboxylesterase genes is thought to be a major component of insecticide resistant mechanisms in insects. Based on the house fly transcriptome and genome database, a total of 39 carboxylesterase genes of different functional clades have been identified in house flies. In this study, eleven of these genes were found to be significantly overexpressed in the resistant ALHF house fly strain compared with susceptible aabys and wild-type CS strains. Eight up-regulated carboxylesterase genes with their expression levels were further induced to a higher level in response to permethrin treatments, indicating that constitutive and inductive overexpression of carboxylesterases are co-responsible for the enhanced detoxification of insecticides. Spatial expression studies revealed these up-regulated genes to be abundantly distributed in fat bodies and genetically mapped on autosome 2 or 3 of house flies, and their expression could be regulated by factors on autosome 1, 2 and 5. Taken together, these results demonstrate that multiple carboxylesterase genes are co-upregulated in resistant house flies, providing further evidence for their involvement in the detoxification of insecticides and development of insecticide resistance.
29154832	0	16	Carboxylesterase	Gene
29154832	26	36	pyrethroid	Chemical	MESH:D011722
29154832	60	75	Musca domestica	Species	7370
29154832	166	177	pyrethroids	Chemical	MESH:D011722
29154832	196	212	carboxylesterase	Gene
29154832	315	324	house fly	Species	7370
29154832	374	390	carboxylesterase	Gene
29154832	569	578	house fly	Species	7370
29154832	663	679	carboxylesterase	Gene
29154832	769	779	permethrin	Chemical	MESH:D026023
29154832	1232	1248	carboxylesterase	Gene

30857629|t|Molecular characterization of glutamate-gated chloride channel and its possible roles in development and abamectin susceptibility in the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis.
30857629|a|Glutamate-gated chloride channels (GluCls) mediate fast inhibitory neurotransmission in invertebrate nervous systems, and are of considerable interest in insecticide discovery. The full length cDNA encoding CsGluCl was cloned from the rice stem borer Chilo suppressalis (Walker). Multiple cDNA sequence alignment revealed three variants of CsGluCl generated by alternative splicing of exon 3 and exon 9. While all the transcripts were predominantly expressed in both nerve cord and brain, the expression patterns of these three variants differed among other tissues and developmental stages. Specifically, the expression level of CsGluCl C in cuticle was similar to that in nerve cord and brain, and was the predominant variant in late pupae and early adult stages. Both injection and oral delivery of dsGluCl significantly reduced the mRNA level of CsGluCl. Increased susceptibility to abamectin and reduced larvae growth and pupation rate were observed in dsGluCl-treated larvae. Thus, our results provide the evidence that in addition to act as the target of abamectin, GluCls also play important physiological roles in the development of insects.
30857629	30	62	glutamate-gated chloride channel	Gene
30857629	137	141	rice	Species	4530
30857629	154	172	Chilo suppressalis	Species	168631
30857629	174	183	Glutamate	Chemical
30857629	190	198	chloride	Chemical	MESH:D002712
30857629	209	214	GluCl	Gene
30857629	381	388	CsGluCl	Gene
30857629	409	413	rice	Species	4530
30857629	425	443	Chilo suppressalis	Species	168631
30857629	514	521	CsGluCl	Gene
30857629	804	811	CsGluCl	Gene
30857629	812	813	C	Chemical	MESH:C442182
30857629	1024	1031	CsGluCl	Gene

31026465|t|The regulation of crecropin-A and gloverin 2 by the silkworm Toll-like gene 18 wheeler in immune response.
31026465|a|The innate immune system is conserved among different insect species in its response to microorganism infection. The transmembrane receptors of the Toll superfamily play an important role in activating immune response, however, the function of silkworm Toll family member 18 Wheeler (18  W) remained unclear. Here, the 18w gene in silkworm was characterized. A relatively high transcription level of Bm18w mRNA was found in Malpighian tubules, and in eggs, larvae pre-molt to fourth instar, pupae and adults. When silkworm larvae were infected with E. coli or S. aureus, Bm18w showed a significant response, especially to E. coli, but did not have antibacterial activity. To further identify the downstream antimicrobial peptide genes of Bm18w, expression of Bm18w was knocked down with siRNA in vitro, resulting in significant decreases of cecropin-A, gloverin 2, and moricin B3. The overexpression of Bm18w was carried out using pIZT/V5-His-mCherry insect vector in BmN cells and significant upregulation of cecropin-A and gloverin 2 was detected, as well as upregulation of attacin and defensin. Based on the results, we concluded that Bm18w is involved in response to bacterial infection by selectively inducing the expression of antimicrobial peptide genes, especially cecropin-A and gloverin 2. This study provides valuable data to supplement understanding of the immune pathway of the silkworm.
31026465	34	44	gloverin 2	Gene	692527
31026465	52	60	silkworm	Species	7091
31026465	76	86	18 wheeler	Gene
31026465	209	218	infection	Disease	MESH:D007239
31026465	351	359	silkworm	Species	7091
31026465	379	389	18 Wheeler	Gene
31026465	391	395	18 W	Gene
31026465	425	428	18w	Gene
31026465	437	445	silkworm	Species	7091
31026465	506	511	Bm18w	Gene	100144599
31026465	620	628	silkworm	Species	7091
31026465	655	662	E. coli	Species	562
31026465	666	675	S. aureus	Species	1280
31026465	677	682	Bm18w	Gene	100144599
31026465	728	735	E. coli	Species	562
31026465	844	849	Bm18w	Gene	100144599
31026465	865	870	Bm18w	Gene	100144599
31026465	947	957	cecropin-A	Gene	101743336
31026465	959	969	gloverin 2	Gene	692527
31026465	1009	1014	Bm18w	Gene	100144599
31026465	1116	1126	cecropin-A	Gene	101743336
31026465	1131	1141	gloverin 2	Gene	692527
31026465	1183	1190	attacin	Gene	692555
31026465	1195	1203	defensin	Gene	692778
31026465	1245	1250	Bm18w	Gene	100144599
31026465	1278	1297	bacterial infection	Disease	MESH:D001424
31026465	1380	1390	cecropin-A	Gene	101743336
31026465	1395	1405	gloverin 2	Gene	692527
31026465	1498	1506	silkworm	Species	7091

31022386|t|Bombyxin/Akt signaling in relation to the embryonic diapause process of the silkworm, Bombyx mori.
31022386|a|Our previous study showed that phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3b is related to the embryonic diapause process in Bombyx. However, the upstream signaling pathway was not clearly understood. In the present study, we examined bombyxin/Akt signaling in relation to the embryonic diapause process of B. mori. Results showed that GSK-3b phosphorylation stimulated by dechorionation was blocked by LY294002, a specific phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, indicating involvement of PI3K in GSK-3b phosphorylation in dechorionated eggs. Direct determination of Akt phosphorylation showed that dechorionation stimulated Akt phosphorylation. The Akt phosphorylation was blocked by LY294002. Temporal changes in Akt phosphorylation showed that different changing patterns exist between diapause and developing eggs. Relatively higher phosphorylation levels of Akt were detected between days 3 and 5 after oviposition in non-diapause eggs compared to those at the same stages in diapause eggs. Upon treatment with HCl, which prevents diapause initiation, Akt phosphorylation levels exhibited a later and much broader peak compared to diapause eggs. Examination of expression levels of the bombyxin-Z1 gene showed that in diapause eggs, a major peak occurred 1   day after oviposition, and its level then sharply decreased on day 2. However, in both non-diapause and HCl-treated eggs, a major broad peak was detected between days 1 and 4 after oviposition. These temporal changes in bombyxin-Z1 gene expression levels during embryonic stages coincided with changes in Akt phosphorylation, indicating that bombyxin-Z1 is likely an upstream signaling component for Akt phosphorylation. Taken together, our results indicated that PI3K/Akt is an upstream signaling pathway for GSK-3b phosphorylation and is associated with the diapause process of B. mori eggs. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the potential correlation between bombyxin/Akt signaling and the embryonic diapause process.
31022386	0	8	Bombyxin	Gene
31022386	9	12	Akt	Gene	100141438
31022386	76	84	silkworm	Species	7091
31022386	86	97	Bombyx mori	Species	7091
31022386	231	237	Bombyx	Species
31022386	341	349	bombyxin	Gene
31022386	350	353	Akt	Gene	100141438
31022386	413	420	B. mori	Species	7091
31022386	509	517	LY294002	Chemical	MESH:C085911
31022386	530	559	phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase	Gene	100158253
31022386	682	685	Akt	Gene	100141438
31022386	740	743	Akt	Gene	100141438
31022386	765	768	Akt	Gene	100141438
31022386	800	808	LY294002	Chemical	MESH:C085911
31022386	830	833	Akt	Gene	100141438
31022386	978	981	Akt	Gene	100141438
31022386	1131	1134	HCl	Chemical	MESH:C014843
31022386	1172	1175	Akt	Gene	100141438
31022386	1306	1317	bombyxin-Z1	Gene
31022386	1482	1485	HCl	Chemical	MESH:C014843
31022386	1598	1609	bombyxin-Z1	Gene
31022386	1683	1686	Akt	Gene	100141438
31022386	1720	1731	bombyxin-Z1	Gene
31022386	1778	1781	Akt	Gene	100141438
31022386	1847	1850	Akt	Gene	100141438
31022386	1958	1965	B. mori	Species	7091
31022386	2063	2071	bombyxin	Gene
31022386	2072	2075	Akt	Gene	100141438

30182401|t|Tudor knockdown disrupts ovary development in Bactrocera dorsalis.
30182401|a|One of the main functions of the piwi-interacting RNA pathway is the post-transcriptional silencing of transposable elements in the germline of many species. In insects, proteins belonging to the Tudor superfamily proteins belonging to the Tudor superfamily play an important role in to play an important role in this mechanism. In this study, we identified the tudor gene in the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, investigated the spatiotemporal expressional profile of the gene, and performed a functional analysis using RNA interference. We identified one transcript for a tudor homologue in the B.  dorsalis transcriptome, which encodes a protein containing the typical 10 Tudor domains and an Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase delta subunit signature. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the identity of this transcript as a tudor homologue in this species. The expression profile indicated a much higher expression in the adult and pupal stages compared to the larval stages (up to a 60-fold increase), and that the gene was mostly expressed in the ovaries, Malpighian tubules and fat body. Finally, gene knockdown of tudor in B.  dorsalis led to clearly underdeveloped ovaries in the female adult and reductions in copulation rate and amount of oviposition, indicating its important role in reproduction. The results of this study shed more light on the role of tudor in ovary development and reproduction.
30182401	0	5	Tudor	Gene
30182401	46	65	Bactrocera dorsalis	Species	27457
30182401	263	268	Tudor	Gene
30182401	307	312	Tudor	Gene
30182401	429	434	tudor	Gene
30182401	447	465	oriental fruit fly	Species	27457
30182401	467	486	Bactrocera dorsalis	Species	27457
30182401	649	654	tudor	Gene
30182401	672	683	B. dorsalis	Species	27457
30182401	749	754	Tudor	Gene
30182401	770	792	Adenosine triphosphate	Chemical	MESH:D000255
30182401	794	797	ATP	Chemical	MESH:D000255
30182401	902	907	tudor	Gene
30182401	1127	1134	ovaries	Disease	MESH:D010051
30182401	1196	1201	tudor	Gene
30182401	1205	1216	B. dorsalis	Species	27457
30182401	1247	1254	ovaries	Disease	MESH:D010051
30182401	1440	1445	tudor	Gene

29743123|t|Characterization of three heat shock protein 70 genes from Liriomyza trifolii and expression during thermal stress and insect development.
29743123|a|Heat shock proteins (HSPs) participate in diverse physiological processes in insects, and HSP70 is one of the most highly conserved proteins in the HSP family. In this study, full-length cDNAs of three HSP70 genes (Lthsc70, Lthsp701, and Lthsp702) were cloned and characterized from Liriomyza trifolii, an important invasive pest of vegetable crops and horticultural crops worldwide. These three HSP70s exhibited signature sequences and motifs that are typical of the HSP70 family. The expression patterns of the three Lthsp70s during temperature stress and in different insect development stages were studied by real-time quantitative PCR. Lthsp701 was strongly induced by high- and low-temperature stress, but Lthsc70 and Lthsp702 were not very sensitive to temperature changes. All three Lthsp70s were expressed during insect development stages, but the expression patterns were quite different. The expression of Lthsc70 and Lthsp702 showed significant differences in expression during leafminer development; Lthsc70 was most highly expressed in female adults, whereas Lthsp702 was abundantly expressed in larvae and prepupae. Lthsp701 expression was not significantly different among leafminer stages. These results suggest that functional differentiation within the LtHSP70 subfamily has occurred in response to thermal stress and insect development.
29743123	26	47	heat shock protein 70	Gene
29743123	59	77	Liriomyza trifolii	Species	198433
29743123	139	158	Heat shock proteins	Gene
29743123	160	164	HSPs	Gene
29743123	229	234	HSP70	Gene
29743123	341	346	HSP70	Gene
29743123	354	361	Lthsc70	Gene
29743123	363	371	Lthsp701	Gene
29743123	377	385	Lthsp702	Gene
29743123	422	440	Liriomyza trifolii	Species	198433
29743123	607	612	HSP70	Gene
29743123	658	666	Lthsp70s	Gene
29743123	780	788	Lthsp701	Gene
29743123	851	858	Lthsc70	Gene
29743123	863	871	Lthsp702	Gene
29743123	930	938	Lthsp70s	Gene
29743123	1056	1063	Lthsc70	Gene
29743123	1068	1076	Lthsp702	Gene
29743123	1152	1159	Lthsc70	Gene
29743123	1212	1220	Lthsp702	Gene
29743123	1270	1278	Lthsp701	Gene

31836049|t|Knockdown of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase and CYP6MS1 increases the susceptibility of Sitophilus zeamais to terpinen-4-ol.
31836049|a|Terpinen-4-ol showed highly insecticidal activity to stored-grain pest Sitophilus zeamais, and cytochrome P450s were strongly induced in response to terpinen-4-ol fumigation. Understanding of the function of P450 enzyme system in the susceptibility to terpinen-4-ol in S. zeamais will benefit the potential application of terpinen-4-ol in controlling stored-grain pests. In the present study, the synergist piperonyl butoxide increased the toxicity of terpinen-4-ol to S. zeamais, with a synergism ratio of 3.5-fold. Two isoforms of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (SzCPR) were identified, with the difference at the N-terminal. SzCPR contained an N-terminal membrane anchor, FMN, FAD, and NADP binding domains. Expression levels of SzCPR were upregulated by tea tree oil (TTO) and its main constituent terpinen-4-ol under different concentrations and time periods. RNAi was generated for S. zeamais by feeding adults dsRNA and the knockdown of SzCPR increased the susceptibility of S. zeamais to terpinen-4-ol, with higher mortality of adults than control under terpinen-4-ol fumigation. Further RNAi analysis showed that P450 gene CYP6MS1 mediated the susceptibility of S. zeamais to terpinen-4-ol. These results revealed that cytochrome P450 enzyme system, especially CYP6MS1 participated in the susceptibility of S. zeamais to terpinen-4-ol. The findings provided a foundation to clarify the metabolic mechanisms of terpinen-4-ol in stored-grain pests.
31836049	13	44	NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase	Gene
31836049	49	56	CYP6MS1	Gene
31836049	89	107	Sitophilus zeamais	Species	7047
31836049	111	124	terpinen-4-ol	Chemical	MESH:C014606
31836049	126	139	Terpinen-4-ol	Chemical	MESH:C014606
31836049	197	215	Sitophilus zeamais	Species	7047
31836049	221	236	cytochrome P450	Gene
31836049	275	288	terpinen-4-ol	Chemical	MESH:C014606
31836049	378	391	terpinen-4-ol	Chemical	MESH:C014606
31836049	395	405	S. zeamais	Species	7047
31836049	448	461	terpinen-4-ol	Chemical	MESH:C014606
31836049	533	551	piperonyl butoxide	Chemical	MESH:D010882
31836049	566	574	toxicity	Disease	MESH:D064420
31836049	578	591	terpinen-4-ol	Chemical	MESH:C014606
31836049	595	605	S. zeamais	Species	7047
31836049	659	690	NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase	Gene
31836049	692	697	SzCPR	Gene
31836049	743	744	N	Chemical	MESH:D009584
31836049	755	760	SzCPR	Gene
31836049	774	775	N	Chemical	MESH:D009584
31836049	807	810	FAD	Chemical	MESH:D005182
31836049	816	820	NADP	Chemical	MESH:D009249
31836049	859	864	SzCPR	Gene
31836049	885	893	tea tree	Species	164405
31836049	929	942	terpinen-4-ol	Chemical	MESH:C014606
31836049	1015	1025	S. zeamais	Species	7047
31836049	1071	1076	SzCPR	Gene
31836049	1109	1119	S. zeamais	Species	7047
31836049	1123	1136	terpinen-4-ol	Chemical	MESH:C014606
31836049	1189	1202	terpinen-4-ol	Chemical	MESH:C014606
31836049	1259	1266	CYP6MS1	Gene
31836049	1298	1308	S. zeamais	Species	7047
31836049	1312	1325	terpinen-4-ol	Chemical	MESH:C014606
31836049	1355	1370	cytochrome P450	Gene
31836049	1397	1404	CYP6MS1	Gene
31836049	1443	1453	S. zeamais	Species	7047
31836049	1457	1470	terpinen-4-ol	Chemical	MESH:C014606
31836049	1546	1559	terpinen-4-ol	Chemical	MESH:C014606

30844377|t|Decapentaplegic function in wing vein development and wing morph transformation in brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens.
30844377|a|The decapentaplegic (dpp) gene plays a variety of roles in diverse cellular and molecular processes of the growth and development. In insects, dpp is mainly required for dorsal-ventral patterning and appendage formation. The brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens, a major pest of rice, possesses two distinct wing morphs described as long-winged (LW) and short-winged (SW) morphs. With our lab-maintained stable strains of LW and SW BPH, RNA interference (RNAi) was used to research the functions of N.  lugens dpp (Nldpp) on wing development. Silencing of Nldpp in the SW strain led to the significant lengthening of the forewing, while Nldpp-knockdown in the LW strain resulted in distorted wings. Moreover, knockdown of Nldpp caused the complete absence of wing veins. During the development of wing-pads, the Nldpp abundance in the terga of the SW strain was significantly higher than that of the LW strain. Through controlling the direction of wing morph transformation, we found that the expression level of Nldpp increased in the NlInR1-knockdown BPH (tending to SW) and abundance of Nldpp declined after dsNlInR2 injection (tending to LW). Our results showed that Nldpp is mainly responsible for the formation and development of veins in BPH. Also, Nldpp can be regulated by NlInR1/2 and participate in the wing morph transformation.
30844377	0	15	Decapentaplegic	Gene
30844377	83	100	brown planthopper	Species	108931
30844377	102	120	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
30844377	126	141	decapentaplegic	Gene
30844377	143	146	dpp	Gene
30844377	265	268	dpp	Gene
30844377	347	364	brown planthopper	Species	108931
30844377	366	369	BPH	Species	108931
30844377	371	389	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
30844377	407	411	rice	Species	4530
30844377	560	563	BPH	Species	108931
30844377	627	636	N. lugens	Species	108931
30844377	637	640	dpp	Gene
30844377	642	647	Nldpp	Gene
30844377	683	688	Nldpp	Gene
30844377	764	769	Nldpp	Gene
30844377	849	854	Nldpp	Gene
30844377	939	944	Nldpp	Gene
30844377	1140	1145	Nldpp	Gene
30844377	1180	1183	BPH	Species	108931
30844377	1217	1222	Nldpp	Gene
30844377	1298	1303	Nldpp	Gene
30844377	1372	1375	BPH	Species	108931
30844377	1383	1388	Nldpp	Gene

30471178|t|Rh6 gene modulates the visual mechanism of host utilization in fruit fly Bactrocera minax.
30471178|a|BACKGROUND: Vision plays a critical role in host location and oviposition behavior for herbivorous insects. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying visual regulation in host recognition and oviposition site selection in insects remains unknown. The aim of this study was to explore the key visual genes that are linked to the host plant location of the fruit fly, Bactrocera minax. RESULTS: Using a host specialist fruit fly, B. minax, which lays eggs only into immature green citrus fruit, we undertook behavioral, transcriptomic, and RNAi research to identify the molecular basis for host fruit color recognition. In laboratory and field assays we found that adults prefer green over other colors, and this preference is significantly increased in sexually mature over immature flies. Furthermore, we identified that the Rh6 gene, responsible for green spectral sensitivity, has elevated expression in mature flies over immature flies. RNAi suppression of Rh6 eliminated the preference for green, resulting in a significant decrease in the number of eggs laid by B. minax in green unripe citrus. CONCLUSION: These results show that the Rh6 gene modulates the visual mechanism of host utilization in B. minax, providing a genetic basis for visual host location in a non-model insect herbivore.    2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
30471178	0	3	Rh6	Gene	41889
30471178	63	72	fruit fly	Species	7227
30471178	73	89	Bactrocera minax	Species	104690
30471178	449	458	fruit fly	Species	7227
30471178	460	476	Bactrocera minax	Species	104690
30471178	511	520	fruit fly	Species	7227
30471178	522	530	B. minax	Species	104690
30471178	919	922	Rh6	Gene	41889
30471178	1054	1057	Rh6	Gene	41889
30471178	1161	1169	B. minax	Species	104690
30471178	1234	1237	Rh6	Gene	41889
30471178	1297	1305	B. minax	Species	104690

31229267|t|Dysfunction of LSD-1 induces JNK signaling pathway-dependent abnormal development of thorax and apoptosis cell death in Drosophila melanogaster.
31229267|a|Perilipins are evolutionarily conserved from insects to mammals. Lipid storage droplet-1 (LSD-1) is a member of the lipid droplet's surface-binding protein family and counterpart to mammalian perilipin 1. The role of LSD-1 has already been reported in lipid metabolism of Drosophila. However, the function of this gene during specific tissue development is still under investigation. Here, we found that LSD-1 is expressed in the notum of the wing imaginal disc, and notum-specific knockdown of Lsd-1 by pannir-GAL4 driver leads to split thorax phenotype in adults, suggesting an essential role of LSD-1 in development of Drosophila thorax. As overexpression of JNK homolog, bsk (basket) suppresses Lsd-1 knockdown phenotype, the role of LSD-1 in thorax development was proved to be dependent on the activity of the Drosophila c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). The puckered (puc) expression led to significant decrease in the JNK activity in wing discs of Lsd-1 knockdown flies. In addition, we also detected that depletion of Lsd-1 enhances apoptotic cell death in the wing notum area. Taken together, these data demonstrated that LSD-1 functions in Drosophila thorax development by regulating JNK pathway.
31229267	15	20	LSD-1	Gene	42810
31229267	29	32	JNK	Gene	44801
31229267	120	143	Drosophila melanogaster	Species	7227
31229267	210	233	Lipid storage droplet-1	Gene
31229267	235	240	LSD-1	Gene	42810
31229267	327	336	mammalian	Species	9606
31229267	337	348	perilipin 1	Gene	5346
31229267	362	367	LSD-1	Gene	42810
31229267	417	427	Drosophila	Species
31229267	549	554	LSD-1	Gene	42810
31229267	640	645	Lsd-1	Gene	42810
31229267	743	748	LSD-1	Gene	42810
31229267	767	777	Drosophila	Species
31229267	807	810	JNK	Gene	44801
31229267	820	823	bsk	Gene	44801
31229267	825	831	basket	Gene
31229267	844	849	Lsd-1	Gene	42810
31229267	883	888	LSD-1	Gene	42810
31229267	961	971	Drosophila	Species
31229267	972	995	c-Jun N-terminal kinase	Gene	44801
31229267	997	1000	JNK	Gene	44801
31229267	1007	1015	puckered	Gene
31229267	1017	1020	puc	Gene
31229267	1068	1071	JNK	Gene	44801
31229267	1098	1103	Lsd-1	Gene	42810
31229267	1169	1174	Lsd-1	Gene	42810
31229267	1274	1279	LSD-1	Gene	42810
31229267	1293	1303	Drosophila	Species
31229267	1337	1340	JNK	Gene	44801

30719783|t|The midgut V-ATPase subunit A gene is associated with toxicity to crystal 2Aa and crystal 1Ca-expressing transgenic rice in Chilo suppressalis.
30719783|a|Insecticidal crystal (Cry) proteins produced by the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are toxic to a diverse range of insects. Transgenic rice expressing Cry1A, Cry2A and Cry1C toxins have been developed that are lethal to Chilo suppressalis, a devastating insect pest of rice in China. Identifying the mechanisms underlying the interactions of Cry toxins with susceptible hosts will improve both our understanding of Cry protein toxicology and long-term efficacy of Bt crops. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that V-ATPase subunit A contributes to the action of Cry1Ab/1Ac, Cry2Aa and Cry1Ca toxins in C.  suppressalis. The full-length V-ATPase subunit A transcript was initially cloned from the C.  suppressalis larval midgut and then used to generate double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-producing bacteria. Toxicity assays using transgenic rice lines TT51 (Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac fusion genes), T2A-1 (Cry2Aa), and T1C-19 (Cry1Ca) in conjunction with V-ATPase subunit A dsRNA-treated C.  suppressalis larvae revealed significantly reduced larval susceptibility to T2A-1 and T1C-19 transgenic rice, but not to TT51 rice. These results suggest that the V-ATPase subunit A plays a crucial role in mediating Cry2Aa and Cry1Ca toxicity in C.  suppressalis. These findings will have significant implications on the development of future resistance management tools.
30719783	11	29	V-ATPase subunit A	Gene
30719783	54	62	toxicity	Disease	MESH:D064420
30719783	116	120	rice	Species	4530
30719783	124	142	Chilo suppressalis	Species	168631
30719783	166	169	Cry	Gene
30719783	206	228	Bacillus thuringiensis	Species	1428
30719783	230	232	Bt	Species	1428
30719783	286	290	rice	Species	4530
30719783	302	307	Cry1A	Gene
30719783	309	314	Cry2A	Gene
30719783	319	324	Cry1C	Gene
30719783	371	389	Chilo suppressalis	Species	168631
30719783	420	424	rice	Species	4530
30719783	493	496	Cry	Gene
30719783	566	569	Cry	Gene
30719783	615	617	Bt	Species	1428
30719783	670	688	V-ATPase subunit A	Gene
30719783	718	724	Cry1Ab	Gene
30719783	730	736	Cry2Aa	Gene
30719783	741	747	Cry1Ca	Gene
30719783	758	773	C. suppressalis	Species	168631
30719783	791	809	V-ATPase subunit A	Gene
30719783	851	866	C. suppressalis	Species	168631
30719783	955	963	Toxicity	Disease	MESH:D064420
30719783	988	992	rice	Species	4530
30719783	1005	1011	Cry1Ab	Gene
30719783	1045	1051	Cry2Aa	Gene
30719783	1066	1072	Cry1Ca	Gene
30719783	1094	1112	V-ATPase subunit A	Gene
30719783	1127	1142	C. suppressalis	Species	168631
30719783	1234	1238	rice	Species	4530
30719783	1256	1260	rice	Species	4530
30719783	1293	1311	V-ATPase subunit A	Gene
30719783	1346	1352	Cry2Aa	Gene
30719783	1357	1363	Cry1Ca	Gene
30719783	1364	1372	toxicity	Disease	MESH:D064420
30719783	1376	1391	C. suppressalis	Species	168631

30423422|t|Functional characterization of odorant-binding proteins from the scarab beetle Holotrichia oblita based on semiochemical-induced expression alteration and gene silencing.
30423422|a|With the advent of next-generation sequencing, it is now possible to rapidly identify the entire repertoire of olfactory genes likely to be involved in chemical communication of an insect species. It remains, however, a challenge to identify olfactory proteins, such as odorant receptors and odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), vis-  -vis the odorants they detect. It has been reported that exposing the olfactory system to a physiologically relevant odorant alters the transcript levels of odorant receptor(s) involved in the detection of the tested odorant. We applied this paradigm in an attempt to identify putative OBPs from the scarab beetle Holotrichia oblita involved in the reception of plant-derived kairomones. Twenty-nine OBP genes were identified in the H. oblita transcriptome, 20 of which were enriched in antennae compared with nonolfactory tissues. Of these, 2 OBP genes, HoblOBP13 and HoblOBP9, were upregulated upon exposure to one of the female attractants (E)-2-hexenol and phenethyl alcohol; none of the OBP transcripts changed upon exposure to methyl anthranilate, which does not attract H. oblita females. Binding assays showed that HoblOBP13 and HoblOBP9 have high affinity for (E)-2-hexenol and phenethyl alcohol, respectively. RNAi treatment showed that transcripts of both HoblOBP13 and HoblOBP9 declined in a time-course manner 24-72   h postinjection. OBP-dsRNA-treated female beetles showed significantly lower attraction to (E)-2-hexenol and phenethyl alcohol than did water-injected beetles and those treated with GFP-dsRNA. We, therefore, concluded that HoblOBP13 and HoblOBP9 are essential for H. oblita reception of the plant-derived kairomones (E)-2-hexenol and phenethyl alcohol.
30423422	31	55	odorant-binding proteins	Gene
30423422	79	97	Holotrichia oblita	Species	644536
30423422	463	487	odorant-binding proteins	Gene
30423422	489	493	OBPs	Gene
30423422	787	791	OBPs	Gene
30423422	815	833	Holotrichia oblita	Species	644536
30423422	877	887	kairomones	Chemical	MESH:D010675
30423422	901	904	OBP	Gene
30423422	934	943	H. oblita	Species	644536
30423422	1045	1048	OBP	Gene
30423422	1056	1065	HoblOBP13	Gene
30423422	1070	1078	HoblOBP9	Gene
30423422	1144	1157	(E)-2-hexenol	Chemical	MESH:C529979
30423422	1162	1179	phenethyl alcohol	Chemical	MESH:D010626
30423422	1193	1196	OBP	Gene
30423422	1234	1253	methyl anthranilate	Chemical	MESH:C038892
30423422	1278	1287	H. oblita	Species	644536
30423422	1324	1333	HoblOBP13	Gene
30423422	1338	1346	HoblOBP9	Gene
30423422	1370	1383	(E)-2-hexenol	Chemical	MESH:C529979
30423422	1388	1405	phenethyl alcohol	Chemical	MESH:D010626
30423422	1468	1477	HoblOBP13	Gene
30423422	1482	1490	HoblOBP9	Gene
30423422	1548	1551	OBP	Gene
30423422	1622	1635	(E)-2-hexenol	Chemical	MESH:C529979
30423422	1640	1657	phenethyl alcohol	Chemical	MESH:D010626
30423422	1754	1763	HoblOBP13	Gene
30423422	1768	1776	HoblOBP9	Gene
30423422	1795	1804	H. oblita	Species	644536
30423422	1836	1860	kairomones (E)-2-hexenol	Chemical	MESH:D010675
30423422	1865	1882	phenethyl alcohol	Chemical	MESH:D010626

30695713|t|Characterization and expression profiling of odorant-binding proteins in Anoplophora glabripennis Motsch.
30695713|a|In insects, olfaction plays a critical role in locating hosts, recognizing mates, and selecting oviposition sites. The Asian long-horned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis Motschulsky) feeds on 43 species of trees in 15 families, but its chemosensory mechanisms are poorly understood. Herein, genes encoding 61 odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) were identified from the published genome and our previous A. glabripennis transcriptomic data. To investigate their physiological functions, we performed expression profiling of all AglaOBPs in the antennae, legs, and maxillary palps of both sexes. Phylogenetic analysis clustered A. glabripennis OBPs into four subgroups, comprising 29 Minus-C OBPs, 15 Antennae-binding proteins (ABPIIs), 10 Classic OBPs, and one Plus-C OBP. 12 AglaOBP genes were expressed specifically in antennae, and AglaOBP3, AglaOBP18, AglaOBP21, AglaOBP33, AglaOBP41, AglaOBP45, and AglaOBP47 were particularly highly expressed in male antennae. These proteins may function in the detection of female sex pheromones. AglaOBP23 and AglaOBP44 were preferentially expressed in maxillary palps. Expression profiling suggests that many OBPs may be involved in olfaction and gustation, in addition to carrying hydrophobic molecules. The AglaOBPs family has acquired functional diversity concurrently with functional constraints, and further investigation could provide insight into the roles of OBPs in chemoreception.
30695713	45	69	odorant-binding proteins	Gene
30695713	73	97	Anoplophora glabripennis	Species
30695713	251	275	Anoplophora glabripennis	Species
30695713	415	439	odorant-binding proteins	Gene
30695713	441	445	OBPs	Gene
30695713	506	521	A. glabripennis	Species	217634
30695713	630	638	AglaOBPs	Gene
30695713	729	744	A. glabripennis	Species	217634
30695713	745	749	OBPs	Gene
30695713	793	797	OBPs	Gene
30695713	849	853	OBPs	Gene
30695713	878	885	AglaOBP	Gene
30695713	937	945	AglaOBP3	Gene
30695713	947	956	AglaOBP18	Gene
30695713	958	967	AglaOBP21	Gene
30695713	969	978	AglaOBP33	Gene
30695713	980	989	AglaOBP41	Gene
30695713	991	1000	AglaOBP45	Gene
30695713	1006	1015	AglaOBP47	Gene
30695713	1140	1149	AglaOBP23	Gene
30695713	1154	1163	AglaOBP44	Gene
30695713	1254	1258	OBPs	Gene
30695713	1354	1362	AglaOBPs	Gene
30695713	1512	1516	OBPs	Gene

30841542|t|Insecticide Exposure Triggers a Modulated Expression of ABC Transporter Genes in Larvae of Anopheles gambiae s.s.
30841542|a|Insecticides remain a main tool for the control of arthropod vectors. The urgency to prevent the insurgence of insecticide resistance and the perspective to find new target sites, for the development of novel molecules, are fuelling the study of the molecular mechanisms involved in insect defence against xenobiotic compounds. In this study, we have investigated if ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, a major component of the defensome machinery, are involved in defence against the insecticide permethrin, in susceptible larvae of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto. Bioassays were performed with permethrin alone, or in combination with an ABC transporter inhibitor. Then we have investigated the expression profiles of five ABC transporter genes at different time points following permethrin exposure, to assess their expression patterns across time. The inhibition of ABC transporters increased the larval mortality by about 15-fold. Likewise, three genes were up-regulated after exposure to permethrin, showing different patterns of expression across the 48 h. Our results provide the first evidences of ABC transporters involvement in defence against a toxic in larvae of An. gambiae s.s. and show that the gene expression response is modulated across time, being continuous, but stronger at the earliest and latest times after exposure.
30841542	56	71	ABC Transporter	Gene
30841542	91	108	Anopheles gambiae	Species
30841542	481	484	ATP	Chemical	MESH:D000255
30841542	503	506	ABC	Gene
30841542	616	626	permethrin	Chemical	MESH:D026023
30841542	657	664	malaria	Disease	MESH:D008288
30841542	672	703	Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto	Species	7165
30841542	735	745	permethrin	Chemical	MESH:D026023
30841542	779	794	ABC transporter	Gene
30841542	864	879	ABC transporter	Gene
30841542	921	931	permethrin	Chemical	MESH:D026023
30841542	1009	1012	ABC	Gene
30841542	1133	1143	permethrin	Chemical	MESH:D026023
30841542	1246	1249	ABC	Gene
30841542	1315	1326	An. gambiae	Species	7165

29285882|t|Systemic RNAi of V-ATPase subunit B causes molting defect and developmental abnormalities in Periplaneta fuliginosa.
29285882|a|The vacuolar (H+ )-ATPases (V-ATPases) are ATP-driven proton pumps with multiple functions in many organisms. In this study, we performed structural and functional analysis of vha55 gene that encodes V-ATPase subunit B in the smokybrown cockroach Periplaneta fuliginosa (Blattodea). We observed a high homology score of the deduced amino acid sequences between 10 species in seven orders. RNAi of the vha55 gene in P. fuliginosa caused nymphal/nymphal molting defects with incomplete shedding of old cuticles, growth inhibition, as well as bent and wrinkled cuticles of thoraxes and abdominal segments. Since growth inhibition caused by vha55 RNAi did not interfere in the commencement of cockroach molting, molting timing and body growth might be controlled by independent mechanism. Our study suggested V-ATPases might be a good candidate molecule for evolutionary and developmental studies of insect molting.
29285882	17	35	V-ATPase subunit B	Gene
29285882	93	115	Periplaneta fuliginosa	Species
29285882	121	143	vacuolar (H+ )-ATPases	Gene
29285882	145	154	V-ATPases	Gene
29285882	160	163	ATP	Chemical	MESH:D000255
29285882	293	298	vha55	Gene
29285882	317	335	V-ATPase subunit B	Gene
29285882	343	363	smokybrown cockroach	Species	36977
29285882	364	386	Periplaneta fuliginosa	Species	36977
29285882	518	523	vha55	Gene
29285882	532	545	P. fuliginosa	Species	36977
29285882	754	759	vha55	Gene
29285882	922	931	V-ATPases	Gene

30455105|t|Environmental dissemination of mcr-1 positive Enterobacteriaceae by Chrysomya spp. (common blowfly): An increasing public health risk.
30455105|a|Until recently, the role of insects, and particularly flies, in disseminating antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been poorly studied. In this study, we screened blowflies (Chrysomya spp.) from different areas near the city of Phitsanulok, Northern Thailand, for the presence of AMR genes and in particular, mcr-1, using whole genome sequencing (WGS). In total, 48 mcr-1-positive isolates were recovered, consisting of 17 mcr-1-positive Klebsiella pneumoniae (MCRPKP) and 31 mcr-1-positive Escherichia coli (MCRPEC) strains. The 17 MCRPKP were shown to be clonal (ST43) with few single poly nucleomorphs (SNPs) by WGS analysis. In in-vitro models, the MCRPKP were shown to be highly virulent. In contrast, 31 recovered MCRPEC isolates are varied, belonging to 12 different sequence types shared with those causing human infections. The majority of mcr-1 gene are located on IncX4 plasmids (29/48, 60.42%), sharing an identical plasmid backbone. These findings highlight the contribution of flies to the AMR contagion picture in low- and middle-income countries and the challenges of tackling global AMR.
30455105	31	36	mcr-1	Gene
30455105	68	77	Chrysomya	Species
30455105	84	98	common blowfly	Species
30455105	307	316	Chrysomya	Species
30455105	442	447	mcr-1	Gene
30455105	480	483	WGS	Disease
30455105	499	504	mcr-1	Gene
30455105	556	561	mcr-1	Gene
30455105	571	592	Klebsiella pneumoniae	Species	573
30455105	609	614	mcr-1	Gene
30455105	624	640	Escherichia coli	Species	562
30455105	720	737	poly nucleomorphs	Chemical	MESH:C017937
30455105	748	751	WGS	Disease
30455105	948	953	human	Species	9606
30455105	982	987	mcr-1	Gene

29274206|t|Comparative analysis of C-type lectin domain proteins in the ghost moth, Thitarodes xiaojinensis (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae).
29274206|a|Insects have a large family of C-type lectins involved in cell adhesion, pathogen recognition and activation of immune responses. In this study, 32 transcripts encoding C-type lectin domain proteins (CTLDPs) were identified from the Thitarodes xiaojinensis transcriptome. According to their domain structures, six CTLDPs with one carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD) were classified into the CTL-S subfamily. The other 23 CTLDPs with two CRDs were grouped into the immulectin (IML) subfamily. The remaining three with extra regulatory domains were sorted into the CTL-X subfamily. Phylogenetic analysis showed that CTL-S and CTL-X members from different insects could form orthologous groups. In contrast, no T. xiaojinensis IML orthologues were found in other insects. Remarkable lineage-specific expansion in this subfamily was observed reflecting that these CTLDPs, as important receptors, have evolved diversified members in response to a variety of microbes. Prediction of binding ligands revealed that T. xiaojinensis, a cold-adapted species, conserved the ability of CRDs to combine with Ca2+ to keep its receptors from freezing. Comparative analysis of induction of CTLDP genes after different immune challenges indicated that IMLs might play critical roles in immune defenses. This study examined T. xiaojinensis CTLDPs and provides a basis for further studies of their characteristics.
29274206	24	53	C-type lectin domain proteins	Gene
29274206	61	71	ghost moth	Species
29274206	73	96	Thitarodes xiaojinensis	Species	1589740
29274206	293	322	C-type lectin domain proteins	Gene
29274206	324	330	CTLDPs	Gene
29274206	357	380	Thitarodes xiaojinensis	Species	1589740
29274206	438	444	CTLDPs	Gene
29274206	454	466	carbohydrate	Chemical	MESH:D002241
29274206	487	490	CRD	Disease	OMIM:120970
29274206	547	553	CTLDPs	Gene
29274206	834	849	T. xiaojinensis	Species
29274206	986	992	CTLDPs	Gene
29274206	1133	1148	T. xiaojinensis	Species	1589740
29274206	1220	1224	Ca2+	Chemical	MESH:D002118
29274206	1299	1304	CTLDP	Gene
29274206	1431	1446	T. xiaojinensis	Species
29274206	1447	1453	CTLDPs	Gene

30610767|t|Two delta class glutathione S-transferases involved in the detoxification of malathion in Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel).
30610767|a|BACKGROUND: The oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), a widespread agricultural pest, has evolved resistance to many insecticides, including organophosphorus compounds. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are involved in xenobiotic detoxification and insecticide resistance in many insects. However, the role of delta class GSTs in detoxifying malathion in B. dorsalis is unknown. Here, we evaluated the roles of two delta class GSTs in malathion detoxification in this species. RESULTS: Two delta class GSTs genes, BdGSTd1 and BdGSTd10, were characterized in B. dorsalis. They were highly expressed in 5-day-old adults, as well as in midgut and Malpighian tubules. Upon malathion exposure, the two genes were upregulated by 2.63- and 2.85-fold, respectively. Injection of double-stranded RNA targeting BdGSTd1 or BdGSTd10 significantly reduced their mRNA levels in adults and also significantly increased adult susceptibility to malathion. The expression of these two GSTs in Escherichia coli helped the host to endure malathion stress at a concentration of 10    g   mL-1 according to a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. High-performance liquid chromatography analyses indicated that malathion could be significantly depleted by the two delta GSTs. The role of BdGSTd10 in malathion sequestration was also discussed. CONCLUSION: BdGSTd1 and BdGSTd10 play important roles in the detoxification of malathion in B. dorsalis.    2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
30610767	16	41	glutathione S-transferase	Gene
30610767	77	86	malathion	Chemical	MESH:D008294
30610767	90	109	Bactrocera dorsalis	Species	27457
30610767	136	154	oriental fruit fly	Species	27457
30610767	155	174	Bactrocera dorsalis	Species	27457
30610767	272	288	organophosphorus	Chemical	MESH:D010755
30610767	300	326	Glutathione S-transferases	Gene
30610767	328	332	GSTs	Gene
30610767	453	457	GSTs	Gene
30610767	473	482	malathion	Chemical	MESH:D008294
30610767	486	497	B. dorsalis	Species	27457
30610767	558	562	GSTs	Gene
30610767	566	575	malathion	Chemical	MESH:D008294
30610767	633	637	GSTs	Gene
30610767	645	652	BdGSTd1	Gene
30610767	657	665	BdGSTd10	Gene
30610767	689	700	B. dorsalis	Species	27457
30610767	800	809	malathion	Chemical	MESH:D008294
30610767	932	939	BdGSTd1	Gene
30610767	943	951	BdGSTd10	Gene
30610767	1059	1068	malathion	Chemical	MESH:D008294
30610767	1098	1102	GSTs	Gene
30610767	1106	1122	Escherichia coli	Species	562
30610767	1149	1165	malathion stress	Disease	MESH:D054549
30610767	1305	1314	malathion	Chemical	MESH:D008294
30610767	1364	1368	GSTs	Gene
30610767	1382	1390	BdGSTd10	Gene
30610767	1394	1403	malathion	Chemical	MESH:D008294
30610767	1450	1457	BdGSTd1	Gene
30610767	1462	1470	BdGSTd10	Gene
30610767	1517	1526	malathion	Chemical	MESH:D008294
30610767	1530	1541	B. dorsalis	Species	27457

30453026|t|Clustered miR-2, miR-13a, miR-13b and miR-71 coordinately target Notch gene to regulate oogenesis of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria.
30453026|a|MicroRNAs (miRNAs),    22-nt small noncoding RNAs with a crucial role in various biological processes of organisms, are usually clustered in the genome. However, little is known about the miRNA clusters involved in insect reproduction. By small RNA sequencing and quantification followed by qRT-PCR, we found that the expression of invertebrate-specific miR-2/13/71 cluster including miR-2, miR-13a, miR-13b and miR-71 significantly decreased after adult ecdysis of the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria. Luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation demonstrated that miR-2/13/71 bound to the protein coding sequence of Notch and downregulated its expression. Injection of miR-2/13/71 agomiRs led to significant decrease of Notch expression as well as markedly reduced levels of Vitellogenin mRNA, suppressed oocyte maturation and impaired ovarian growth. Moreover, the expression of miR-2/13/71 was repressed by juvenile hormone (JH). Our results thus point to a previously unidentified mechanism by which JH-repressed miR-2/13/71 coordinately downregulates Notch to modulate insect reproduction. The increase of JH and decrease of miR-2/13/71 expression in both previtellogenic and vitellogenic stages of adult females ensure a high level of Notch expression, critically contributing to JH-dependent vitellogenesis and oogenesis.
30453026	10	15	miR-2	Gene
30453026	17	24	miR-13a	Gene
30453026	26	33	miR-13b	Gene
30453026	38	44	miR-71	Gene
30453026	65	70	Notch	Gene
30453026	105	121	migratory locust	Species	7004
30453026	122	140	Locusta migratoria	Species	7004
30453026	494	499	miR-2	Gene
30453026	524	529	miR-2	Gene
30453026	531	538	miR-13a	Gene
30453026	540	547	miR-13b	Gene
30453026	552	558	miR-71	Gene
30453026	610	626	migratory locust	Species	7004
30453026	628	646	Locusta migratoria	Species	7004
30453026	720	725	miR-2	Gene
30453026	772	777	Notch	Gene
30453026	825	830	miR-2	Gene
30453026	876	881	Notch	Gene
30453026	983	1006	impaired ovarian growth	Disease	MESH:D010049
30453026	1036	1041	miR-2	Gene
30453026	1172	1177	miR-2	Gene
30453026	1211	1216	Notch	Gene
30453026	1285	1290	miR-2	Gene
30453026	1396	1401	Notch	Gene

31519242|t|Physiological functions of a methuselah-like G protein coupled receptor in Lymantria dispar Linnaeus.
31519242|a|Insect G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been identified as a highly attractive target for new generation insecticides discovery due to their critical physiological functions. However, few insect GPCRs have been functionally characterized. Here, we cloned the full length of a methuselah-like GPCR gene (Ldmthl1) from the Asian gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar. We then characterized the secondary and tertiary structures of Ldmthl1. We also predicted the global structure of this insect GPCR protein which is composed of three major domains. RNA interference of Ldmthl1 resulted in a reduction of gypsy moths' resistance to deltamethrin and suppressed expression of downstream stress-associated genes, such as P450s, glutathione S transferases, and heat shock proteins. The function of Ldmthl1 was further investigated using transgenic lines of Drosophila melanogaster. Drosophila with overexpression of Ldmthl1 showed significantly longer lifespan than control flies. Taken together, our studies revealed that the physiological functions of Ldmthl1 in L. dispar are associated with longevity and resistance to insecticide stresses. Potentially, Ldmthl1 can be used as a target for new insecticide discovery in order to manage this notorious forest pest.
31519242	29	71	methuselah-like G protein coupled receptor	Gene
31519242	75	91	Lymantria dispar	Species
31519242	109	136	G protein coupled receptors	Gene
31519242	138	143	GPCRs	Gene
31519242	305	310	GPCRs	Gene
31519242	386	406	methuselah-like GPCR	Gene
31519242	413	420	Ldmthl1	Gene
31519242	431	447	Asian gypsy moth	Species
31519242	449	465	Lymantria dispar	Species	13123
31519242	530	537	Ldmthl1	Gene
31519242	593	597	GPCR	Gene
31519242	668	675	Ldmthl1	Gene
31519242	703	714	gypsy moths	Species	13123
31519242	730	742	deltamethrin	Chemical	MESH:C017180
31519242	816	821	P450s	Gene
31519242	823	849	glutathione S transferases	Gene
31519242	855	874	heat shock proteins	Gene
31519242	892	899	Ldmthl1	Gene
31519242	951	974	Drosophila melanogaster	Species	7227
31519242	976	986	Drosophila	Species
31519242	1010	1017	Ldmthl1	Gene
31519242	1148	1155	Ldmthl1	Gene
31519242	1159	1168	L. dispar	Species	13123
31519242	1252	1259	Ldmthl1	Gene

31051237|t|Two functionally distinct CYP4G genes of Anopheles gambiae contribute to cuticular hydrocarbon biosynthesis.
31051237|a|Cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) biosynthesis is a major pathway of insect physiology. In Drosophila melanogaster the cytochrome P450 CYP4G1 catalyses the insect-specific oxidative decarbonylation step, while in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae, two CYP4G paralogues, CYP4G16 and CYP4G17 are present. Analysis of the subcellular localization of CYP4G17 and CYP4G16 in larval and pupal stages revealed that CYP4G16 preserves its PM localization across developmental stages analyzed; however CYPG17 is differentially localized in two distinct types of pupal oenocytes, presumably oenocytes of larval and adult developmental specificity. Western blot analysis showed the presence of two CYP4G17 forms, potentially associated with each oenocyte type. Both An. gambiae CYP4Gs were expressed in D. melanogaster flies in a Cyp4g1 silenced background in order to functionally characterize them in vivo. CYP4G16, CYP4G17 or their combination rescued the lethal phenotype of Cyp4g1-knock down flies, demonstrating that CYP4G17 is also a functional decarbonylase, albeit of somewhat lower efficiency than CYP4G16 in Drosophila. Flies expressing mosquito CYP4G16 and/or CYP4G17 produced similar CHC profiles to 'wild-type' flies expressing the endogenous CYP4G1, but they also produce very long-chain dimethyl-branched CHCs not detectable in wild type flies, suggesting that the specificity of the CYP4G enzymes contributes to determine the complexity of the CHC blend. In conclusion, both An. gambiae CYP4G enzymes contribute to the unique Anopheles CHC profile, which has been associated to defense, adult desiccation tolerance, insecticide penetration rate and chemical communication.
31051237	26	31	CYP4G	Gene
31051237	41	58	Anopheles gambiae	Species	7165
31051237	83	94	hydrocarbon	Chemical	MESH:D006838
31051237	119	130	hydrocarbon	Chemical	MESH:D006838
31051237	194	217	Drosophila melanogaster	Species	7227
31051237	222	237	cytochrome P450	Gene
31051237	238	244	CYP4G1	Gene	30986
31051237	320	327	malaria	Disease	MESH:D008288
31051237	335	352	Anopheles gambiae	Species	7165
31051237	358	363	CYP4G	Gene
31051237	376	383	CYP4G16	Gene
31051237	388	395	CYP4G17	Gene
31051237	453	460	CYP4G17	Gene
31051237	465	472	CYP4G16	Gene
31051237	514	521	CYP4G16	Gene
31051237	598	604	CYPG17	Gene
31051237	792	799	CYP4G17	Gene
31051237	860	871	An. gambiae	Species	7165
31051237	897	912	D. melanogaster	Species	7227
31051237	924	930	Cyp4g1	Gene	30986
31051237	1003	1010	CYP4G16	Gene
31051237	1012	1019	CYP4G17	Gene
31051237	1073	1079	Cyp4g1	Gene	30986
31051237	1117	1124	CYP4G17	Gene
31051237	1202	1209	CYP4G16	Gene
31051237	1213	1223	Drosophila	Species
31051237	1251	1258	CYP4G16	Gene
31051237	1266	1273	CYP4G17	Gene
31051237	1351	1357	CYP4G1	Gene	30986
31051237	1397	1405	dimethyl	Chemical	MESH:C032720
31051237	1494	1499	CYP4G	Gene
31051237	1555	1564	CHC blend	Disease	MESH:D019698
31051237	1586	1597	An. gambiae	Species	7165
31051237	1598	1603	CYP4G	Gene
31051237	1637	1646	Anopheles	Species	7165

31033045|t|DDC plays vital roles in the wing spot formation, egg production, and chorion tanning in the brown planthopper.
31033045|a|The gene dopa decarboxylase (Nlddc) of the brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens) was identified in the genome and transcriptome of the insect. The open reading frame of Nlddc is 1,434 bp in length and, it has the potential to encode a protein of 477 amino acid with a conserved pyridoxal-dependent decarboxylase domain and a typical motif, NFNPHKW. Real-time quantification polymerase chain reaction analyses revealed that this gene was highly expressed in the integument and brain, and transcript level peaked in the late stages of egg period and each nymph instar with periodicity. RNA interference results revealed that Nlddc played essential roles in pigment synthesis, formation of wing spot, egg production, and tanning of the chorion. A rapid accumulation of Nlddc transcripts was detected, and it coincided with the injection of the hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), suggesting that Nlddc transcription was regulated by 20E.
31033045	0	3	DDC	Gene
31033045	93	110	brown planthopper	Species	108931
31033045	121	139	dopa decarboxylase	Gene
31033045	141	146	Nlddc	Gene
31033045	155	172	brown planthopper	Species	108931
31033045	174	177	BPH	Species	108931
31033045	179	197	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
31033045	287	292	Nlddc	Gene
31033045	396	405	pyridoxal	Chemical	MESH:D011730
31033045	741	746	Nlddc	Gene
31033045	884	889	Nlddc	Gene
31033045	967	985	20-hydroxyecdysone	Chemical	MESH:D004441
31033045	1009	1014	Nlddc	Gene

30513306|t|Structural glycoprotein LmAbd-9 is required for the formation of the endocuticle during locust molting.
30513306|a|Insect cuticle is a composite made of chitin filaments embedded in a proteinaceous matrix, consisting mainly of structural cuticular proteins. In the present study, an endocuticle structural glycoprotein gene, LmAbd-9, was characterized based on the Locusta migratoria transcriptome. LmAbd-9 encodes a glycoprotein with a chitin binding domain 4, belonging to RR-1 subclass of the CPR family, which has two potential O-linked glycosylation sites (S115 and T137) at which glycosylation modification may occur. LmAbd-9 was highly expressed in the integument and showed periodic expression during molting. The expression levels of LmAbd-9 were significantly down-regulated after injection with 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) for 6, 12, and 24   h, whereas it was upregulated after double-stranded RNA-mediated RNA interference of the 20E receptor gene LmEcR and LmFTZ-F1beta at day 2 of fifth instar nymphs for 48   h. After injection of dsLmAbd-9 on day 2 of fifth instar nymphs, the insects could normally molt to adults and showed no macroscopic phenotype; however, the cuticle of the adults was thinner, and there were significantly fewer endocuticular lamellae than in the control. Thus, LmAbd-9 that negatively regulated by the 20E signaling pathway was involved in the formation of the endocuticle in L. migratoria.
30513306	24	31	LmAbd-9	Gene
30513306	314	321	LmAbd-9	Gene
30513306	354	372	Locusta migratoria	Species	7004
30513306	388	395	LmAbd-9	Gene
30513306	613	620	LmAbd-9	Gene
30513306	732	739	LmAbd-9	Gene
30513306	795	813	20-hydroxyecdysone	Chemical	MESH:D004441
30513306	946	951	LmEcR	Gene
30513306	956	968	LmFTZ-F1beta	Gene
30513306	1286	1293	LmAbd-9	Gene
30513306	1401	1414	L. migratoria	Species	7004

31118082|t|Characterization of a broad-based mosquito yeast interfering RNA larvicide with a conserved target site in mosquito semaphorin-1a genes.
31118082|a|BACKGROUND: RNA interference (RNAi), which has facilitated functional characterization of mosquito neural development genes such as the axon guidance regulator semaphorin-1a (sema1a), could one day be applied as a new means of vector control. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast) may represent an effective interfering RNA expression system that could be used directly for delivery of RNA pesticides to mosquito larvae. Here we describe characterization of a yeast larvicide developed through bioengineering of S. cerevisiae to express a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting a conserved site in mosquito sema1a genes. RESULTS: Experiments conducted on Aedes aegypti larvae demonstrated that the yeast larvicide effectively silences sema1a expression, generates severe neural defects, and induces high levels of larval mortality in laboratory, simulated-field, and semi-field experiments. The larvicide was also found to induce high levels of Aedes albopictus, Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The results of these studies indicate that use of yeast interfering RNA larvicides targeting mosquito sema1a genes may represent a new biorational tool for mosquito control.
31118082	43	48	yeast	Species	4932
31118082	116	129	semaphorin-1a	Gene
31118082	297	310	semaphorin-1a	Gene
31118082	312	318	sema1a	Gene
31118082	380	404	Saccharomyces cerevisiae	Species	4932
31118082	406	419	baker s yeast	Species	4932
31118082	600	605	yeast	Species	4932
31118082	652	665	S. cerevisiae	Species	4932
31118082	744	750	sema1a	Gene
31118082	792	805	Aedes aegypti	Species
31118082	835	840	yeast	Species	4932
31118082	872	878	sema1a	Gene
31118082	908	922	neural defects	Disease	MESH:D009436
31118082	1082	1098	Aedes albopictus	Species	7160
31118082	1100	1117	Anopheles gambiae	Species	7165
31118082	1122	1144	Culex quinquefasciatus	Species	7176
31118082	1219	1224	yeast	Species	4932
31118082	1271	1277	sema1a	Gene

31400773|t|Copper-induced H2O2 accumulation confers larval tolerance to xanthotoxin by modulating CYP6B50 expression in Spodoptera litura.
31400773|a|In the plant-insect arms race, plants synthesize toxic compounds to defend against herbivorous insects, whereas insects employ cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) to detoxify these phytotoxins. As ubiquitous environmental contaminants, heavy metals can be easily absorbed by plants and further accumulated in herbivorous insects through the food chains, resulting in tangible consequences for plant-insect interactions. However, whether heavy metals can influence P450 activities and thereby cause further effects on larval tolerance to phytotoxins remains unknown. In this study, we shown that prior exposure to copper (Cu) enhanced larval tolerance to xanthotoxin in Spodoptera litura, a major polyphagous pest of agriculture. P450 activities were induced in larvae exposed to Cu or xanthotoxin, and a midgut specific expressed P450 gene, CYP6B50 was cross-induced after exposure to these two toxic xenobiotics. Knocking down CYP6B50 by RNA interference (RNAi) rendered the larvae more sensitive to xanthotoxin. As defense against oxidative stress following metal exposure has been demonstrated to affect insecticide resistance, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and antioxidant enzyme activities were assessed. Cu exposure caused the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) in larval midgut. In addition, two antioxidant response elements (AREs) were identified from the CYP6B50 promoter, indicating that Cu-induced CYP6B50 expression may be related to the ROS burst. Application of ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC) effectively suppressed CYP6B50 expression, inhibited P450 activities and impaired larval tolerance to xanthotoxin that had been induced by Cu. These results indicate that the increase in CYP6B50 expression regulated by Cu-induced H2O2 generation contributed to the enhancement of larval tolerance to xanthotoxin in S. litura. Ingestion of heavy metals from their host plants can inadvertently boost the counter-defense system of herbivorous insects to protect themselves against plant defensive toxins.
31400773	0	6	Copper	Chemical	MESH:D003300
31400773	15	19	H2O2	Chemical	MESH:D014867
31400773	61	72	xanthotoxin	Chemical	MESH:D008730
31400773	87	94	CYP6B50	Gene
31400773	109	126	Spodoptera litura	Species	69820
31400773	255	284	cytochrome P450 monooxygenase	Gene
31400773	287	292	P450s	Gene
31400773	595	599	P450	Gene
31400773	744	750	copper	Chemical	MESH:D003300
31400773	752	754	Cu	Chemical	MESH:D003300
31400773	785	796	xanthotoxin	Chemical	MESH:D008730
31400773	800	817	Spodoptera litura	Species	69820
31400773	860	864	P450	Gene
31400773	910	912	Cu	Chemical	MESH:D003300
31400773	916	927	xanthotoxin	Chemical	MESH:D008730
31400773	961	965	P450	Gene
31400773	972	979	CYP6B50	Gene
31400773	1059	1066	CYP6B50	Gene
31400773	1132	1143	xanthotoxin	Chemical	MESH:D008730
31400773	1275	1281	oxygen	Chemical	MESH:D010100
31400773	1356	1358	Cu	Chemical	MESH:D003300
31400773	1395	1412	hydrogen peroxide	Chemical	MESH:D006861
31400773	1414	1418	H2O2	Chemical	MESH:D014867
31400773	1451	1461	superoxide	Chemical	MESH:D013481
31400773	1596	1603	CYP6B50	Gene
31400773	1630	1632	Cu	Chemical	MESH:D003300
31400773	1641	1648	CYP6B50	Gene
31400773	1722	1738	N-acetylcysteine	Chemical	MESH:D000111
31400773	1740	1743	NAC	Chemical	MESH:C086501
31400773	1768	1775	CYP6B50	Gene
31400773	1798	1802	P450	Gene
31400773	1818	1843	impaired larval tolerance	Disease	MESH:D018149
31400773	1847	1858	xanthotoxin	Chemical	MESH:D008730
31400773	1884	1886	Cu	Chemical	MESH:D003300
31400773	1932	1939	CYP6B50	Gene
31400773	1964	1966	Cu	Chemical	MESH:D003300
31400773	1975	1979	H2O2	Chemical	MESH:D014867
31400773	2045	2056	xanthotoxin	Chemical	MESH:D008730
31400773	2060	2069	S. litura	Species	69820

29287788|t|timeless2 plays an important role in reproduction and circadian rhythms in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus.
29287788|a|The timeless2 (tim2) gene is an insect orthologue of the mammalian clock gene Timeless (mTim). Although its functional role has been extensively studied in mammals, little is known regarding its role in insects. In the present study, we obtained tim2 cDNA (Gb'tim2) from the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus and characterized its functional role in embryonic development, egg production, and circadian rhythms. Gb'tim2 gave rise to a 1432 amino acid protein, and showed approximately 65% homology to that of Drosophila melanogaster. When treated with parental Gb'tim2<sup>RNAi</sup>, less than 2% of the treated eggs hatched. On the other hand, control eggs treated with DsRed2<sup>RNAi</sup>demonstrated a hatching rate of 70%. In most of the Gb'tim2<sup>RNAi</sup>treated embryos, development was arrested in early stages. Egg production in ovaries of adult virgin females treated with Gb'tim2<sup>RNAi</sup>was significantly reduced. In addition, while Gb'tim2<sup>RNAi</sup>crickets exhibited clear locomotor rhythm synchronized with light cycles, their light-on peak was weaker than that of control crickets. Under constant darkness, the activity rhythm of Gb'tim2<sup>RNAi</sup>crickets was often split into two components running with different periods. Molecular analysis revealed that Gb'tim2<sup>RNAi</sup>treatment downregulated mRNA levels of Gb'per and Gb'Clk, and enhanced Gb'cyc expression rhythm; no distinct effect was found on Gb'tim expression levels. The change in Gb'per, Gb'Clk and Gb'cyc levels may underlie the altered behavioral rhythms in Gb'tim2<sup>RNAi</sup>crickets. Both Gb'Clk<sup>RNAi</sup>and Gb'cyc<sup>RNAi</sup>downregulated Gb'tim2 expression, which suggested that transcription of Gb'tim2 is mediated by Gb'CLK and Gb'CYC through E-box. These results suggested that Gb'tim2 may be involved in both reproduction and circadian rhythm regulation in crickets.
29287788	0	9	timeless2	Gene
29287788	87	106	Gryllus bimaculatus	Species	6999
29287788	112	121	timeless2	Gene
29287788	123	127	tim2	Gene	41615
29287788	165	174	mammalian	Species	9606
29287788	186	194	Timeless	Gene	8914
29287788	196	200	mTim	Gene	107698
29287788	354	358	tim2	Gene	41615
29287788	368	372	tim2	Gene	41615
29287788	391	410	Gryllus bimaculatus	Species	6999
29287788	517	521	tim2	Gene	41615
29287788	611	634	Drosophila melanogaster	Species	7227
29287788	942	949	ovaries	Disease	MESH:D010051
29287788	1551	1554	tim	Gene	107698
29287788	1768	1772	tim2	Gene	41615
29287788	1826	1830	tim2	Gene	41615
29287788	1911	1915	tim2	Gene	41615

30496804|t|The NompC channel regulates Nilaparvata lugens proprioception and gentle-touch response.
30496804|a|NompC channel is a member of the transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channel superfamily. It can regulate gentle-touch, locomotion, hearing and food texture detection in Drosophila. We cloned the NompC gene of Nilaparvata lugens (NlNompC). The full length NlNompC possessed similar structure as DmNompC, which belongs to TRPN subfamily. The expression pattern analysis of different developmental stages and body parts showed that the transcription of NlNompC was more abundant in adult stage and in the abdomen. Injection of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) of NlNompC in the third-instar nymphs successfully knocked down the target gene with 75% suppression. At nine days after injection, the survival rate of dsRNA injected nymphs was as low as 9.84%. Behavioral observation revealed that the locomotion of the dsRNA injected nymphs was defective with much less movement compared to the negative control. Feeding and honeydew excretion of the dsRNA injected insects also decreased significantly. These results suggested that NlNompC is a classical mechanotransduction channel that plays important roles in proprioception and locomotion, and is essential for the survival of N. lugens. The results also contribute to the understanding of how TRP channels regulate proprioception.
30496804	4	9	NompC	Gene
30496804	28	46	Nilaparvata lugens	Species
30496804	89	94	NompC	Gene
30496804	288	293	NompC	Gene
30496804	302	320	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
30496804	322	329	NlNompC	Gene
30496804	348	355	NlNompC	Gene
30496804	543	550	NlNompC	Gene
30496804	648	655	NlNompC	Gene
30496804	1114	1121	NlNompC	Gene
30496804	1263	1272	N. lugens	Species	108931

30890324|t|Characterization of two copper/zinc superoxide dismutases (Cu/Zn-SODs) from the desert beetle Microdera punctipennis and their activities in protecting E. coli cells against cold.
30890324|a|Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are crucial in scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS); however, studies regarding SOD functions in insects under cold conditions are rare. In this paper, two novel Cu/Zn-SOD genes in the desert beetle Microdera punctipennis, an extracellular copper/zinc SOD (MpecCu/Zn-SOD) and an intracellular copper/zinc SOD (MpicCu/Zn-SOD), were identified and characterized. The results of quantitative real-time PCR showed that MpecCu/Zn-SOD expression was significantly up-regulated by 4     C exposure for 0.5   h, but MpicCu/Zn-SOD was not. Superoxide anion radical (O2   -) content in beetles under 4     C exposure for 0.5   h showed an initial sharp increase and fluctuated during the cold treatment period, which was consistent with the relative mRNA level of MpecCu/Zn-SOD. The total SOD activity in the beetle was negatively correlated to the O2   - content with a correlation coefficient of -0.437. An E. coli system was employed to study the function of each MpCu/Zn-SOD gene. The fusion proteins Trx-His-MpCu/Zn-SODs were over expressed in E. coli BL21 using pET32a vector, and identified by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. The transformed bacteria BL21(pET32a-MpecCu/Zn-SOD) and BL21(pET32a-MpicCu/Zn-SOD) showed increased cold tolerance to -4     C as well as increased SOD activity compared to the control BL21(pET32a). The relative conductivity and malondialdehyde content in the two MpCu/Zn-SODs transformed bacteria under -4     C were significantly lower than the control BL21(pET32a). Furthermore, BL21(pET32a-MpecCu/Zn-SOD) had significantly higher SOD activity and cold tolerance than BL21(pET32a-MpicCu/Zn-SOD) under -4     C treatment, and had lower conductivity than BL21(pET32a-MpicCu/Zn-SOD). In conclusion, low temperature led to the accumulation of O2   - in M. punctipennis, which stimulated the expression of extracellular MpCu/Zn-SOD gene and the increase of total SOD activity. E. coli overexpressing Trx-His-MpCu/Zn-SODs increased resistance to cold treatment-induced oxidative stress. Our findings will be helpful in further study of Cu/Zn-SOD genes in insect cold-tolerance.
30890324	24	30	copper	Chemical	MESH:D003300
30890324	31	46	zinc superoxide	Chemical	MESH:D013481
30890324	59	69	Cu/Zn-SODs	Gene
30890324	94	116	Microdera punctipennis	Species	1676788
30890324	152	159	E. coli	Species	562
30890324	180	201	Superoxide dismutases	Gene
30890324	203	207	SODs	Gene
30890324	244	250	oxygen	Chemical	MESH:D010100
30890324	375	384	Cu/Zn-SOD	Gene
30890324	412	434	Microdera punctipennis	Species	1676788
30890324	453	459	copper	Chemical	MESH:D003300
30890324	470	483	MpecCu/Zn-SOD	Gene
30890324	506	512	copper	Chemical	MESH:D003300
30890324	523	536	MpicCu/Zn-SOD	Gene
30890324	628	641	MpecCu/Zn-SOD	Gene
30890324	718	731	MpicCu/Zn-SOD	Gene
30890324	741	751	Superoxide	Chemical	MESH:D013481
30890324	767	769	O2	Chemical	MESH:D013481
30890324	960	973	MpecCu/Zn-SOD	Gene
30890324	1045	1047	O2	Chemical	MESH:D013481
30890324	1104	1111	E. coli	Species	562
30890324	1162	1173	MpCu/Zn-SOD	Gene
30890324	1213	1215	Zn	Chemical	MESH:D015032
30890324	1216	1220	SODs	Gene
30890324	1244	1256	E. coli BL21	Species	511693
30890324	1296	1299	SDS	Chemical	MESH:C032259
30890324	1371	1373	Zn	Chemical	MESH:D015032
30890324	1402	1404	Zn	Chemical	MESH:D015032
30890324	1554	1569	malondialdehyde	Chemical	MESH:D008315
30890324	1589	1601	MpCu/Zn-SODs	Gene
30890324	1724	1726	Zn	Chemical	MESH:D015032
30890324	1813	1815	Zn	Chemical	MESH:D015032
30890324	1896	1898	Zn	Chemical	MESH:D015032
30890324	1963	1965	O2	Chemical	MESH:D013481
30890324	1972	1987	M. punctipennis	Species	1676788
30890324	2043	2045	Zn	Chemical	MESH:D015032
30890324	2095	2102	E. coli	Species	562
30890324	2131	2133	Zn	Chemical	MESH:D015032
30890324	2134	2138	SODs	Gene
30890324	2256	2258	Zn	Chemical	MESH:D015032

30834617|t|Functional characterization of ultraspiracle in Leptinotarsa decemlineata using RNA interference assay.
30834617|a|A heterodimer of ultraspiracle (USP) and ecdysone receptor (EcR) mediates 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) signalling cascade to regulate insect moulting and metamorphosis. However, at least two questions remain to be addressed in terms of the molecular importance of USP in insect species. First, is USP involved in both regulation of ecdysteroidogenesis and mediation of 20E signalling in non-drosophilid insects, as in Drosophila melanogaster? Second, does USP play any role in larval metamorphosis except as the partner of heterodimeric receptor to activate the downstream 20E signalling genes? In this paper, we found that RNA interference (RNAi) of LdUSP in the final (fourth) instar larvae reduced the messenger RNA levels of four ecdysteroidogenesis genes (Ldspo, Ldphm, Lddib and Ldsad) and 20E titre, and repressed the expression of five 20E signal genes (EcRA, HR3, HR4, E74 and E75) in Leptinotarsa decemlineata. The LdUSP RNAi larvae remained as prepupae, with developing antennae, legs and discs of forewings and hindwings. Dietary supplement with 20E restored the expression of the five 20E signal genes, but only partially alleviated the decreased pupation rate in LdUSP RNAi beetles. Knockdown of LdUSP at the penultimate (third) instar larvae did not affect third-fourth instar moulting. However, silencing LdUSP caused similar but less severe impairments on pupation. Accordingly, we propose that USP is undoubtedly necessary for ecdysteroidogenesis, for mediation of 20E signalling and for initiation of metamorphosis in L.  decemlineata.
30834617	31	44	ultraspiracle	Gene
30834617	48	73	Leptinotarsa decemlineata	Species	7539
30834617	121	134	ultraspiracle	Gene
30834617	136	139	USP	Gene	31165
30834617	145	162	ecdysone receptor	Gene
30834617	164	167	EcR	Gene
30834617	178	196	20-hydroxyecdysone	Chemical	MESH:D004441
30834617	254	267	metamorphosis	Disease	MESH:C536351
30834617	364	367	USP	Gene	31165
30834617	397	400	USP	Gene	31165
30834617	518	541	Drosophila melanogaster	Species	7227
30834617	556	559	USP	Gene	31165
30834617	584	597	metamorphosis	Disease	MESH:C536351
30834617	751	756	LdUSP	Gene
30834617	861	866	Ldspo	Gene
30834617	868	873	Ldphm	Gene
30834617	875	880	Lddib	Gene
30834617	885	890	Ldsad	Gene
30834617	994	1019	Leptinotarsa decemlineata	Species	7539
30834617	1025	1030	LdUSP	Gene
30834617	1277	1282	LdUSP	Gene
30834617	1310	1315	LdUSP	Gene
30834617	1421	1426	LdUSP	Gene
30834617	1512	1515	USP	Gene	31165
30834617	1606	1633	initiation of metamorphosis	Disease	MESH:C536351
30834617	1637	1652	L. decemlineata	Species	7539

31400777|t|Metabolism of selected model substrates and insecticides by recombinant CYP6FD encoded by its gene predominately expressed in the brain of Locusta migratoria.
31400777|a|The migratory locust, Locusta migartoria, is a major agricultural insect pest and its resistance to insecticides is becoming more prevalent. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs) are important enzymes for biotransformations of various endogenous and xenobiotic substances. These enzymes play a major role in developing insecticide resistance in many insect species. In this study, we heterologously co-expressed a CYP enzyme (CYP6FD1) and cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) from L.   migartoria in Sf9 insect cells. The recombinant enzymes were assayed for metabolic activity towards six selected model substrates (luciferin-H, luciferin-Me, luciferin-Be, luciferin-PFBE, luciferin-CEE and 7-ethoxycoumarin), and four selected insecticides (deltamethrin, chlorpyrifos, carbaryl and methoprene). Recombinant CYP6FD1 showed activity towards 7-ethoxycoumarin and luciferin-Me, but no detectable activity towards the other luciferin derivatives. Furthermore, the enzyme efficiently oxidized deltamethrin to hydroxydeltamethrin through an aromatic hydroxylation in a time-dependent manner. However, the enzyme did not show any detectable activity towards the other three insecticides. Our results provide direct evidence that CYP6FD1 is capable of metabolizing deltamethrin. This work is a step towards a more complete characterization of the catalytic capabilities of CYP6FD1 and other xenobiotic metabolizing CYP enzymes in L.  migratoria.
31400777	139	157	Locusta migratoria	Species	7004
31400777	163	179	migratory locust	Species	7004
31400777	300	330	Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases	Gene
31400777	332	336	CYPs	Gene
31400777	573	576	CYP	Gene
31400777	585	592	CYP6FD1	Gene
31400777	770	781	luciferin-H	Chemical	MESH:C532924
31400777	783	809	luciferin-Me, luciferin-Be	Chemical	MESH:C532924
31400777	811	825	luciferin-PFBE	Chemical	MESH:C057576
31400777	827	840	luciferin-CEE	Chemical	MESH:C000590931
31400777	845	861	7-ethoxycoumarin	Chemical	MESH:C017299
31400777	896	908	deltamethrin	Chemical	MESH:C017180
31400777	910	922	chlorpyrifos	Chemical	MESH:D004390
31400777	924	932	carbaryl	Chemical	MESH:D012721
31400777	937	947	methoprene	Chemical	MESH:D008726
31400777	962	969	CYP6FD1	Gene
31400777	994	1010	7-ethoxycoumarin	Chemical	MESH:C017299
31400777	1015	1028	luciferin-Me,	Chemical	MESH:C532924
31400777	1074	1083	luciferin	Chemical	MESH:C532924
31400777	1142	1154	deltamethrin	Chemical	MESH:C017180
31400777	1158	1177	hydroxydeltamethrin	Chemical
31400777	1376	1383	CYP6FD1	Gene
31400777	1411	1423	deltamethrin	Chemical	MESH:C017180
31400777	1519	1526	CYP6FD1	Gene
31400777	1561	1564	CYP	Gene
31400777	1576	1589	L. migratoria	Species	7004

31443456|t|Expression Patterns, Molecular Characterization, and Response to Host Stress of CYP Genes from Phenacoccus solenopsis (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae).
31443456|a|The quarantine insect pest Phenacoccus solenopsis (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) has a broad host range and is distributed worldwide. Each year, P. solenopsis causes significant crop losses. The detoxification of various xenobiotic compounds involves the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP) superfamily of enzymes. However, the functions of CYPs in P. solenopsis are poorly understood. In the present study, P. solenopsis was reared from the egg to the adult stage on three host plants: Tomato, cotton, and hibiscus. Thirty-seven P. solenopsis CYP genes were identified and their phylogenetic relationships were analyzed. Eleven CYP genes (PsCYP4NT1, PsCYP4G219, PsCYP6PZ1, PsCYP6PZ5, PsCYP301B1, PsCYP302A1, PsCYP305A22, PsCYP315A1, PsCYP353F1, PsCYP3634A1, and PsCYP3635A2) were selected for quantitative real-time PCR analysis. The results demonstrated marked differences in CYP expression levels in P. solenopsis grown on different host plants. The results will aid the molecular characterization of CYPs and will increase our understanding of CYP expression patterns in P. solenopsis during development and growth on different hosts.
31443456	80	83	CYP	Gene
31443456	95	117	Phenacoccus solenopsis	Species	483260
31443456	151	161	quarantine	Chemical
31443456	174	196	Phenacoccus solenopsis	Species	483260
31443456	289	302	P. solenopsis	Species	483260
31443456	399	428	cytochrome P450 monooxygenase	Gene
31443456	430	433	CYP	Gene
31443456	493	506	P. solenopsis	Species	483260
31443456	552	565	P. solenopsis	Species	483260
31443456	631	637	Tomato	Species	4081
31443456	674	687	P. solenopsis	Species	483260
31443456	688	691	CYP	Gene
31443456	773	776	CYP	Gene
31443456	784	793	PsCYP4NT1	Gene
31443456	795	805	PsCYP4G219	Gene
31443456	807	816	PsCYP6PZ1	Gene
31443456	818	827	PsCYP6PZ5	Gene
31443456	829	839	PsCYP301B1	Gene
31443456	841	851	PsCYP302A1	Gene
31443456	853	864	PsCYP305A22	Gene
31443456	866	876	PsCYP315A1	Gene
31443456	878	888	PsCYP353F1	Gene
31443456	890	901	PsCYP3634A1	Gene
31443456	907	918	PsCYP3635A2	Gene
31443456	1022	1025	CYP	Gene
31443456	1047	1060	P. solenopsis	Species	483260
31443456	1192	1195	CYP	Gene
31443456	1219	1232	P. solenopsis	Species	483260

30710623|t|CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of both the PxABCC2 and PxABCC3 genes confers high-level resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac toxin in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.).
30710623|a|Rapid evolution of resistance by insect pests severely jeopardizes the sustainable utilization of biopesticides and transgenic crops that produce insecticidal crystal proteins derived from the entomopathogenic bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Recently, high levels of resistance to Bt Cry1 toxins have been reported to be genetically linked to the mutation or down-regulation of ABC transporter subfamily C genes ABCC2 and ABCC3 in seven lepidopteran insects, including Plutella xylostella (L.). To further determine the causal relationship between alterations in the PxABCC2 and PxABCC3 genes and Cry1Ac resistance in P. xylostella, the novel CRISPR/Cas9 genome engineering system was utilized to successfully construct two knockout strains: the ABCC2KO strain is homozygous for a 4-bp deletion in exon 3 of the PxABCC2 gene, and the ABCC3KO strain is homozygous for a 5-bp deletion in exon 3 of the PxABCC3 gene, both of which can produce only truncated ABCC proteins. Bioassay results indicated that high levels of resistance to the Cry1Ac protoxin were observed in both the ABCC2KO (724-fold) and ABCC3KO (413-fold) strains compared to the original susceptible DBM1Ac-S strain. Subsequently, dominance degree and genetic complementation tests demonstrated that Cry1Ac resistance in both the knockout strains was incompletely recessive, and Cry1Ac resistance alleles were located in the classic BtR-1 resistance locus that harbored the PxABCC2 and PxABCC3 genes, similar to the near-isogenic resistant NIL-R strain. Moreover, qualitative toxin binding assays revealed that the binding of the Cry1Ac toxin to midgut brush border membrane vesicles (BBMVs) in both knockout strains was dramatically reduced compared to that in the susceptible DBM1Ac-S strain. In summary, our CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing study presents, for the first time, in vivo reverse genetics evidence for both the ABCC2 and ABCC3 proteins as midgut functional receptors for Bt Cry1 toxins in insects, which provides new insight into the pivotal roles of both the ABCC2 and ABCC3 proteins in the complex molecular mechanism of insect resistance to Bt Cry1 toxins.
30710623	42	49	PxABCC2	Gene
30710623	54	61	PxABCC3	Gene
30710623	101	123	Bacillus thuringiensis	Species	1428
30710623	144	160	diamondback moth	Species	51655
30710623	162	181	Plutella xylostella	Species	51655
30710623	408	430	Bacillus thuringiensis	Species	1428
30710623	432	434	Bt	Species	1428
30710623	476	478	Bt	Species	1428
30710623	607	612	ABCC2	Gene
30710623	617	622	ABCC3	Gene
30710623	664	683	Plutella xylostella	Species	51655
30710623	762	769	PxABCC2	Gene
30710623	774	781	PxABCC3	Gene
30710623	813	826	P. xylostella	Species	51655
30710623	1007	1014	PxABCC2	Gene
30710623	1095	1102	PxABCC3	Gene
30710623	1359	1365	DBM1Ac	Chemical	MESH:C561523
30710623	1633	1640	PxABCC2	Gene
30710623	1645	1652	PxABCC3	Gene
30710623	1937	1943	DBM1Ac	Chemical	MESH:C561523
30710623	2089	2094	ABCC2	Gene
30710623	2099	2104	ABCC3	Gene
30710623	2149	2151	Bt	Species	1428
30710623	2238	2243	ABCC2	Gene
30710623	2248	2253	ABCC3	Gene
30710623	2322	2324	Bt	Species	1428

29063672|t|Molecular characterization, spatial-temporal expression and magnetic response patterns of iron-sulfur cluster assembly1 (IscA1) in the rice planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens.
29063672|a|The mechanisms of magnetoreception have been proposed as the magnetite-based, the chemical radical-pair and biocompass model, in which magnetite particles, the cryptochrome (Cry) or iron-sulfur cluster assembly 1 (IscA1) may be involved. However, little is known about the association among the molecules. Here we investigated the molecular characterization and the mRNA expression of IscA1 in different developmental stages, tissues and magnetic fields in the migratory brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens. NlIscA1 contains an open reading frame of 390 bp, encoding amino acids of 129, with the predicted molecular weight of 14.0 kDa and the isoelectric point of 9.10. Well-conserved Fe-S cluster binding sites were observed in the predicted protein. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated NlIscA1 to be clustered into the insect's IscA1. NlIscA1 showed up-regulated mRNA expression during the period of migration. The mRNA expression of NlIscA1 could be detected in all the three tissues of head, thorax and abdomen, with the highest expression level in the abdomen. For the macropterous migratory Nilaparvata lugens, mRNA expression of NlIscA1 and N. lugens cryptochrome1 (Nlcry1) were up-regulated under the magnetic fields of 5 Gauss and 10 Gauss in strength (vs. local geomagnetic field), while N. lugens cryptochrome2 (Nlcry2) remained stable. For the brachyterous non-migratory Nilaparvata lugens, no significant changes were found in mRNA expression of NlIscA1, Nlcry1 and Nlcry2 among different magnetic fields. These findings preliminarily reveal that the expression of NlIscA1 and Nlcry1 exhibited coordinated responses to the magnetic field. It suggests some potential associations among the putative magneto-sensitive molecules of cryptochrome and iron-sulfur cluster assembly.
29063672	90	119	iron-sulfur cluster assembly1	Gene
29063672	121	126	IscA1	Gene
29063672	135	139	rice	Species	4530
29063672	153	171	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
29063672	234	243	magnetite	Chemical	MESH:D052203
29063672	308	317	magnetite	Chemical	MESH:D052203
29063672	355	385	iron-sulfur cluster assembly 1	Gene
29063672	387	392	IscA1	Gene
29063672	558	563	IscA1	Gene
29063672	644	661	brown planthopper	Species	108931
29063672	663	666	BPH	Species	108931
29063672	669	687	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
29063672	689	696	NlIscA1	Gene
29063672	866	870	Fe-S	Chemical	MESH:C111959
29063672	968	975	NlIscA1	Gene
29063672	1010	1015	IscA1	Gene
29063672	1017	1024	NlIscA1	Gene
29063672	1116	1123	NlIscA1	Gene
29063672	1277	1295	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
29063672	1316	1323	NlIscA1	Gene
29063672	1328	1337	N. lugens	Species	108931
29063672	1338	1351	cryptochrome1	Gene
29063672	1353	1359	Nlcry1	Gene
29063672	1478	1487	N. lugens	Species	108931
29063672	1488	1501	cryptochrome2	Gene
29063672	1503	1509	Nlcry2	Gene
29063672	1563	1581	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
29063672	1639	1646	NlIscA1	Gene
29063672	1648	1654	Nlcry1	Gene
29063672	1659	1665	Nlcry2	Gene
29063672	1758	1765	NlIscA1	Gene
29063672	1770	1776	Nlcry1	Gene
29063672	1939	1950	iron-sulfur	Chemical	MESH:D013455

31136794|t|Identification and functional characterisation of a novel N-cyanoamidine neonicotinoid metabolising cytochrome P450, CYP9Q6, from the buff-tailed bumblebee Bombus terrestris.
31136794|a|Recent work has shown that two bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) cytochrome P450s of the CYP9Q subfamily, CYP9Q4 and CYP9Q5, are important biochemical determinants of sensitivity to neonicotinoid insecticides. Here, we report the characterisation of a third P450 gene CYP9Q6, previously mis-annotated in the genome of B. terrestris, encoding an enzyme that metabolises the N-cyanoamidine neonicotinoids thiacloprid and acetamiprid with high efficiency. The genomic location and complete ORF of CYP9Q6 was corroborated by PCR and its metabolic activity characterised in vitro by expression in an insect cell line. CYP9Q6 metabolises both thiacloprid and acetamiprid more rapidly than the previously reported CYP9Q4 and CYP9Q5. We further demonstrate a direct, in vivo correlation between the expression of the CYP9Q6 enzyme in transgenic Drosophila melanogaster and an increased tolerance to thiacloprid and acetamiprid. We conclude that CYP9Q6 is an efficient metaboliser of N-cyanoamidine neonicotinoids and likely plays a key role in the high tolerance of B. terrestris to these insecticides.
31136794	58	86	N-cyanoamidine neonicotinoid	Chemical	MESH:C506414
31136794	100	115	cytochrome P450	Gene
31136794	117	123	CYP9Q6	Gene
31136794	134	155	buff-tailed bumblebee	Species	30195
31136794	156	173	Bombus terrestris	Species	30195
31136794	217	234	Bombus terrestris	Species	30195
31136794	236	251	cytochrome P450	Gene
31136794	277	283	CYP9Q4	Gene
31136794	288	294	CYP9Q5	Gene
31136794	439	445	CYP9Q6	Gene
31136794	489	502	B. terrestris	Species	30195
31136794	544	585	N-cyanoamidine neonicotinoids thiacloprid	Chemical	MESH:C417209
31136794	590	601	acetamiprid	Chemical	MESH:C464485
31136794	665	671	CYP9Q6	Gene
31136794	784	790	CYP9Q6	Gene
31136794	808	819	thiacloprid	Chemical	MESH:C417209
31136794	824	835	acetamiprid	Chemical	MESH:C464485
31136794	878	884	CYP9Q4	Gene
31136794	889	895	CYP9Q5	Gene
31136794	980	986	CYP9Q6	Gene
31136794	1008	1031	Drosophila melanogaster	Species	7227
31136794	1062	1073	thiacloprid	Chemical	MESH:C417209
31136794	1078	1089	acetamiprid	Chemical	MESH:C464485
31136794	1108	1114	CYP9Q6	Gene
31136794	1146	1175	N-cyanoamidine neonicotinoids	Chemical	MESH:C506414
31136794	1229	1242	B. terrestris	Species	30195

29885052|t|G119S ace-1 mutation conferring insecticide resistance detected in the Culex pipiens complex in Morocco.
29885052|a|BACKGROUND: Arboviruses are controlled through insecticide control of their mosquito vector. However, inconsiderate use of insecticides often results in the selection of resistance in treated populations, so that monitoring is required to optimize their usage. Here, Culex pipiens (West Nile and Rift Valley Fever virus vector) specimens were collected from four Moroccan cities. Levels of susceptibility to the organophosphate (OP) insecticide malathion were assessed using World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended bioassays. Individual mosquitoes were tested for the presence of the G119S mutation in the ace-1 gene, the main OP-target resistance mutation. RESULTS: Bioassays showed that mosquitoes from Mohammedia were significantly more resistant to malathion than those from Marrakech. Analyzing the ace-1 genotypes in dead and surviving individuals suggested that other resistance mechanisms may be present in Mohammedia. The ace-1 resistance allele frequencies were relatively moderate (< 0.4). Their analyses in three Moroccan cities (Tangier, Casablanca and Marrakech) however showed disparities between two coexisting Cx. pipiens forms and revealed that the G119S mutation tends to be more frequent in urban than in rural collection sites. CONCLUSION: These findings provide a reference assessment of OP resistance in Morocco and should help the health authorities to develop informed and sustainable vector control programs.    2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
29885052	0	5	G119S	Mutation	p.G119S
29885052	6	11	ace-1	Gene
29885052	71	92	Culex pipiens complex	Species	518105
29885052	372	385	Culex pipiens	Species	7175
29885052	401	424	Rift Valley Fever virus	Species	11588
29885052	517	532	organophosphate	Chemical	MESH:D010755
29885052	550	559	malathion	Chemical	MESH:D008294
29885052	693	698	G119S	Mutation	p.G119S
29885052	715	720	ace-1	Gene
29885052	862	871	malathion	Chemical	MESH:D008294
29885052	913	918	ace-1	Gene
29885052	1040	1045	ace-1	Gene
29885052	1236	1247	Cx. pipiens	Species
29885052	1276	1281	G119S	Mutation	p.G119S

30765056|t|Transcriptional response of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters to insecticides in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera.
30765056|a|When any living organism is frequently exposed to any drugs or toxic substances, they evolve different detoxification mechanism to confront with toxicants during absorption and metabolism. Likewise, the insects have evolved detoxification mechanisms as they are frequently exposed to different toxic secondary plant metabolites and commercial insecticides. ABC transporter superfamily is one of the largest and ubiquitous group of proteins which play an important role in phase III of the detoxification process. However, knowledge about this gene family remains largely unknown. To help fill this gap, we have identified a total of 54 ABC transporters in the Helicoverpa armigera genome which are classified into eight subfamilies (A-H) by phylogenetic analysis. The temporal and spatial expression profiles of these 54 ABC transporters throughout H. armigera development stages and seven tissues and their responses to five different insecticides, were investigated using RNA-seq analysis. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of eight selected genes in different tissues and six genes responses to insecticides were confirmed by the quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). Moreover, H. armigera become more sensitive to abamectin and indoxacarb when P-gp was inhibited. These results provide a foundation for further studies of ABCs in H. armigera.
30765056	28	48	ATP-binding cassette	Gene
30765056	50	53	ABC	Gene
30765056	91	106	cotton bollworm	Species	29058
30765056	108	128	Helicoverpa armigera	Species	29058
30765056	487	490	ABC	Gene
30765056	766	769	ABC	Gene
30765056	790	810	Helicoverpa armigera	Species	29058
30765056	951	954	ABC	Gene
30765056	979	990	H. armigera	Species	29058
30765056	1310	1321	H. armigera	Species	29058
30765056	1361	1371	indoxacarb	Chemical	MESH:C401104
30765056	1463	1474	H. armigera	Species	29058

30688002|t|CRISPR/Cas9-mediated ebony knockout results in puparium melanism in Spodoptera litura.
30688002|a|Insect body pigmentation and coloration are critical to adaption to the environment. To explore the mechanisms that drive pigmentation, we used the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) genome editing system to target the ebony gene in the non-model insect Spodoptera litura. Ebony is crucial to melanin synthesis in insects. By directly injecting Cas9 messenger RNA and ebony-specific guide RNAs into S. litura embryos, we successfully induced a typical ebony-deficient phenotype of deep coloration of the puparium and induction of melanin formation during the pupal stage. Polymerase chain reaction-based genotype analysis demonstrated that various mutations had occurred at the sites targeted in ebony. Our study clearly demonstrates the function of ebony in the puparium coloration and also provides a potentially useful marker gene for functional studies in S. litura as well as other lepidopteran pests.
30688002	21	26	ebony	Gene
30688002	68	85	Spodoptera litura	Species	69820
30688002	99	111	pigmentation	Disease	MESH:D010859
30688002	209	221	pigmentation	Disease	MESH:D010859
30688002	373	378	ebony	Gene
30688002	408	425	Spodoptera litura	Species	69820
30688002	427	432	Ebony	Gene
30688002	522	527	ebony	Gene
30688002	553	562	S. litura	Species	69820
30688002	563	570	embryos	Species	6239
30688002	606	621	ebony-deficient	Disease	None
30688002	850	855	ebony	Gene
30688002	904	909	ebony	Gene
30688002	1014	1023	S. litura	Species	69820

29892979|t|Germline expression of the hunchback orthologues in the asexual viviparous aphids: a conserved feature within the Aphididae.
29892979|a|In animals, differentiation of germline from soma usually takes place during embryogenesis. Genes and their products that are preferentially expressed in the embryonic germ cells are regarded as candidates for maintaining germline fate or promoting germline identity. In Drosophila, for example, the protein encoded by the germline gene vasa is specifically restricted to the germ cells, while products of the gap gene hunchback (hb), a somatic gene, are preferentially expressed in the neuroblasts. In this study, we report the expression of both messenger RNA and protein encoded by Aphb, an hb orthologue in the asexual viviparous pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, in germ cells as well as in neuroblasts. We infer that expression of Aphb messenger RNA in the germ cells during the formation of germaria is required for the anterior localization of Aphb in the protruding oocytes. Germarial expression and anterior localization of ApKruppel was also identified but, unlike Aphb, its expression was not detected in the migrating germ cells. Very similar patterns of hb expression were also identified in the green peach aphid Myzus persicae, suggesting that germline expression of hb is conserved within the Aphididae. To date, this pattern of hb germline expression has not been reported in other insects.
29892979	27	36	hunchback	Gene	100169388
29892979	544	553	hunchback	Gene	41032
29892979	555	557	hb	Gene	41032
29892979	710	714	Aphb	Gene
29892979	719	721	hb	Gene	100169388
29892979	759	768	pea aphid	Species	7029
29892979	769	788	Acyrthosiphon pisum	Species	7029
29892979	859	863	Aphb	Gene
29892979	974	978	Aphb	Gene
29892979	1056	1065	ApKruppel	Gene
29892979	1098	1102	Aphb	Gene
29892979	1190	1192	hb	Gene
29892979	1232	1249	green peach aphid	Species	13164
29892979	1250	1264	Myzus persicae	Species	13164
29892979	1305	1307	hb	Gene
29892979	1368	1370	hb	Gene	100169388

30080999|t|Characterization of antennal chemosensilla and associated odorant binding as well as chemosensory proteins in the Eupeodes corollae (Diptera: Syrphidae).
30080999|a|Aphidophagous syrphids are important for pest control and pollination in various agroecosystems. However, the mechanism underlying olfaction, which is critical for insect' behavioral processes and fitness, has not been well understood in the family Syrphidae. Hence, we performed a systematic identification and characterisation of the antennal sensilla and two groups of soluble proteins, odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) and chemosensory proteins (CSPs), in the hoverfly Eupeodes corollae. (i) With scanning electron microscopy, four major types of sensilla (chaetic sensilla [two subtypes], trichoid sensilla, basiconic sensilla [two subtypes] and coeloconic sensilla), with numerous microtrichia, were first observed along the entire surface of aristate antennae of both sexes of E. corollae. Of these, only chaetic sensillum was found on the first two antennal segments, scape and pedicel, while the other types of sensilla were located on the flagellum. No marked difference was observed in the morphological structure or distributional pattern of any of the sensilla between the two sexes. (ii) By molecular cloning and bioinformatic analysis, 7 EcorCSPs and 28 EcorOBPs (20 classic OBPs, 5 minus-C OBPs, and 3 plus-C OBPs) were directly identified from the species, which all share the characteristic hallmarks of their family, including the presence of a signal peptide and conserved cysteine signature. (iii) RT-qPCR of these chemosensory genes showed predominately tissue-biased expression patterns; 32 of the 35 EcorOBPs/CSPs were uniquely or primarily expressed in the main olfactory organs, either the antennae or head. (iv) Among these, several genes (EcorCSP2 and EcorOBP1, 9, 12, 15-17, 20) appeared to be antenna-biased. In situ hybridization assays indicated that each antenna-biased chemosensory gene was expressed in a different number of cells, suggesting they might play a more vital role in odour recognition and perception and could be potential candidates to study their biological functions in vivo and in vitro. Together, our current findings provide a basis for future studies on how syrphids utilize chemical cues to regulate their behavior during interactions among the natural enemy, its prey, and host plant in agro-ecosystems.
30080999	29	42	chemosensilla	Disease
30080999	114	131	Eupeodes corollae	Species	290404
30080999	544	567	odorant-binding protein	Gene
30080999	570	574	OBPs	Gene
30080999	580	600	chemosensory protein	Gene
30080999	603	607	CSPs	Gene
30080999	626	643	Eupeodes corollae	Species	290404
30080999	937	948	E. corollae	Species	290404
30080999	1306	1314	EcorCSPs	Gene
30080999	1322	1330	EcorOBPs	Gene
30080999	1343	1347	OBPs	Gene
30080999	1359	1363	OBPs	Gene
30080999	1378	1382	OBPs	Gene
30080999	1546	1554	cysteine	Chemical	MESH:D003545
30080999	1677	1685	EcorOBPs	Gene
30080999	1686	1690	CSPs	Gene

30871993|t|Characterization of the novel role of NinaB orthologs from Bombyx mori and Tribolium castaneum.
30871993|a|Carotenoids can be enzymatically converted to apocarotenoids by carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases. Insect genomes encode only one member of this ancestral enzyme family. We cloned and characterized the ninaB genes from the silk worm (Bombyx mori) and the flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum). We expressed BmNinaB and TcNinaB in E. coli and analyzed their biochemical properties. Both enzymes catalyzed a conversion of carotenoids into cis-retinoids. The enzymes catalyzed a combined trans to cis isomerization at the C11, C12 double bond and oxidative cleavage reaction at the C15, C15' bond of the carotenoid carbon backbone. Analyses of the spatial and temporal expression patterns revealed that ninaB genes were differentially expressed during the beetle and moth life cycles with high expression in reproductive organs. In Bombyx mori, ninaB was almost exclusively expressed in female reproductive organs of the pupa and adult. In Tribolium castaneum, low expression was found in reproductive organs of females but high expressions in male reproductive organs of the pupa and imagoes. We performed RNAi experiments to characterize the role of NinaB in insect reproduction. We observed that RNAi treatment significantly decreased the expression levels of BmninaB and TcninaB and reduced the egg laying capacity of both insects. Together, our study revealed that NinaB's unique enzymatic properties are well conserved among insects and implicate NinaB function in insect reproduction.
30871993	38	43	NinaB	Gene
30871993	59	70	Bombyx mori	Species	7091
30871993	75	94	Tribolium castaneum	Species	7070
30871993	297	302	ninaB	Gene
30871993	329	340	Bombyx mori	Species	7091
30871993	364	383	Tribolium castaneum	Species	7070
30871993	399	406	BmNinaB	Gene
30871993	411	418	TcNinaB	Gene
30871993	422	429	E. coli	Species	562
30871993	529	542	cis-retinoids	Chemical	MESH:D012176
30871993	616	619	C12	Chemical	MESH:C057499
30871993	671	674	C15	Chemical	MESH:C003946
30871993	676	679	C15	Chemical	MESH:C003946
30871993	704	710	carbon	Chemical	MESH:D002244
30871993	792	797	ninaB	Gene
30871993	921	932	Bombyx mori	Species	7091
30871993	934	939	ninaB	Gene
30871993	1029	1048	Tribolium castaneum	Species	7070
30871993	1241	1246	NinaB	Gene
30871993	1352	1359	BmninaB	Gene
30871993	1364	1371	TcninaB	Gene
30871993	1459	1464	NinaB	Gene
30871993	1542	1547	NinaB	Gene

28980406|t|Characterization and functional analysis of hsp18.3 gene in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum.
28980406|a|Small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) are diverse and mainly function as molecular chaperones to protect organisms and cells from various stresses. In this study, hsp18.3, one Tribolium castaneum species-specific shsp, has been identified. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction illustrated that Tchsp18.3 is expressed in all developmental stages, and is highly expressed at early pupal and late adult stages, while it is highly expressed in ovary and fat body at the adult period. Moreover, it was up-regulated 4532    396-fold in response to enhanced heat stress but not to cold stress; meanwhile the lifespan of adults in ds-Tchsp18.3 group reduced by 15.8% from control group under starvation. Laval RNA interference (RNAi) of Tchsp18.3 caused 86.1%    4.5% arrested pupal eclosion and revealed that Tchsp18.3 played an important role in insect development. In addition, parental RNAi of Tchsp18.3 reduced the oviposition amount by 94.7%. These results suggest that Tchsp18.3 is not only essential for the resistance to heat and starvation stress, but also is critical for normal development and reproduction in T. castaneum.
28980406	44	51	hsp18.3	Gene
28980406	64	80	red flour beetle	Species	7070
28980406	82	101	Tribolium castaneum	Species	7070
28980406	103	128	Small heat shock proteins	Gene
28980406	130	135	sHSPs	Gene
28980406	262	269	hsp18.3	Gene
28980406	275	294	Tribolium castaneum	Species	7070
28980406	405	414	Tchsp18.3	Gene
28980406	551	556	ovary	Disease	MESH:D010051
28980406	735	744	Tchsp18.3	Gene
28980406	838	847	Tchsp18.3	Gene
28980406	909	918	Tchsp18.3	Gene
28980406	997	1006	Tchsp18.3	Gene
28980406	1075	1084	Tchsp18.3	Gene
28980406	1221	1233	T. castaneum	Species	7070

29797766|t|Olfactory co-receptor Orco stimulated by Rice stripe virus is essential for host seeking behavior in small brown planthopper.
29797766|a|BACKGROUND: Laodelphax striatellus, the small brown planthopper (SBPH), is an economically important pest, besides sucking damage, which transmits rice viruses to cause severe damages to rice. In the process of virus transmission, the host orientation behavior of insect is mainly driven by olfaction. In this context, the molecular basis of olfaction in SBPH is of particular interest. RESULTS: Here, we identified the gene that encodes olfactory receptor co-receptor (Orco) and analyzed its expression profiles in Rice stripe virus (RSV)-infected and RSV-free SBPH. It was found that LstrOrco shared high identity with other Orcos from different order insects. LstrOrco was mainly expressed in the head of SBPH, and its expression was significantly stimulated by RSV-infection. The behavioral bioassay revealed that viruliferous SBPH might have a stronger olfactory and seeking ability for rice than RSV-free insect. After silencing of LstrOrco expression, the olfaction and seeking behavior of nymphs for rice seedlings was significantly inhibited, mainly in the increase of the 'no response' percent and the prolongation of the response time. CONCLUSION: These results suggested that Orco played an important role in olfactory signaling and seeking behavior of SBPH, which provided a basic for future development of olfactory-based agriculture pest management strategies.    2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
29797766	0	21	Olfactory co-receptor	Gene
29797766	22	26	Orco	Gene
29797766	41	58	Rice stripe virus	Species	12331
29797766	101	124	small brown planthopper	Species	195883
29797766	138	160	Laodelphax striatellus	Species	195883
29797766	166	189	small brown planthopper	Species	195883
29797766	191	195	SBPH	Species	195883
29797766	273	277	rice	Species	4530
29797766	313	317	rice	Species	4530
29797766	481	485	SBPH	Species	195883
29797766	564	594	olfactory receptor co-receptor	Gene
29797766	596	600	Orco	Gene
29797766	642	659	Rice stripe virus	Species	12331
29797766	688	692	SBPH	Species	195883
29797766	712	720	LstrOrco	Gene
29797766	789	797	LstrOrco	Gene
29797766	834	838	SBPH	Species	195883
29797766	891	904	RSV-infection	Disease	MESH:D007239
29797766	957	961	SBPH	Species	195883
29797766	1018	1022	rice	Species	4530
29797766	1064	1072	LstrOrco	Gene
29797766	1134	1138	rice	Species	4530
29797766	1314	1318	Orco	Gene
29797766	1391	1395	SBPH	Species	195883

30834620|t|Downregulation of dystrophin expression in pupae of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci inhibits the emergence of adults.
30834620|a|The whitefly Bemisia tabaci is a major pest to agriculture. Adults are is able to fly for long distances and to colonize staple crops, herbs and ornamentals, and to vector viruses belonging to several important taxonomic groups. During their early development, whiteflies mature from eggs through several nymphal stages (instars I to IV) until adults emerge from pupae. We aim at reducing whitefly populations by inhibiting the emergence of adults from nymphs. Here we targeted dystrophin, a conserved protein essential for the development of the muscle system in human, animals and insects. We have exploited the fact that whitefly nymphs developing on tomato leaves feed from the plant phloem via their stylets. Thus, we delivered dystrophin-silencing dsRNA to nymphs developing on leaves of tomato plantlets with their roots bathing in the silencing solution. Downregulation of dystrophin expression occurred mainly in pupae. Dystrophin silencing induced also the downregulation of the dystrophin-associated protein genes actin and tropomyosin, and disrupted F-actin. Most significant, the treatment inhibited the emergence of adults from pupae, suggesting that targeting dystrophin may help restraining whitefly populations. This study demonstrates for the first time the important role of dystrophin in the development of a major insect pest to agriculture. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
30834620	18	28	dystrophin	Gene	1756
30834620	65	79	Bemisia tabaci	Species	7038
30834620	127	141	Bemisia tabaci	Species	7038
30834620	592	602	dystrophin	Gene	1756
30834620	678	683	human	Species	9606
30834620	768	774	tomato	Species	4081
30834620	847	857	dystrophin	Gene	1756
30834620	908	914	tomato	Species	4081
30834620	995	1005	dystrophin	Gene	1756
30834620	1043	1053	Dystrophin	Gene	1756
30834620	1103	1113	dystrophin	Gene	1756
30834620	1289	1299	dystrophin	Gene	1756
30834620	1408	1418	dystrophin	Gene	1756

30588650|t|RNA interference-mediated knockdown of eye coloration genes in the western tarnished plant bug (Lygus hesperus Knight).
30588650|a|Insect eye coloration arises from the accumulation of various pigments. A number of genes that function in the biosynthesis (vermilion, cinnabar, and cardinal) and importation (karmoisin, white, scarlet, and brown) of these pigments, and their precursors, have been identified in diverse species and used as markers for transgenesis and gene editing. To examine their suitability as visible markers in Lygus hesperus Knight (western tarnished plant bug), transcriptomic data were screened for sequences exhibiting homology with the Drosophila melanogaster proteins. Complete open reading frames encoding putative homologs for all seven genes were identified. Bioinformatic-based sequence and phylogenetic analyses supported initial annotations as eye coloration genes. Consistent with their proposed role, each of the genes was expressed in adult heads as well as throughout nymphal and adult development. Adult eyes of those injected with double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) for karmoisin, vermilion, cinnabar, cardinal, and scarlet were characterized by a red band along the medial margin extending from the rostral terminus to the antenna. In contrast, eyes of insects injected with dsRNAs for both white and brown were a uniform light brown. White knockdown also produced cuticular and behavioral defects. Based on its expression profile and robust visible phenotype, cardinal would likely prove to be the most suitable marker for developing gene editing methods in Lygus species.
30588650	75	94	tarnished plant bug	Species	50650
30588650	96	110	Lygus hesperus	Species	30085
30588650	245	254	vermilion	Gene
30588650	256	264	cinnabar	Gene
30588650	270	278	cardinal	Gene
30588650	297	306	karmoisin	Gene
30588650	308	313	white	Gene
30588650	315	322	scarlet	Gene
30588650	328	333	brown	Gene
30588650	522	536	Lygus hesperus	Species	30085
30588650	553	572	tarnished plant bug	Species	50650
30588650	652	675	Drosophila melanogaster	Species	7227
30588650	1094	1103	karmoisin	Gene
30588650	1105	1114	vermilion	Gene
30588650	1116	1124	cinnabar	Gene
30588650	1126	1134	cardinal	Gene
30588650	1140	1147	scarlet	Gene
30588650	1316	1321	white	Gene
30588650	1326	1331	brown	Gene
30588650	1353	1358	brown	Gene
30588650	1360	1365	White	Gene
30588650	1404	1422	behavioral defects	Disease	MESH:D001523
30588650	1486	1494	cardinal	Gene

30367845|t|Complexities in Bombyx germ cell formation process revealed by Bm-nosO (a Bombyx homolog of nanos) knockout.
30367845|a|Inheritance (sequestration of a localized determinant: germplasm) and zygotic induction are two modes of metazoan primordial germ cell (PGC) specification. vasa and nanos homologs are evolutionarily conserved germline marker genes that have been used to examine the ontogeny of germ cells in various animals. In the lepidopteran insect Bombyx mori, although the lack of vasa homolog (BmVLG) protein localization as well as microscopic observation suggested the lack of germplasm, classical embryo manipulation studies and the localization pattern of Bm-nosO (one of the four nanos genes in Bombyx) maternal mRNA in the egg raised the possibility that an inheritance mode is operating in Bombyx. Here, we generated Bm-nosO knockouts to examine whether the localized mRNA acts as a localized germ cell determinant. Contrary to our expectations, Bm-nosO knockout lines could be established. However, these lines frequently produced abnormal eggs, which failed to hatch, to various extent depending on the individuals. We also found that Bm-nosO positively regulated BmVLG expression at least during embryonic stage, directly or indirectly, indicating that these genes were on the same developmental pathway for germ cell formation in Bombyx. These results suggest that these conserved genes are concerned with stable germ cell production. On the other hand, from the aspect of BmVLG as a PGC marker, we showed that maternal Bm-nosO product(s) as well as early zygotic Bm-nosO activity were redundantly involved in PGC specification; elimination of both maternal and zygotic gene activities (as in knockout lines) resulted in the apparent lack of PGCs, indicating that an inheritance mechanism indeed operates in Bombyx. This, however, together with the fact that germ cells are produced at all in Bm-nosO knockout lines, also suggests the possibility that, in Bombyx, not only this inheritance mechanism but also an inductive mechanism acts in concert to form germ cells or that loss of early PGCs are compensated for by germline regeneration: mechanisms that could enable the evolution of preformation. Thus, Bombyx could serve as an important organism in understanding the evolution of germ cell formation mechanisms; transition between preformation and inductive modes.
30367845	63	70	Bm-nosO	Gene
30367845	92	97	nanos	Gene
30367845	265	269	vasa	Gene
30367845	274	279	nanos	Gene
30367845	445	456	Bombyx mori	Species	7091
30367845	479	483	vasa	Gene
30367845	493	498	BmVLG	Gene	692765
30367845	659	666	Bm-nosO	Gene
30367845	684	689	nanos	Gene
30367845	823	830	Bm-nosO	Gene
30367845	952	959	Bm-nosO	Gene
30367845	1143	1150	Bm-nosO	Gene
30367845	1172	1177	BmVLG	Gene	692765
30367845	1483	1488	BmVLG	Gene	692765
30367845	1530	1537	Bm-nosO	Gene
30367845	1574	1581	Bm-nosO	Gene
30367845	1903	1910	Bm-nosO	Gene

30550974|t|Function and pharmacology of glutamate-gated chloride channel exon 9 splice variants from the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella.
30550974|a|Glutamate-gated chloride channels (GluCls) are found only in invertebrates and mediate fast inhibitory neurotransmission. The structural and functional diversity of GluCls are produced through assembly of multiple subunits and via posttranscriptional alternations. Alternative splicing is the most common way to achieve this in insect GluCls and splicing occurs primarily at exons 3 and 9. As expression pattern and pharmacological properties of exon 9 alternative splices in invertebrate GluCls remain poorly understood, the cDNAs encoding three alternative splice variants (9a, 9b and 9c) of the PxGluCl gene from the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella were constructed and their pharmacological characterizations were examined using electrophysiological studies. Alternative splicing of exon 9 had little to no impact on PxGluCl sensitivity towards the agonist glutamate when subunits were singly or co-expressed in Xenopus oocytes. In contrast, the allosteric modulator abamectin and the chloride channel blocker fipronil had differing effects on PxGluCl splice variants. PxGluCl9c channels were more resistant to abamectin and PxGluCl9b channels were more sensitive to fipronil than other homomeric channels. In addition, heteromeric channels containing different splice variants showed similar sensitivity to abamectin (except for 9c) and reduced sensitivity to fipronil than homomeric channels. These findings suggest that functionally indistinguishable but pharmacologically distinct GluCls could be formed in P. xylostella and that the upregulated constitutive expression of the specific variants may contribute to the evolution of insecticide resistance in P. xylostella and other arthropods.
30550974	29	61	glutamate-gated chloride channel	Gene
30550974	94	110	diamondback moth	Species	51655
30550974	111	130	Plutella xylostella	Species	51655
30550974	132	165	Glutamate-gated chloride channels	Gene
30550974	167	173	GluCls	Gene
30550974	297	303	GluCls	Gene
30550974	467	473	GluCls	Gene
30550974	621	627	GluCls	Gene
30550974	730	737	PxGluCl	Gene
30550974	752	768	diamondback moth	Species	51655
30550974	769	788	Plutella xylostella	Species	51655
30550974	958	965	PxGluCl	Gene
30550974	998	1007	glutamate	Chemical
30550974	1053	1060	Xenopus	Species	8355
30550974	1126	1134	chloride	Chemical	MESH:D002712
30550974	1151	1159	fipronil	Chemical	MESH:C082360
30550974	1185	1192	PxGluCl	Gene
30550974	1210	1219	PxGluCl9c	Gene
30550974	1266	1275	PxGluCl9b	Gene
30550974	1308	1316	fipronil	Chemical	MESH:C082360
30550974	1502	1510	fipronil	Chemical	MESH:C082360
30550974	1626	1632	GluCls	Gene
30550974	1652	1665	P. xylostella	Species	51655
30550974	1801	1814	P. xylostella	Species	51655

31473531|t|Sublethal effects of chlorantraniliprole on molting hormone levels and mRNA expressions of three Halloween genes in the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis.
31473531|a|While sublethal effects of insecticide on insect development have been widely studied, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Our previous studies revealed that sublethal concentrations of chlorantraniliprole significantly increased the juvenile hormone levels and resulted in both prolonged developmental time and reduced fecundity in Chilo suppressalis. In the present study, we evaluated the sublethal effects of chlorantraniliprole on molting hormone (MH) levels and mRNA expressions of three Halloween genes including CsCYP307A1, CsCYP306A1 and CsCYP314A1 in C.  suppressalis. The results showed that the MH levels in different developmental stages of C.  suppressalis were decreased after exposure to LC10 and LC30 of chlorantraniliprole. However, analysis of temporal expression profiles revealed that the mRNA levels of three Halloween genes were not closely correlated with the ecdysteroid titers in C.  suppressalis. Notably, the transcript levels of CsCYP307A1, CsCYP306A1 and CsCYP314A1 were induced after treatment with sublethal concentrations of chlorantraniliprole in specific developmental stages. These results indicated that chlorantraniliprole had adverse effects on insect MH biosynthesis, and in addition to the involvement in MH biosynthesis, CsCYP307A1, CsCYP306A1 and CsCYP314A1 may also play important roles in the detoxification metabolism of chlorantraniliprole in C.  suppressalis.
31473531	21	40	chlorantraniliprole	Chemical	MESH:C517733
31473531	97	106	Halloween	Gene
31473531	120	124	rice	Species	4530
31473531	137	155	Chilo suppressalis	Species	168631
31473531	349	368	chlorantraniliprole	Chemical	MESH:C517733
31473531	496	514	Chilo suppressalis	Species	168631
31473531	576	595	chlorantraniliprole	Chemical	MESH:C517733
31473531	657	666	Halloween	Gene
31473531	683	693	CsCYP307A1	Gene
31473531	695	705	CsCYP306A1	Gene
31473531	710	720	CsCYP314A1	Gene
31473531	724	739	C. suppressalis	Species	168631
31473531	816	831	C. suppressalis	Species	168631
31473531	882	901	chlorantraniliprole	Chemical	MESH:C517733
31473531	992	1001	Halloween	Gene
31473531	1067	1082	C. suppressalis	Species	168631
31473531	1118	1128	CsCYP307A1	Gene
31473531	1130	1140	CsCYP306A1	Gene
31473531	1145	1155	CsCYP314A1	Gene
31473531	1218	1237	chlorantraniliprole	Chemical	MESH:C517733
31473531	1301	1320	chlorantraniliprole	Chemical	MESH:C517733
31473531	1423	1433	CsCYP307A1	Gene
31473531	1435	1445	CsCYP306A1	Gene
31473531	1450	1460	CsCYP314A1	Gene
31473531	1527	1546	chlorantraniliprole	Chemical	MESH:C517733
31473531	1550	1565	C. suppressalis	Species	168631

31726599|t|Downregulation of imidacloprid resistant genes alters the biological parameters in Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say (chrysomelidae: Coleoptera).
31726599|a|Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say (coleoptera: chrysomelidae), is the important pest of potato all over the world. This insect pest is resistant to more than 50 active compounds belonging to various chemical groups. Potential of RNA interference (RNAi) was explored to knock down transcript levels of imidacloprid resistant genes in Colorado potato beetle (CPB) under laboratory conditions. Three important genes belonging to cuticular protein (CP), cytochrome P450 monoxygenases (P450) and glutathione synthetase (GSS) families encoding imidacloprid resistance were targeted. Feeding bio-assays were conducted on various stages of imidacloprid resistant CPB lab population by applying HT115 expressing dsRNA on potato leaflets. Survival rate of insects exposed to CP-dsRNA decreased to 4.23%, 15.32% and 47.35% in 2nd, 3rd and 4th instar larvae respectively. Larval weight and pre-adult duration were also affected due to dsRNAs feeding. Synergism of RNAi with imidacloprid conducted on the 2nd instar larvae, exhibited 100% mortality of larvae when subjected to reduced doses of GSS and CP dsRNAs along with imidacloprid. Utilization of three different dsRNAs against imidacloprid resistant CPB population reveal that dsRNAs targeting CP, P450 and GSS enzymes could be useful tool in management of imidacloprid resistant CPB populations.
31726599	18	40	imidacloprid resistant	Gene
31726599	83	105	Colorado potato beetle	Species	7539
31726599	107	132	Leptinotarsa decemlineata	Species	7539
31726599	166	188	Colorado potato beetle	Species	7539
31726599	190	215	Leptinotarsa decemlineata	Species	7539
31726599	274	280	potato	Species	4113
31726599	487	509	imidacloprid resistant	Gene
31726599	519	541	Colorado potato beetle	Species	7539
31726599	543	546	CPB	Species	7539
31726599	612	629	cuticular protein	Gene
31726599	631	633	CP	Gene
31726599	636	664	cytochrome P450 monoxygenase	Gene
31726599	667	671	P450	Gene
31726599	677	699	glutathione synthetase	Gene
31726599	701	704	GSS	Gene
31726599	724	736	imidacloprid	Chemical	MESH:C082359
31726599	818	830	imidacloprid	Chemical	MESH:C082359
31726599	841	844	CPB	Species	7539
31726599	898	904	potato	Species	4113
31726599	951	953	CP	Gene
31726599	1148	1160	imidacloprid	Chemical	MESH:C082359
31726599	1267	1270	GSS	Gene
31726599	1275	1277	CP	Gene
31726599	1296	1308	imidacloprid	Chemical	MESH:C082359
31726599	1356	1368	imidacloprid	Chemical	MESH:C082359
31726599	1379	1382	CPB	Species	7539
31726599	1423	1425	CP	Gene
31726599	1427	1431	P450	Gene
31726599	1436	1439	GSS	Gene
31726599	1486	1498	imidacloprid	Chemical	MESH:C082359
31726599	1509	1512	CPB	Species	7539

29322640|t|Conserved roles of Osiris genes in insect development, polymorphism and protection.
29322640|a|Much of the variation among insects is derived from the different ways that chitin has been moulded to form rigid structures, both internal and external. In this study, we identify a highly conserved expression pattern in an insect-only gene family, the Osiris genes, that is essential for development, but also plays a significant role in phenotypic plasticity and in immunity/toxicity responses. The majority of Osiris genes exist in a highly syntenic cluster, and the cluster itself appears to have arisen very early in the evolution of insects. We used developmental gene expression in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, the bumble bee, Bombus terrestris, the harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex barbatus, and the wood ant, Formica exsecta, to compare patterns of Osiris gene expression both during development and between alternate caste phenotypes in the polymorphic social insects. Developmental gene expression of Osiris genes is highly conserved across species and correlated with gene location and evolutionary history. The social insect castes are highly divergent in pupal Osiris gene expression. Sets of co-expressed genes that include Osiris genes are enriched in gene ontology terms related to chitin/cuticle and peptidase activity. Osiris genes are essential for cuticle formation in both embryos and pupae, and genes co-expressed with Osiris genes affect wing development. Additionally, Osiris genes and those co-expressed seem to play a conserved role in insect toxicology defences and digestion. Given their role in development, plasticity, and protection, we propose that the Osiris genes play a central role in insect adaptive evolution.
29322640	19	25	Osiris	Gene
29322640	338	344	Osiris	Gene
29322640	462	470	toxicity	Disease	MESH:D064420
29322640	498	504	Osiris	Gene
29322640	678	687	fruit fly	Species	7227
29322640	689	712	Drosophila melanogaster	Species	7227
29322640	730	747	Bombus terrestris	Species	30195
29322640	768	789	Pogonomyrmex barbatus	Species	144034
29322640	809	824	Formica exsecta	Species	72781
29322640	849	855	Osiris	Gene
29322640	1003	1009	Osiris	Gene
29322640	1166	1172	Osiris	Gene
29322640	1230	1236	Osiris	Gene
29322640	1329	1335	Osiris	Gene
29322640	1433	1439	Osiris	Gene
29322640	1485	1491	Osiris	Gene
29322640	1677	1683	Osiris	Gene

31557471|t|Hh signaling from de novo organizers drive lgl neoplasia in Drosophila epithelium.
31557471|a|The Hedgehog (Hh) morphogen regulates growth and patterning. Since Hh signaling is also implicated in carcinogenesis, it is conceivable that de novo Hh-secreting organizers, if formed in association with oncogenic hit could be tumor-cooperative. Here we validate this hypothesis using the Drosophila model of cooperative epithelial carcinogenesis. We generate somatic clones with simultaneous loss of tumor suppressor, Lgl, and gain of the posterior compartment selector, Engrailed (En), known to induce synthesis of Hh. We show that lgl UAS-en clones in the anterior wing compartment trigger Hh signaling cascade via cross-talk with their Ci-expressing wild type cell neighbors. Hh-Dpp signaling from clone boundaries of such ectopically formed de novo organizers in turn drive lgl carcinogenesis. By contrast, Ci-expressing lgl clones transform by autocrine and/or juxtracine activation of Hh signaling in only the posterior compartment. We further show that sequestration of the Hh ligand or loss of Dpp receptor, Tkv, in these Hh-sending or -receiving lgl clones arrested their carcinogenesis. Our results therefore reveal a hitherto unrecognized mechanism of tumor cooperation by developmental organizers, which are induced fortuitously by oncogenic hits.
31557471	0	2	Hh	Gene	42737
31557471	43	46	lgl	Gene	43791
31557471	47	56	neoplasia	Disease	MESH:D009369
31557471	60	70	Drosophila	Species
31557471	87	95	Hedgehog	Gene	42737
31557471	97	99	Hh	Gene	42737
31557471	150	152	Hh	Gene	42737
31557471	185	199	carcinogenesis	Disease	MESH:D063646
31557471	232	234	Hh	Gene	42737
31557471	310	315	tumor	Disease	MESH:D009369
31557471	415	429	carcinogenesis	Disease	MESH:D063646
31557471	484	489	tumor	Disease	MESH:D009369
31557471	502	505	Lgl	Gene	43791
31557471	555	564	Engrailed	Gene	36240
31557471	566	568	En	Gene
31557471	600	602	Hh	Gene	42737
31557471	617	620	lgl	Gene	43791
31557471	625	627	en	Gene
31557471	676	678	Hh	Gene	42737
31557471	763	765	Hh	Gene	42737
31557471	862	865	lgl	Gene	43791
31557471	866	880	carcinogenesis	Disease	MESH:D063646
31557471	909	912	lgl	Gene	43791
31557471	975	977	Hh	Gene	42737
31557471	1065	1067	Hh	Gene	42737
31557471	1086	1098	Dpp receptor	Gene	33753
31557471	1100	1103	Tkv	Gene	33753
31557471	1114	1116	Hh	Gene	42737
31557471	1139	1142	lgl	Gene	43791
31557471	1165	1179	carcinogenesis	Disease	MESH:D063646
31557471	1247	1252	tumor	Disease	MESH:D009369

30740870|t|Genome-wide gene expression profiling reveals that cuticle alterations and P450 detoxification are associated with deltamethrin and DDT resistance in Anopheles arabiensis populations from Ethiopia.
30740870|a|BACKGROUND: Vector control is the main intervention in malaria control and elimination strategies. However, the development of insecticide resistance is one of the major challenges for controlling malaria vectors. Anopheles arabiensis populations in Ethiopia showed resistance against both DDT and the pyrethroid deltamethrin. Although an L1014F target-site resistance mutation was present in the voltage gated sodium channel of investigated populations, the levels of resistance indicated the presence of additional resistance mechanisms. In this study, we used genome-wide transcriptome profiling by RNAseq to assess differentially expressed genes between three deltamethrin and DDT resistant An. arabiensis field populations  -  Asendabo, Chewaka and Tolay  -  and two susceptible strains  -  Sekoru and Mozambique. RESULTS: Both RNAseq analysis and RT-qPCR showed that a glutathione-S-transferase, gstd3, and a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, cyp6p4, were significantly overexpressed in the group of resistant populations compared to the susceptible strains, suggesting that the enzymes they encode play a key role in metabolic resistance against deltamethrin or DDT. Furthermore, a gene ontology enrichment analysis showed that expression changes of cuticle related genes were strongly associated with insecticide resistance. Although this did not translate in increased thickness of the procuticle, a higher cuticular hydrocarbon content was observed in a resistant population. CONCLUSION: Our transcriptome sequencing of deltamethrin and DDT resistant An. arabiensis populations from Ethiopia suggests non-target site resistance mechanisms and paves the way for further investigation of the role of cuticle composition in insecticide resistance of malaria vectors.    2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
30740870	75	79	P450	Gene
30740870	115	127	deltamethrin	Chemical	MESH:C017180
30740870	132	135	DDT	Chemical	MESH:D003634
30740870	150	170	Anopheles arabiensis	Species	7173
30740870	253	260	malaria	Disease	MESH:D008288
30740870	395	402	malaria	Disease	MESH:D008288
30740870	412	432	Anopheles arabiensis	Species	7173
30740870	488	491	DDT	Chemical	MESH:D003634
30740870	500	523	pyrethroid deltamethrin	Chemical	MESH:D011722
30740870	609	615	sodium	Chemical	MESH:D012964
30740870	862	874	deltamethrin	Chemical	MESH:C017180
30740870	879	882	DDT	Chemical	MESH:D003634
30740870	893	907	An. arabiensis	Species	7173
30740870	1067	1092	glutathione-S-transferase	Gene
30740870	1094	1099	gstd3	Gene
30740870	1107	1136	cytochrome P450 monooxygenase	Gene
30740870	1138	1144	cyp6p4	Gene
30740870	1342	1354	deltamethrin	Chemical	MESH:C017180
30740870	1358	1361	DDT	Chemical	MESH:D003634
30740870	1615	1626	hydrocarbon	Chemical	MESH:D006838
30740870	1719	1731	deltamethrin	Chemical	MESH:C017180
30740870	1736	1739	DDT	Chemical	MESH:D003634
30740870	1750	1764	An. arabiensis	Species	7173
30740870	1946	1961	malaria vectors	Disease	MESH:D008288

30898519|t|Overexpression of Gloverin2 in the Bombyx mori silk gland enhances cocoon/silk antimicrobial activity.
30898519|a|The Bombyx mori cocoon/silk possesses many immune-related components, including protease inhibitors, seroins, and antimicrobial peptides, which likely help to protect the pupating larva from infection. However, the natural antimicrobial activity of the B. mori cocoon/silk is still too weak for biomedical applications. With the goal of enhancing this natural activity, we constructed a transgenic vector to overexpress the B. mori antimicrobial peptide Gloverin2 (BmGlv2) under control of the silk gland-specific Serion1 promoter. Transgenic silkworms were generated via embryo microinjection. A low level of BmGlv2 was expressed in the non-transgenic silk gland, but BmGlv2 was efficiently overexpressed and proteolytically activated in the transgenic line. Overexpressed BmGlv2 was secreted and incorporated into the silk during spanning without affecting cocoon/silk formation. Moreover, the transgenic cocoon/silk had significantly greater inhibitory activity against bacteria and fungi than the non-transgenic cocoon/silk. This strategy could help enhance the antimicrobial performance and biomedical application of silk.
30898519	18	27	Gloverin2	Gene	692527
30898519	35	46	Bombyx mori	Species	7091
30898519	107	118	Bombyx mori	Species	7091
30898519	356	363	B. mori	Species	7091
30898519	527	534	B. mori	Species	7091
30898519	557	566	Gloverin2	Gene	692527
30898519	568	574	BmGlv2	Gene	692527
30898519	646	655	silkworms	Species	7091
30898519	713	719	BmGlv2	Gene	692527
30898519	772	778	BmGlv2	Gene	692527
30898519	877	883	BmGlv2	Gene	692527

31185651|t|RNAi-Mediated Knockdown of Tssk1 and Tektin1 Genes Impair Male Fertility in Bactrocera dorsalis.
31185651|a|The genetic-based sterile insect technique (SIT) is an effective and environmentally safe strategy to diminish populations of agricultural and horticultural insect pests. Functional characterization of genes related to male fertility can enhance the genetic-based SIT. Tssk1 has been involved to control male fertility in both mammals and insects. Moreover, Tektin1 has also been revealed to influence male fertility in both human and mammals. These findings suggested that Tssk1 and Tektin1 identified from Bactrocera dorsalis could be required for male fertility in B. dorsalis. In this study, expression profiles of these two genes were studied at different developmental stages and in various tissues of adult males. Remarkably, it was found that Tssk1 and Tektin1 were highly expressed in the testis of mature adult males of B. dorsalis. Furthermore, Tssk1 and Tektin1 genes were downregulated by using the RNA interference (RNAi) method. Fertility assays including egg laying, hatching, and spermatozoa count were also performed to investigate male fertility of B. dorsalis. Results showed that knockdown of Tssk1 and Tektin1 caused male sterility up to 58.99% and 64.49%, respectively. As expected, the total numbers of spermatozoa were also significantly reduced by 65.83% and 73.9%, respectively. These results suggested that male sterility was happened wing to the low number of spermatozoa. In conclusion, we demonstrate that Tssk1 and Tektin1 are the novel agents that could be used to enhance the genetic-based SIT, or their double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) can be used as biopesticides to control the population of B. dorsalis.
31185651	27	32	Tssk1	Gene
31185651	37	44	Tektin1	Gene	105224792
31185651	76	95	Bactrocera dorsalis	Species	27457
31185651	366	371	Tssk1	Gene
31185651	455	462	Tektin1	Gene	83659
31185651	522	527	human	Species	9606
31185651	571	576	Tssk1	Gene
31185651	581	588	Tektin1	Gene	105224792
31185651	605	624	Bactrocera dorsalis	Species	27457
31185651	665	676	B. dorsalis	Species	27457
31185651	848	853	Tssk1	Gene
31185651	858	865	Tektin1	Gene	105224792
31185651	927	938	B. dorsalis	Species	27457
31185651	953	958	Tssk1	Gene
31185651	963	970	Tektin1	Gene	105224792
31185651	1165	1176	B. dorsalis	Species	27457
31185651	1211	1216	Tssk1	Gene
31185651	1221	1228	Tektin1	Gene	105224792
31185651	1534	1539	Tssk1	Gene
31185651	1544	1551	Tektin1	Gene	105224792
31185651	1721	1732	B. dorsalis	Species	27457

21370391|t|RNA interference in Nilaparvata lugens (Homoptera: Delphacidae) based on dsRNA ingestion.
21370391|a|BACKGROUND: An efficient and convenient RNA interference (RNAi) technique involving double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) ingestion is useful for gene function studies of non-model insects. RESULTS: Three dsRNAs targeting different sites within a gene encoding vacuolar ATP synthase subunit E (V-ATPase-E, 21E01) were synthesised for RNAi in Nilaparvata lugens. dsRNA was found to be stable in 0.1 g mL(-1) sucrose solution, but unstable in artificial fodder. Therefore, dsRNAs were orally delivered into N. lugens in 0.1 g mL(-1) sucrose solution. RNAi was induced by all three of the dsRNAs at 0.05   g   L(-1) in N. lugens. Time dynamics analysis of gene silencing indicated that significant suppression of the target gene began as early as 2 days after ingestion of ds2-21E01 and ds3-21E01. However, significant repressive effects were recorded up to 10 days after exposure to ds1-21E01. The maximum reduction in target gene mRNA was observed after 10 days of treatment, with suppression ratios induced by ds1-21E01, ds2-21E01 and ds3-21E01 of 41, 55 and 48% respectively. CONCLUSION: An efficient and convenient RNAi technique involving dsRNA ingestion has been successfully developed for N. lugens. This will be a useful tool for further functional genomic investigation in this organism.
21370391	20	38	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
21370391	341	372	vacuolar ATP synthase subunit E	Gene
21370391	374	384	V-ATPase-E	Gene
21370391	422	440	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
21370391	487	494	sucrose	Chemical	MESH:D013395
21370391	585	594	N. lugens	Species	108931
21370391	611	618	sucrose	Chemical	MESH:D013395
21370391	694	703	N. lugens	Species	108931
21370391	1272	1281	N. lugens	Species	108931

20726907|t|Feeding-based RNA interference of a trehalose phosphate synthase gene in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens.
20726907|a|The brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, is the most devastating rice insect pest to have given rise to an outbreak in recent years. RNA interference (RNAi) is a technological breakthrough that has been developed as a powerful tool for studying gene function and for the highly targeted control of insect pests. Here, we examined the effects of using a feeding-based RNAi technique to target the gene trehalose phosphate synthase (TPS) in N. lugens. The full-length cDNA of N. lugens TPS (NlTPS) is 3235 bp and has an open reading frame of 2424 bp, encoding a protein of 807 amino acids. NlTPS was expressed in the fat body, midgut and ovary. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that NlTPS mRNA is expressed continuously with little change during the life of the insect. Efficient silencing of the TPS gene through double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) feeding led to rapid and significant reduction levels of TPS mRNA and enzymatic activity. Additionally, the development of N. lugens larvae that had been fed with the dsRNA was disturbed, resulting in lethality, and the cumulative survival rates dropped to 75.56, 64.44, 55.56 and 40.00% after continuous ingestion of 0.5   g/  l dsRNA for 2, 4, 7 and 10 days, respectively. These values were significantly lower than those of the insects in the control group, suggesting that NlTPS dsRNA may be useful as a means of insect pest control.
20726907	36	64	trehalose phosphate synthase	Gene
20726907	77	94	brown planthopper	Species	108931
20726907	96	114	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
20726907	120	137	brown planthopper	Species	108931
20726907	139	157	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
20726907	183	187	rice	Species	4530
20726907	519	547	trehalose phosphate synthase	Gene
20726907	549	552	TPS	Gene
20726907	557	566	N. lugens	Species	108931
20726907	592	601	N. lugens	Species	108931
20726907	602	605	TPS	Gene
20726907	607	612	NlTPS	Gene
20726907	706	711	NlTPS	Gene
20726907	821	826	NlTPS	Gene
20726907	935	938	TPS	Gene
20726907	1037	1040	TPS	Gene
20726907	1103	1112	N. lugens	Species	108931
20726907	1455	1460	NlTPS	Gene

20005950|t|Native subunit composition of two insect nicotinic receptor subtypes with differing affinities for the insecticide imidacloprid.
20005950|a|Neonicotinoid insecticides, such as imidacloprid, are selective agonists of insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and are used extensively to control a variety of insect pest species. The brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens), an insect pest of rice crops throughout Asia, is an important target species for control with neonicotinoid insecticides such as imidacloprid. Studies with nAChRs purified from N. lugens have identified two [(3)H]imidacloprid binding sites with different affinities (K(d) = 3.5 +/- 0.6 pM and 1.5 +/- 0.2 nM). Co-immunoprecipitation studies with native preparations of N. lugens nAChRs, using subunit-selective antisera, have demonstrated the co-assembly of Nlalpha1, Nlalpha2 and Nlbeta1 subunits into one receptor complex and of Nlalpha3, Nlalpha8 and Nlbeta1 into another. Immunodepletion of Nlalpha1 or Nlalpha2 subunits resulted in the selective loss of the lower affinity imidacloprid binding site, whereas immunodepletion of Nlalpha3 or Nlalpha8 caused the selective loss of the high-affinity site. Immunodepletion of Nlbeta1 resulted in a complete absence of specific imidacloprid binding. In contrast, immunodepletion with antibodies selective for other N. lugens nAChR subunits (Nlalpha4, Nlalpha6, Nlalpha7 and Nlbeta2) had no significant effect on imidacloprid binding. Taken together, these data suggest that nAChRs containing Nlalpha1, Nlalpha2 and Nlbeta1 constitute the lower affinity binding site, whereas nAChRs containing Nlalpha3, Nlalpha8 and Nlbeta1 constitute the higher affinity binding site for imidacloprid in N. lugens.
20005950	41	59	nicotinic receptor	Gene
20005950	115	127	imidacloprid	Chemical	MESH:C082359
20005950	165	177	imidacloprid	Chemical	MESH:C082359
20005950	212	245	nicotinic acetylcholine receptors	Gene
20005950	247	253	nAChRs	Gene
20005950	329	346	brown planthopper	Species	108931
20005950	348	366	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
20005950	387	391	rice	Species	4530
20005950	498	510	imidacloprid	Chemical	MESH:C082359
20005950	525	531	nAChRs	Gene
20005950	546	555	N. lugens	Species	108931
20005950	576	594	[(3)H]imidacloprid	Chemical	MESH:C082359
20005950	738	747	N. lugens	Species	108931
20005950	748	754	nAChRs	Gene
20005950	1047	1059	imidacloprid	Chemical	MESH:C082359
20005950	1245	1257	imidacloprid	Chemical	MESH:C082359
20005950	1332	1341	N. lugens	Species	108931
20005950	1342	1347	nAChR	Gene
20005950	1429	1441	imidacloprid	Chemical	MESH:C082359
20005950	1491	1497	nAChRs	Gene
20005950	1592	1598	nAChRs	Gene
20005950	1689	1701	imidacloprid	Chemical	MESH:C082359
20005950	1705	1714	N. lugens	Species	108931

19046356|t|Heteromeric co-assembly of two insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha subunits: influence on sensitivity to neonicotinoid insecticides.
19046356|a|Neonicotinoid insecticides, such as imidacloprid, are selective agonists of insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and are used extensively in areas of crop protection and animal health to control a variety of insect pest species. Here, we describe studies performed with nAChR subunits Nlalpha1 and Nlalpha2 cloned from the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens, a major insect pest of rice crops in many parts of Asia. The influence of Nlalpha1 and Nlalpha2 subunits upon the functional properties of recombinant nAChRs has been examined by expression in Xenopus oocytes. In addition, the influence of a Nlalpha1 mutation (Y151S), which has been linked to neonicotinoid lab generated resistance in N. lugens, has been examined. As in previous studies of insect alpha subunits, functional expression has been achieved by co-expression with the mammalian beta2 subunit. This approach has revealed a significantly higher apparent affinity of imidacloprid for Nlalpha1/beta2 than for Nlalpha2/beta2 nAChRs. In addition, evidence has been obtained for the co-assembly of Nlalpha1 and Nlalpha2 subunits into 'triplet' nAChRs of subunit composition Nlalpha1/Nlalpha2/beta2. Evidence has also been obtained which demonstrates that the resistance-associated Y151S mutation has a significantly reduced effect on neonicotinoid agonist activity when Nlalpha1 is co-assembled with Nlalpha2 than when expressed as the sole alpha subunit in a heteromeric nAChR. These findings may be of importance in assessing the likely impact of the target-site mutations such as Y151S upon neonicotinoid insecticide resistance in insect field populations.
19046356	38	70	nicotinic acetylcholine receptor	Gene
19046356	179	191	imidacloprid	Chemical	MESH:C082359
19046356	226	259	nicotinic acetylcholine receptors	Gene
19046356	261	267	nAChRs	Gene
19046356	426	431	nAChR	Gene
19046356	479	496	brown planthopper	Species	108931
19046356	497	515	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
19046356	540	544	rice	Species	4530
19046356	668	674	nAChRs	Gene
19046356	710	717	Xenopus	Species	8355
19046356	778	783	Y151S	Mutation	p.Y151S
19046356	853	862	N. lugens	Species	108931
19046356	998	1007	mammalian	Species	9606
19046356	1008	1013	beta2	Gene	10242
19046356	1094	1106	imidacloprid	Chemical	MESH:C082359
19046356	1150	1156	nAChRs	Gene
19046356	1267	1273	nAChRs	Gene
19046356	1404	1409	Y151S	Mutation	p.Y151S
19046356	1595	1600	nAChR	Gene
19046356	1706	1711	Y151S	Mutation	p.Y151S

30520231|t|Disruption of sex-specific doublesex exons results in male- and female-specific defects in the black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon.
30520231|a|BACKGROUND: Doublesex (dsx), the downstream gene in the insect sex-determination pathway, is a key regulator of sexually dimorphic development and behavior across a variety of insects. Manipulating expression of dsx could be useful in the genetic control of insects. However, information on the sex-specific function of dsx in non-model insects is lacking. RESULTS: In this work, we isolated a dsx homolog, which is alternatively spliced into six female-specific and one male-specific isoforms, from an important agricultural pest, the black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon. Studies on the expression of sex-specific Aidsx mRNA during embryonic development showed that the sixth hour post oviposition is the key stage for sex determination in A. ipsilon. Functional analysis of Aidsx was conducted using a CRISPR/Cas9 system targeting female- and male-specific Aidsx exons. Disruptions of sex-specific Aidsx exons resulted in sex-specific, sexually dimorphic defects in external genitals, gonads and antennae, and expression of sex-specific genes as well as production of offspring in both sexes. CONCLUSION: Our results not only demonstrate that dsx is a key player determining A. ipsilon sexually dimorphic traits, but also provide a potential method for the genetic control of this pest.    2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
30520231	27	36	doublesex	Gene
30520231	95	108	black cutworm	Species
30520231	110	125	Agrotis ipsilon	Species	56364
30520231	139	148	Doublesex	Gene
30520231	150	153	dsx	Gene
30520231	339	342	dsx	Gene
30520231	447	450	dsx	Gene
30520231	521	524	dsx	Gene
30520231	663	676	black cutworm	Species
30520231	678	693	Agrotis ipsilon	Species	56364
30520231	737	742	Aidsx	Gene
30520231	863	873	A. ipsilon	Species	56364
30520231	898	903	Aidsx	Gene
30520231	981	986	Aidsx	Gene
30520231	1022	1027	Aidsx	Gene
30520231	1267	1270	dsx	Gene
30520231	1302	1318	ipsilon sexually	Disease	MESH:D012735

30992032|t|Downregulation of female doublesex expression by oral-mediated RNA interference reduces number and fitness of Anopheles gambiae adult females.
30992032|a|BACKGROUND: Mosquito-borne diseases affect millions worldwide, with malaria alone killing over 400 thousand people per year and affecting hundreds of millions. To date, the best strategy to prevent the disease remains insecticide-based mosquito control. However, insecticide resistance as well as economic and social factors reduce the effectiveness of the current methodologies. Alternative control technologies are in development, including genetic control such as the sterile insect technique (SIT). The SIT is a pivotal tool in integrated agricultural pest management and could be used to improve malaria vector control. To apply the SIT and most other newer technologies against disease transmitting mosquitoes, it is essential that releases are composed of males with minimal female contamination. The removal of females is an essential requirement because released females can themselves contribute towards nuisance biting and disease transmission. Thus, females need to be eliminated from the cohorts prior to release. Manual separation of Anopheles gambiae pupae or adult mosquitoes based on morphology is time consuming, is not feasible on a large scale and has limited the implementation of the SIT technique. The doublesex (dsx) gene is one of the effector switches of sex determination in the process of sex differentiation in insects. Both males and females have specific splicing variants that are expressed across the different life stages. Using RNA interference (RNAi) to reduce expression of the female specific (dsxF) variant of this gene has proven to have detrimental effects to the females in other mosquito species, such as Aedes aegypti. We tested oral RNAi on dsx (AgdsxF) in An. gambiae. METHODS: We studied the expression pattern of the dsx gene in the An. gambiae G3 strain. We knocked down AgdsxF expression in larvae through oral delivery of double stranded RNA (dsRNA) produced by bacteria and observed its effects in adults. RESULTS: Our results show that feeding of AgdsxF dsRNA can effectively reduce (>   66%) the mRNA of female dsx transcript and that there is a concomitant reduction in the number of female larvae that achieve adulthood. Control groups produced 52% (     3.9% SE) of adult males and 48% (     4.0% SE) females, while AgdsxF dsRNA treated groups had 72.1% (     4.0% SE) males vs 27.8% females (     3.3% SE). In addition, the female adults produce fewer progeny, 37.1% (     8.2% SE) less than the controls. The knockdown was sex-specific and had no impact on total numbers of viable male adults, in the male dsx transcripts or male fitness parameters such as longevity or body size. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that RNAi could be used to improve novel mosquito control strategies that require efficient sex separation and male-only release of An. gambiae by targeting sex determination genes such as AgdsxF. The advantages of using RNAi in a controlled setting for mosquito rearing are numerous, as the dose and time of exposure are controlled, and the possibility of off-target effects and the waste of female production would be significantly reduced.
30992032	25	34	doublesex	Gene
30992032	110	127	Anopheles gambiae	Species	7165
30992032	211	218	malaria	Disease	MESH:D008288
30992032	744	751	malaria	Disease	MESH:D008288
30992032	1191	1208	Anopheles gambiae	Species	7165
30992032	1368	1377	doublesex	Gene
30992032	1379	1382	dsx	Gene
30992032	1791	1804	Aedes aegypti	Species	7159
30992032	1829	1832	dsx	Gene
30992032	1834	1840	AgdsxF	Gene
30992032	1845	1856	An. gambiae	Species
30992032	1908	1911	dsx	Gene
30992032	1924	1935	An. gambiae	Species
30992032	1963	1969	AgdsxF	Gene
30992032	2056	2064	bacteria	Species	2
30992032	2143	2149	AgdsxF	Gene
30992032	2207	2210	dsx	Gene
30992032	2288	2294	larvae	Species	6239
30992032	2356	2358	SE	Disease	None
30992032	2369	2374	males	Species	9606
30992032	2392	2394	SE	Disease	None
30992032	2411	2417	AgdsxF	Gene
30992032	2458	2460	SE	Disease	None
30992032	2462	2467	males	Species	9606
30992032	2494	2496	SE	Disease	None
30992032	2568	2570	SE	Disease	None
30992032	2672	2676	male	Species	9606
30992032	2692	2696	male	Species	9606
30992032	2697	2700	dsx	Gene
30992032	2716	2720	male	Species	9606
30992032	2920	2924	male	Species	9606
30992032	2941	2952	An. gambiae	Species
30992032	2998	3004	AgdsxF	Gene

31836052|t|Knockdown of the aminopeptidase N genes decreases susceptibility of Chilo suppressalis larvae to Cry1Ab/Cry1Ac and Cry1Ca.
31836052|a|Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticide is currently the most widely used bioinsecticide. Bt expressing cry genes are some of the most successful foreign-genome-inserting genes used in transgenic insect-resistant crop development. Cry toxins are resistant to lepidopteran pests, such as Chilo suppressalis, a major insect pest of rice worldwide. Since Cry toxins exert their activity by binding to specific receptors in the midgut of target insects, identification of functional Cry toxin receptors in the midgut of C. suppressalis larvae is crucial to evaluate potential resistance mechanisms and develop effective strategies for inhibiting insect resistance. In this study, we isolated two aminopeptidase N genes (APN6 and APN8) from C. suppressalis and determined that they were expressed in the foregut. APN6 was highly expressed at the fourth instar, and APN8 was highly expressed in adult and pupa. Knockdown of CsAPN6 and CsAPN8 by RNA interference resulted in significantly decreased susceptibility of larvae to Bt rice varieties TT51 (expressing cry1Ac/cry1Ab fusion genes) and T1C-19 (expressing cry1Ca), but not T2A-1 (expressing cry2Aa). These findings suggest that both APN6 and APN8 are involved in the toxicity of Cry1Ac/Cry1Ab and Cry1Ca toxins.
31836052	17	33	aminopeptidase N	Gene
31836052	68	86	Chilo suppressalis	Species	168631
31836052	123	145	Bacillus thuringiensis	Species	1428
31836052	147	149	Bt	Species	1428
31836052	213	215	Bt	Species	1428
31836052	410	428	Chilo suppressalis	Species	168631
31836052	453	457	rice	Species	4530
31836052	639	654	C. suppressalis	Species	168631
31836052	815	831	aminopeptidase N	Gene
31836052	839	843	APN6	Gene
31836052	848	852	APN8	Gene
31836052	859	874	C. suppressalis	Species	168631
31836052	931	935	APN6	Gene
31836052	983	987	APN8	Gene
31836052	1041	1047	CsAPN6	Gene
31836052	1052	1058	CsAPN8	Gene
31836052	1143	1145	Bt	Species	1428
31836052	1146	1150	rice	Species	4530
31836052	1306	1310	APN6	Gene
31836052	1315	1319	APN8	Gene
31836052	1340	1348	toxicity	Disease	MESH:D064420

30230097|t|Multiple functions of miR-8-3p in the development and metamorphosis of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum.
30230097|a|The microRNA miR-8-3p is conserved among insects and closely involved in development and immunity, but its functions in vivo are unexplored in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Here, we show that miR-8-3p was highly expressed in late larva and early adult stages, as determined by quantitative real-time PCR. It was enriched in the fat body and cuticle in late larval tissues and abundant in the head and cuticle in early adult tissues, indicating this microRNA plays important roles during T.  castaneum development. Specific inhibition of miR-8-3p in late larvae led to metamorphosis defects in the development of wings, eyes, legs and embryo. Moreover, a series of genes related to organism development were identified as miR-8-3p targets by computational prediction and microRNA-messenger RNA interaction validation, including Wingless, Eyg, Fpps and Sema-1a. These genes were critical for the regulation of the larva-to-adult transition. Eyg, as a functional target of miR-8-3p, participates in eye development, which was further confirmed by luciferase assay and loss-of-function analyses. In brief, miR-8-3p is broadly involved in the development of wings, eyes and legs through its target genes and has extensive regulatory roles during T.  castaneum development.
30230097	22	30	miR-8-3p	Gene
30230097	75	91	red flour beetle	Species	7070
30230097	93	112	Tribolium castaneum	Species	7070
30230097	127	135	miR-8-3p	Gene
30230097	261	277	red flour beetle	Species	7070
30230097	279	298	Tribolium castaneum	Species	7070
30230097	319	327	miR-8-3p	Gene
30230097	614	626	T. castaneum	Species	7070
30230097	663	671	miR-8-3p	Gene
30230097	694	715	metamorphosis defects	Disease	MESH:C536351
30230097	847	855	miR-8-3p	Gene
30230097	953	961	Wingless	Gene
30230097	963	966	Eyg	Gene	661318
30230097	968	972	Fpps	Gene	661272
30230097	977	984	Sema-1a	Gene	656016
30230097	1065	1068	Eyg	Gene	661318
30230097	1096	1104	miR-8-3p	Gene
30230097	1228	1236	miR-8-3p	Gene
30230097	1367	1379	T. castaneum	Species	7070

29284404|t|Multiple functions of CREB-binding protein during postembryonic development: identification of target genes.
29284404|a|BACKGROUND: Juvenile hormones (JH) and ecdysteroids control postembryonic development in insects. They serve as valuable targets for pest management. Hence, understanding the molecular mechanisms of their action is of crucial importance. CREB-binding protein (CBP) is a universal transcriptional co-regulator. It controls the expression of several genes including those from hormone signaling pathways through co-activation of many transcription factors. However, the role of CBP during postembryonic development in insects is not well understood. Therefore, we have studied the role of CBP in postembryonic development in Tribolium, a model coleopteran insect. RESULTS: CBP is ubiquitously expressed in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. RNA interference (RNAi) mediated knockdown of CBP resulted in a decrease in JH induction of Kr-h1 gene expression in Tribolium larvae and led to a block in their development. Moreover, the injection of CBP double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) showed lethal phenotypes within 8 days of injection. RNA-seq and subsequent differential gene expression analysis identified CBP target genes in Tribolium. Knockdown of CBP caused a decrease in the expression of 1306 genes coding for transcription factors and other proteins associated with growth and development. Depletion of CBP impaired the expression of several JH response genes (e.g., Kr-h1, Hairy, early trypsin) and ecdysone response genes (EcR, E74, E75, and broad complex). Further, GO enrichment analyses of the downregulated genes showed enrichment in different functions including developmental processes, pigmentation, anatomical structure development, regulation of biological and cellular processes, etc. CONCLUSION: These data suggest diverse but crucial roles for CBP during postembryonic development in the coleopteran model insect, Tribolium. It can serve as a target for RNAi mediated pest management of this stored product pest.
29284404	22	42	CREB-binding protein	Gene	664565
29284404	148	160	ecdysteroids	Chemical	MESH:D026461
29284404	347	367	CREB-binding protein	Gene	664565
29284404	369	372	CBP	Gene	664565
29284404	585	588	CBP	Gene	664565
29284404	696	699	CBP	Gene	664565
29284404	732	741	Tribolium	Species	7070
29284404	780	783	CBP	Gene	664565
29284404	817	833	red flour beetle	Species	7070
29284404	835	854	Tribolium castaneum	Species	7070
29284404	902	905	CBP	Gene	664565
29284404	948	953	Kr-h1	Gene	659787
29284404	973	982	Tribolium	Species	7070
29284404	1058	1061	CBP	Gene	664565
29284404	1215	1218	CBP	Gene	664565
29284404	1235	1244	Tribolium	Species	7070
29284404	1259	1262	CBP	Gene	664565
29284404	1418	1421	CBP	Gene	664565
29284404	1482	1487	Kr-h1	Gene	659787
29284404	1489	1494	Hairy	Gene
29284404	1496	1509	early trypsin	Gene
29284404	1515	1523	ecdysone	Chemical	MESH:D004440
29284404	1710	1722	pigmentation	Disease	MESH:D010859
29284404	1873	1876	CBP	Gene	664565
29284404	1943	1952	Tribolium	Species	7070

22081039|t|Post-embryonic functions of HSP90 in Tribolium castaneum include the regulation of compound eye development.
22081039|a|Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) belongs to a family of conserved chaperons with multiple roles in stress adaptation and development, including spermatogenesis, oogenesis and embryogenesis in insects. In the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, we found that HSP90 is transiently upregulated during larval development, in prepupae, in female pupae and in adults, suggesting multiple post-embryonic roles. We found that silencing HSP90 expression by RNA interference was lethal within 10 days at all developmental stages. Titration experiments revealed that larvae were more susceptible than pupae or beetles. Interestingly, HSP90 silencing in final instar larvae resulted in abnormal pupal phenotypes lacking compound eyes and exhibiting prepupal features, suggesting developmental arrest at the prepupal stage. Our results suggest that HSP90 functions can be expanded beyond the known ones in insect embryogenesis to include roles in post-embryonic development such as the regulation of compound eye development.
22081039	28	33	HSP90	Gene	656270
22081039	37	56	Tribolium castaneum	Species	7070
22081039	109	130	Heat shock protein 90	Gene	656270
22081039	132	137	HSP90	Gene	656270
22081039	314	330	red flour beetle	Species	7070
22081039	332	351	Tribolium castaneum	Species	7070
22081039	367	372	HSP90	Gene	656270
22081039	537	542	HSP90	Gene	656270
22081039	732	737	HSP90	Gene	656270
22081039	876	896	developmental arrest	Disease	MESH:D006323
22081039	945	950	HSP90	Gene	656270

18436642|t|Functional specialization among insect chitinase family genes revealed by RNA interference.
18436642|a|The biological functions of individual members of the large family of chitinase-like proteins from the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Tc), were examined by using gene-specific RNAi. One chitinase, TcCHT5, was found to be required for pupal-adult molting only. A lethal phenotype was observed when the transcript level of TcCHT5 was down-regulated by injection of TcCHT5-specific dsRNA into larvae. The larvae had metamorphosed into pupae and then to pharate adults but did not complete adult eclosion. Specific knockdown of transcripts for another chitinase, TcCHT10, which has multiple catalytic domains, prevented embryo hatch, larval molting, pupation, and adult metamorphosis, indicating a vital role for TcCHT10 during each of these processes. A third chitinase-like protein, TcCHT7, was required for abdominal contraction and wing/elytra extension immediately after pupation but was dispensable for larval-larval molting, pupation, and adult eclosion. The wing/elytra abnormalities found in TcCHT7-silenced pupae were also manifest in the ensuing adults. A fourth chitinase-like protein, TcIDGF4, exhibited no chitinolytic activity but contributed to adult eclosion. No phenotypic effects were observed after knockdown of transcripts for several other chitinase-like proteins, including imaginal disk growth factor IDGF2. These data indicate functional specialization among insect chitinase family genes, primarily during the molting process, and provide a biological rationale for the presence of a large assortment of chitinase-like proteins.
18436642	32	48	insect chitinase	Gene
18436642	162	185	chitinase-like proteins	Gene
18436642	195	211	red flour beetle	Species	7070
18436642	213	232	Tribolium castaneum	Species	7070
18436642	234	236	Tc	Species	7070
18436642	297	303	TcCHT5	Gene	641601
18436642	421	427	TcCHT5	Gene	641601
18436642	463	469	TcCHT5	Gene	641601
18436642	659	666	TcCHT10	Gene	652967
18436642	766	779	metamorphosis	Disease	MESH:C536351
18436642	809	816	TcCHT10	Gene	652967
18436642	857	879	chitinase-like protein	Gene
18436642	881	887	TcCHT7	Gene	660881
18436642	1097	1103	TcCHT7	Gene	660881
18436642	1170	1192	chitinase-like protein	Gene
18436642	1194	1201	TcIDGF4	Gene	655022
18436642	1358	1381	chitinase-like proteins	Gene
18436642	1421	1426	IDGF2	Gene	655122
18436642	1480	1496	insect chitinase	Gene
18436642	1626	1649	chitinase-like proteins	Gene

31836051|t|Molecular characterization of an NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase from Bemisia tabaci Q: Potential involvement in susceptibility to imidacloprid.
31836051|a|NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) is an integral component of cytochrome P450-mediated biological reactions, such as the metabolism of xenobiotics, including insecticides. CPR has been reported to be associated with insecticide tolerance in several insects. However, the biochemical characteristics and biological function of CPR in Bemisia tabaci Q (BtCPR) remain undefined. In this study, BtCPR was cloned, and bioinformatic analysis showed that BtCPR is a transmembrane protein with a molecular weight (MW) of 76.73   kDa and contains conserved binding domains (FMN, FAD, and NADPH). Tissue- and developmental stage-dependent expression indicated that the highest expression levels of BtCPR occurred in head tissue and in male adults. Transcripts of BtCPR in the field B. tabaci Q strain were 1.62-fold higher than those of the laboratory B. tabaci Q strain. In both field and laboratory adults, the susceptibility of BtCPR-knockdown B. tabaci Q to imidacloprid substantially increased compared to that of the B. tabaci Q control group. Furthermore, the heterologous expression of BtCPR in Sf9 cells exhibited catalytic activity for cytochrome c reduction, following Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Sf9 cells overexpressing BtCPR had greater viability than the control cells when treated with imidacloprid. The results suggest that BtCPR could affect the susceptibility of B. tabaci Q to imidacloprid and could also be considered a novel target for pest control.
31836051	33	64	NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase	Gene
31836051	70	86	Bemisia tabaci Q	Disease	MESH:D011778
31836051	131	143	imidacloprid	Chemical	MESH:C082359
31836051	145	176	NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase	Gene
31836051	178	181	CPR	Gene
31836051	321	324	CPR	Gene
31836051	475	478	CPR	Gene
31836051	482	498	Bemisia tabaci Q	Disease	MESH:D011778
31836051	500	505	BtCPR	Gene
31836051	540	545	BtCPR	Gene
31836051	597	602	BtCPR	Gene
31836051	718	721	FAD	Chemical	MESH:D005182
31836051	727	732	NADPH	Chemical	MESH:D009249
31836051	836	841	BtCPR	Gene
31836051	901	906	BtCPR	Gene
31836051	920	929	B. tabaci	Species	7038
31836051	990	999	B. tabaci	Species	7038
31836051	1069	1074	BtCPR	Gene
31836051	1085	1094	B. tabaci	Species	7038
31836051	1100	1112	imidacloprid	Chemical	MESH:C082359
31836051	1161	1170	B. tabaci	Species	7038
31836051	1232	1237	BtCPR	Gene
31836051	1370	1375	BtCPR	Gene
31836051	1438	1451	imidacloprid	Chemical	MESH:C082359
31836051	1478	1483	BtCPR	Gene
31836051	1519	1528	B. tabaci	Species	7038
31836051	1534	1546	imidacloprid	Chemical	MESH:C082359

30783993|t|Identification and Expression Profiling of Odorant Receptor Protein Genes in Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) Using RT-qPCR.
30783993|a|This study aimed to identify ORs (odorant receptors) and Orco (odorant receptor coreceptor) genes in Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea), to explore the relative expression levels of these genes in different adult tissues and obtain information on highly expressed receptor proteins. Putative OR and Orco genes were identified from transcriptomic data previously obtained for S. zeamais using bioinformatics methods. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to compare the differences in expression in seven adult tissues (male antennae, female antennae, heads, thoraxes, abdomens, wings, and legs). The candidate OR and Orco gene sequences were analyzed, and the protein physicochemical properties were predicted. We identified 64 OR genes including the Orco gene. Forty-seven OR genes, including Orco, were over expressed in male or female antennae. Seventeen OR genes appeared to be expressed at elevated levels in male antennae. Twenty-nine genes were expressed at significantly elevated levels in female antennae. In total, 11 OR genes were selected for further sequence analysis. The selected proteins were structurally characterized, and bioinformatics analysis was performed. Overall, in this study, candidate ORs of S. zeamais have been identified for the first time, and these ORs could be molecular targets for interference in the insect olfactory system.
30783993	43	67	Odorant Receptor Protein	Gene
30783993	77	95	Sitophilus zeamais	Species	7047
30783993	169	172	ORs	Gene
30783993	174	191	odorant receptors	Gene
30783993	197	201	Orco	Gene
30783993	203	230	odorant receptor coreceptor	Gene
30783993	241	259	Sitophilus zeamais	Species
30783993	457	459	OR	Gene
30783993	464	468	Orco	Gene
30783993	540	550	S. zeamais	Species	7047
30783993	773	775	OR	Gene
30783993	780	784	Orco	Gene
30783993	891	893	OR	Gene
30783993	914	918	Orco	Gene
30783993	937	939	OR	Gene
30783993	957	961	Orco	Gene
30783993	991	993	or	Gene
30783993	1021	1023	OR	Gene
30783993	1191	1193	OR	Gene
30783993	1377	1380	ORs	Gene
30783993	1384	1394	S. zeamais	Species	7047
30783993	1446	1449	ORs	Gene

30789108|t|Latrophilin mediates insecticides susceptibility and fecundity through two carboxylesterases, esterase4 and esterase6, in Tribolium castaneum.
30789108|a|Latrophilin (LPH) is known as an adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor which involved in multiple physiological processes in organisms. Previous studies showed that lph not only involved the susceptibility to anticholinesterase insecticides but also affected fecundity in Tribolium castaneum. However, its regulatory mechanisms in these biological processes are still not clear. Here, we identified two potential downstream carboxylesterase (cce) genes of Tclph, esterase4 and esterase6, and further characterized their interactions with Tclph. After treatment of T. castaneum larvae with carbofuran or dichlorvos insecticides, the transcript levels of Tcest4 and Tcest6 were significantly induced from 12 to 72 h. RNAi against Tcest4 or Tcest6 led to the higher mortality compared with the controls after the insecticides treatment, suggesting that these two genes play a vital role in detoxification of insecticides in T. castaneum. Furthermore, with insecticides exposure to Tclph knockdown beetles, the expression of Tcest4 was upregulated but Tcest6 was downregulated, indicating that beetles existed a compensatory response against the insecticides. Additionally, RNAi of Tcest6 resulted in 43% reductions in female egg laying and completely inhibited egg hatching, which showed the similar phenotype as that of Tclph knockdown. These results indicated that Tclph affected fecundity by positively regulating Tcest6 expression. Our findings will provide a new insight into the molecular mechanisms of Tclph involved in physiological functions in T. castaneum.
30789108	0	11	Latrophilin	Gene
30789108	94	103	esterase4	Gene
30789108	108	117	esterase6	Gene	658475
30789108	122	141	Tribolium castaneum	Species	7070
30789108	143	154	Latrophilin	Gene
30789108	156	159	LPH	Gene
30789108	185	211	G-protein-coupled receptor	Gene
30789108	306	309	lph	Gene
30789108	413	432	Tribolium castaneum	Species	7070
30789108	565	581	carboxylesterase	Gene
30789108	583	586	cce	Gene
30789108	597	602	Tclph	Gene
30789108	604	613	esterase4	Gene
30789108	618	627	esterase6	Gene	658475
30789108	679	684	Tclph	Gene
30789108	705	717	T. castaneum	Species	7070
30789108	718	724	larvae	Species	6239
30789108	730	740	carbofuran	Chemical	MESH:D002235
30789108	744	754	dichlorvos	Chemical	MESH:D004006
30789108	794	800	Tcest4	Gene
30789108	805	811	Tcest6	Gene
30789108	869	875	Tcest4	Gene
30789108	879	885	Tcest6	Gene
30789108	1062	1074	T. castaneum	Species	7070
30789108	1119	1124	Tclph	Gene
30789108	1162	1168	Tcest4	Gene
30789108	1189	1195	Tcest6	Gene
30789108	1319	1325	Tcest6	Gene
30789108	1459	1464	Tclph	Gene
30789108	1505	1510	Tclph	Gene
30789108	1555	1561	Tcest6	Gene
30789108	1647	1652	Tclph	Gene
30789108	1692	1704	T. castaneum	Species	7070

30548465|t|Evolution of the Torso activation cassette, a pathway required for terminal patterning and moulting.
30548465|a|Embryonic terminal patterning and moulting are critical developmental processes in insects. In Drosophila and Tribolium both of these processes are regulated by the Torso-activation cassette (TAC). The TAC consists of a common receptor, Torso, ligands Trunk and prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH), and the spatially restricted protein Torso-like, with combinations of these elements acting mechanistically to activate the receptor in different developmental contexts. In order to trace the evolutionary history of the TAC we determined the presence or absence of TAC components in the genomes of arthropods. Our analyses reveal that Torso, Trunk and PTTH are evolutionarily labile components of the TAC with multiple individual or combined losses occurring in the arthropod lineages leading to and within the insects. These losses are often correlated, with both ligands and receptor missing from the genome of the same species. We determine that the PTTH gene evolved in the common ancestor of Hemiptera and Holometabola, and is missing from the genomes of a number of species with experimentally demonstrated PTTH activity, implying another molecule may be involved in ecdysis in these species. In contrast, the torso-like gene is a common component of pancrustacean genomes.
30548465	17	22	Torso	Gene
30548465	196	206	Drosophila	Species
30548465	211	220	Tribolium	Species
30548465	266	271	Torso	Gene
30548465	338	343	Torso	Gene
30548465	353	358	Trunk	Gene
30548465	391	395	PTTH	Gene	33238
30548465	435	440	Torso	Gene
30548465	733	738	Torso	Gene
30548465	740	745	Trunk	Gene
30548465	750	754	PTTH	Gene	33238
30548465	1051	1055	PTTH	Gene	33238
30548465	1211	1215	PTTH	Gene	33238
30548465	1314	1319	torso	Gene

31037535|t|Influence of Metarhizium anisopliae (IMI330189) and Mad1 protein on enzymatic activities and Toll-related genes of migratory locust.
31037535|a|Efficacy of Metarhizium anisopliae strain (IMI330189) and Mad1 protein alone or in combination by feeding method to overcome immune-related enzymes and Toll-like pathway genes was investigated in migratory locust. M. anisopliae (IMI330189) is a potent and entomopathogenic fungal strain could be effectively used against insect pests. Similarly, Mad1 protein adheres to insect cuticle, causing virulence to insects. We confirmed maximum 55% of mortality when M. anisopliae (IMI330189) and Mad1 was applied in combination. Similarly, increased PO activity was observed in locust with combined dose of Mad1   +   IMI330189 whereas PO, POD, and SOD activities reduced using Mad1 independently. Four Toll-like signaling pathway genes (MyD88, Cactus, Pelle, and CaN) were investigated from midgut and body of the migratory locust after 72  h of treatments. Subsequently, the expression of MyD88 in the midgut and body significantly decreased with the application of Mad1 and Mad1   +   IMI330189. Performance of these treatments was absolutely non-consistent in both parts of insects. Meanwhile, IMI330189 significantly raised the expression of Cactus in both midgut and body. However, the combined treatment (Mad1   +   IMI330189) significantly reduced the Cactus expression in both body parts. Pelle expression was significantly increased in the midgut with the application of independent treatment of Mad1 and IMI330189 whereas the combined treatment (Mad1   +   IMI330189) suppressed the Pelle expression in midgut. Its expression level was absolutely higher in body with the application of IMI330189 and Mad1   +   IMI330189 only. On the other hand, Mad1 significantly increased the expression of CaN in midgut. However, all three treatments significantly affected and suppressed the expression of CaN gene in body of locust. This shows that the applications of M. anisopliae and Mad1 protein significantly affected Toll signaling pathway genes, which ultimately increased level of susceptibility of locust. However, their effect was significantly different in both parts of locust which recommends that the Toll-related genes are conserved in midgut instead of locust body.
31037535	13	35	Metarhizium anisopliae	Species	5530
31037535	37	46	IMI330189	Chemical	MESH:C064482
31037535	115	131	migratory locust	Species	7004
31037535	145	167	Metarhizium anisopliae	Species	5530
31037535	176	185	IMI330189	Chemical	MESH:C064482
31037535	329	345	migratory locust	Species	7004
31037535	347	360	M. anisopliae	Species	5530
31037535	362	371	IMI330189	Chemical	MESH:C064482
31037535	592	605	M. anisopliae	Species	5530
31037535	607	616	IMI330189	Chemical	MESH:C064482
31037535	740	749	IMI330189	Chemical	MESH:C064482
31037535	862	867	MyD88	Gene
31037535	869	875	Cactus	Gene
31037535	877	882	Pelle	Gene
31037535	888	891	CaN	Gene
31037535	939	955	migratory locust	Species	7004
31037535	1014	1019	MyD88	Gene
31037535	1109	1118	IMI330189	Chemical	MESH:C064482
31037535	1219	1228	IMI330189	Chemical	MESH:C064482
31037535	1268	1274	Cactus	Gene
31037535	1342	1351	IMI330189	Chemical	MESH:C064482
31037535	1379	1385	Cactus	Gene
31037535	1417	1422	Pelle	Gene
31037535	1534	1543	IMI330189	Chemical	MESH:C064482
31037535	1585	1594	IMI330189	Chemical	MESH:C064482
31037535	1611	1616	Pelle	Gene
31037535	1714	1723	IMI330189	Chemical	MESH:C064482
31037535	1737	1746	IMI330189	Chemical	MESH:C064482
31037535	1819	1822	CaN	Chemical	MESH:D002118
31037535	1920	1923	CaN	Chemical	MESH:D002118
31037535	1984	1997	M. anisopliae	Species	5530

30857628|t|Insecticides induce the co-expression of glutathione S-transferases through ROS/CncC pathway in Spodoptera exigua.
30857628|a|Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are a family of multifunctional enzymes that are involved in detoxification of electrophilic toxic compounds. Although the co-induced expression of GST genes by insecticides in insects has been documented in recent years, the underlying regulatory mechanisms are not understood. In this study, a total of thirty-one cytosolic S. exigua GSTs (SeGSTs) was cloned and identified. The bioinformatics and gene expression patterns were also analyzed. Out of them, SeGSTe9, SeGSTs6, SeGSTe1, SeGSTe6, SeGSTe8, SeGSTe14, and SeGSTd1 were significantly co-expressed following exposure to three insecticides (lambda-cyhalothrin, chlorpyrifos and chlorantraniliprole). The analysis of upstream sequences revealed that all of these seven SeGSTs harbored CncC/Maf binding site. The luciferase reporter assay showed that the pGL3-SeGST promoter construct exhibited a significant increase in luciferase activities after exposure to insecticides, and mutation of CncC/Maf binding site diminish the induction effect. These data indicate that CncC/Maf pathway regulates the co-expression of GST genes in response to different insecticides in S. exigua. Insecticides significantly enhanced the ROS content and treatment with the ROS inhibitor N-acetylcysteine (NAC) decreased the insecticide-induced luciferase activities of the PGL3-GSTe6 promoter construct, but not the CncC-mutated construct. These results indicate that ROS mediates GST gene expression after exposure to insecticides through CncC/Maf pathway. Overall, these data show that insecticides induce the co-expression of glutathione S-transferases through the ROS/CncC pathway in S. exigua.
30857628	41	67	glutathione S-transferases	Gene
30857628	96	113	Spodoptera exigua	Species	7107
30857628	115	141	Glutathione S-transferases	Gene
30857628	143	147	GSTs	Gene
30857628	297	300	GST	Gene
30857628	475	484	S. exigua	Species	7107
30857628	485	489	GSTs	Gene
30857628	491	497	SeGSTs	Gene
30857628	607	614	SeGSTe9	Gene
30857628	616	623	SeGSTs6	Gene
30857628	625	632	SeGSTe1	Gene
30857628	634	641	SeGSTe6	Gene
30857628	643	650	SeGSTe8	Gene
30857628	652	660	SeGSTe14	Gene
30857628	666	673	SeGSTd1	Gene
30857628	748	766	lambda-cyhalothrin	Chemical	MESH:C037304
30857628	768	780	chlorpyrifos	Chemical	MESH:D004390
30857628	785	804	chlorantraniliprole	Chemical	MESH:C517733
30857628	875	881	SeGSTs	Gene
30857628	1222	1225	GST	Gene
30857628	1273	1282	S. exigua	Species	7107
30857628	1373	1389	N-acetylcysteine	Chemical	MESH:D000111
30857628	1391	1394	NAC	Chemical	MESH:C086501
30857628	1567	1570	GST	Gene
30857628	1715	1726	glutathione	Chemical	MESH:D005978
30857628	1727	1728	S	Chemical	MESH:D013455
30857628	1774	1783	S. exigua	Species	7107

30101471|t|Constitutive overexpression of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase genes contributes to chlorantraniliprole resistance in Chilo suppressalis (Walker).
30101471|a|BACKGROUND: The rice striped stem borer (SSB), Chilo suppressalis (Walker), which is one of the most economically important phytophagous pests, has developed resistance to multiple insecticides. The resistance of SSB against chlorantraniliprole has been investigated in detail. However, the mechanism of its metabolic resistance has rarely been studied. RESULTS: A field population from Wuhu City, China was used to establish chlorantraniliprole resistant and susceptible strains (WHR and WHS) by laboratory continuous selection. Enzyme activities data suggested the potential involvement of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase in WHR. CYP6CV5, CYP9A68, CYP321F3, and CYP324A12 were significantly overexpressed in WHR (from 4.48 to 44.88-fold). These four P450 genes were expressed in the late developmental stages of WHR; however, they were almost absent during the egg stage. In addition, their expressions were much more sensitive to chlorantraniliprole induction in WHR than in WHS. Injection of individual and mixture dsRNAs reduced the expression of the four target genes (55.2-73.2% and 43.2-50.2%, respectively) and caused significant larvae mortality (55.1-65.1% and 88.2%, respectively). CONCLUSION: Multiple overexpressed P450 genes were potentially associated with chlorantraniliprole resistance, as confirmed by the RNA interference (RNAi) assay. Our findings suggested that metabolic resistance to chlorantraniliprole might be mediated by P450s.    2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
30101471	31	60	cytochrome P450 monooxygenase	Gene
30101471	82	101	chlorantraniliprole	Chemical	MESH:C517733
30101471	116	134	Chilo suppressalis	Species	168631
30101471	161	165	rice	Species	4530
30101471	192	210	Chilo suppressalis	Species	168631
30101471	370	389	chlorantraniliprole	Chemical	MESH:C517733
30101471	571	590	chlorantraniliprole	Chemical	MESH:C517733
30101471	634	637	WHS	Disease	MESH:D054877
30101471	737	766	cytochrome P450 monooxygenase	Gene
30101471	775	782	CYP6CV5	Gene
30101471	784	791	CYP9A68	Gene
30101471	793	801	CYP321F3	Gene
30101471	807	816	CYP324A12	Gene
30101471	1076	1095	chlorantraniliprole	Chemical	MESH:C517733
30101471	1121	1124	WHS	Disease	MESH:D054877
30101471	1416	1435	chlorantraniliprole	Chemical	MESH:C517733
30101471	1551	1570	chlorantraniliprole	Chemical	MESH:C517733

30737958|t|Modular cis-regulatory logic of yellow gene expression in silkmoth larvae.
30737958|a|Colour patterns in butterflies and moths are crucial traits for adaptation. Previous investigations have highlighted genes responsible for pigmentation (ie yellow and ebony). However, the mechanisms by which these genes are regulated in lepidopteran insects remain poorly understood. To elucidate this, molecular studies involving dipterans have largely analysed the cis-regulatory regions of pigmentation genes and have revealed cis-regulatory modularity. Here, we used well-developed transgenic techniques in Bombyx mori and demonstrated that cis-regulatory modularity controls tissue-specific expression of the yellow gene. We first identified which body parts are regulated by the yellow gene via black pigmentation. We then isolated three discrete regulatory elements driving tissue-specific gene expression in three regions of B.  mori larvae. Finally, we found that there is no apparent sequence conservation of cis-regulatory regions between B.  mori and Drosophila melanogaster, and no expression driven by the regulatory regions of one species when introduced into the other species. Therefore, the trans-regulatory landscapes of the yellow gene differ significantly between the two taxa. The results of this study confirm that lepidopteran species use cis-regulatory modules to control gene expression related to pigmentation, and represent a powerful cadre of transgenic tools for studying evolutionary developmental mechanisms.
30737958	32	38	yellow	Gene
30737958	58	66	silkmoth	Species
30737958	231	237	yellow	Gene
30737958	242	247	ebony	Gene	100270765
30737958	586	597	Bombyx mori	Species	7091
30737958	689	695	yellow	Gene
30737958	760	766	yellow	Gene
30737958	908	915	B. mori	Species	7091
30737958	1024	1031	B. mori	Species	7091
30737958	1036	1059	Drosophila melanogaster	Species	7227
30737958	1217	1223	yellow	Gene

31207012|t|Targeting the potassium ion channel genes SK and SH as a novel approach for control of insect pests: efficacy and biosafety.
31207012|a|BACKGROUND: Potassium ion channels play a critical role in the generation of electrical signals and thus provide potential targets for control of insect pests by RNA interference. RESULTS: Genes encoding the small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (SK) and the voltage-gated potassium channel (SH) were knocked down in Tribolium castaneum by injection and oral delivery of dsRNA (dsTcSK and dsTcSH, respectively). Irrespective of the delivery mechanism a dose-dependent effect was observed for knockdown (KD) of gene expression and insect mortality for both genes. Larvae fed a 400   ng dsRNA   mg-1 diet showed significant gene (P   <   0.05) knockdown (98% and 83%) for SK and SH, respectively, with corresponding mortalities of 100% and 98% after 7  days. When injected (248.4  ng   larva-1 ), gene KD was 99% and 98% for SK and SH, causing 100% and 73.4% mortality, respectively. All developmental stages tested (larvae, early- and late-stage pupae and adults) showed an RNAi-sensitive response for both genes. LC50 values were lower for SK than SH, irrespective of delivery method, demonstrating that the knockdown of SK had a greater effect on larval mortality. Biosafety studies using adult honeybee Apis mellifera showed that there were no significant differences either in expression levels or mortality of honeybees orally dosed with dsTcSK and dsTcSH compared to control-fed bees. Similarly, there was no significant difference in the titre of deformed wing virus, used as a measure of immune suppression, between experimental and control bees. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the potential of using RNAi targeting neural receptors as a technology for the control of T. castaneum.    2019 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley _ Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
31207012	14	23	potassium	Chemical	MESH:D011188
31207012	42	44	SK	Gene
31207012	49	51	SH	Gene
31207012	137	146	Potassium	Chemical	MESH:D011188
31207012	333	386	small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel	Gene
31207012	388	390	SK	Gene
31207012	400	431	voltage-gated potassium channel	Gene
31207012	433	435	SH	Gene
31207012	458	477	Tribolium castaneum	Species	7070
31207012	807	809	SK	Gene
31207012	814	816	SH	Gene
31207012	957	959	SK	Gene
31207012	964	966	SH	Gene
31207012	1174	1176	SK	Gene
31207012	1182	1184	SH	Gene
31207012	1255	1257	SK	Gene
31207012	1330	1338	honeybee	Species	7460
31207012	1339	1353	Apis mellifera	Species	7460
31207012	1448	1457	honeybees	Species	7460
31207012	1518	1522	bees	Species	7460
31207012	1587	1606	deformed wing virus	Species	198112
31207012	1682	1686	bees	Species	7460
31207012	1814	1826	T. castaneum	Species	7070

30954218|t|Transcription factor E93 regulates wing development by directly promoting Dpp signaling in Drosophila.
30954218|a|Transcription factor E93 is a steroid hormone ecdysone early response gene and plays crucial roles in both the degradation of larval tissues and the formation of adult organs during insect metamorphosis with the prepupal-pupal-adult transition. However, the molecular mechanism underlying E93 regulation is poorly understood. In this study, we found that specific knockdown of the E93 gene in the Drosophila wing disrupted wing development. Analyzing ChIP-seq signals for E93 in Drosophila wing identified that the decapentaplegic (Dpp) gene was a potential downstream target of E93. ChIP-PCR analysis and dual-luciferase reporter assay confirmed that E93 could bind to the Dpp promoter and enhanced its activity. Furthermore, the expressions of Dpp and other components in the Dpp signaling pathway were upregulated following E93 overexpression in Drosophila S2 cells but were decreased after E93 knockdown in the wing. Moreover, the impairment of the Dpp signaling pathway phenocopied the defects of E93 knockdown on wing development. Taken together, our results suggest that E93 modulates the Dpp signaling pathway to regulate wing development during Drosophila metamorphosis.
30954218	21	24	E93	Gene	44936
30954218	74	77	Dpp	Gene	33432
30954218	91	101	Drosophila	Disease
30954218	124	127	E93	Gene	44936
30954218	133	140	steroid	Chemical	MESH:D013256
30954218	392	395	E93	Gene	44936
30954218	484	487	E93	Gene	44936
30954218	500	515	Drosophila wing	Disease	MESH:D008579
30954218	575	578	E93	Gene	44936
30954218	582	597	Drosophila wing	Disease	MESH:D008579
30954218	618	633	decapentaplegic	Gene
30954218	635	638	Dpp	Gene	33432
30954218	682	685	E93	Gene	44936
30954218	755	758	E93	Gene	44936
30954218	777	780	Dpp	Gene	33432
30954218	849	852	Dpp	Gene	33432
30954218	881	884	Dpp	Gene	33432
30954218	930	933	E93	Gene	44936
30954218	952	962	Drosophila	Disease
30954218	997	1000	E93	Gene	44936
30954218	1056	1059	Dpp	Gene	33432
30954218	1105	1108	E93	Gene	44936
30954218	1181	1184	E93	Gene	44936
30954218	1199	1202	Dpp	Gene	33432
30954218	1257	1281	Drosophila metamorphosis	Disease	MESH:C536351

29778903|t|Orcokinins regulate the expression of neuropeptide precursor genes related to ecdysis in the hemimetabolous insect Rhodnius prolixus.
29778903|a|Ecdysis is a vital process for insects, during which they shed the old cuticle in order to emerge as the following developmental stage. Given its relevance for survival and reproduction, ecdysis is tightly regulated by peptidic hormones that conform an interrelated neuromodulatory network. This network was studied in species that undergo a complete metamorphosis, but not in hemimetabola. In a recent work, we demonstrated that orcokinin neuropeptides are essential for ecdysis to occur in the kissing bug Rhodnius prolixus. Here we performed gene silencing, quantitative PCR and in vitro treatments in order to study the interrelationships between RhoprOKs and hormones such as ecdysis triggering hormone, corazonin, eclosion hormone, crustacean cardioactive peptide and ecdysone. Our results suggest that RhoprOKs directly or indirectly regulate the expression of other genes. Whereas RhoprOKA is centrally involved in the regulation of gene expression, RhoprOKB is implicated in processes related to midgut physiology. Therefore, we propose that the different transcripts encoded in RhoprOK gene could integrate signaling cues, in order to coordinate the nutritional state with development and ecdysis. Given the emerging data that point to OKs as important factors for survival and reproduction, they could be candidates in the search for new insect management strategies based on neuroendocrine targets.
29778903	0	10	Orcokinins	Gene
29778903	115	132	Rhodnius prolixus	Species	13249
29778903	485	498	metamorphosis	Disease	MESH:C536351
29778903	564	573	orcokinin	Chemical	MESH:C079067
29778903	630	641	kissing bug	Species	72491
29778903	642	659	Rhodnius prolixus	Species	13249
29778903	785	793	RhoprOKs	Gene
29778903	843	852	corazonin	Chemical	MESH:C060602
29778903	908	916	ecdysone	Chemical	MESH:D004440
29778903	943	951	RhoprOKs	Gene
29778903	1023	1031	RhoprOKA	Gene
29778903	1092	1100	RhoprOKB	Gene
29778903	1222	1229	RhoprOK	Gene
29778903	1380	1383	OKs	Gene

30904400|t|Use of tyrosine hydroxylase RNAi to study Megoura viciae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) sequestration of its host's l-DOPA for body melanism.
30904400|a|Melanism in insects is important for their physical protection, immunoreactions, and sclerotization. The vetch aphid, Megoura viciae (Buckton), has relatively strong tanning in its prothorax, head, antennae, cornicles, and legs. It was hypothesized that M. viciae may sequester the high level of l-DOPA in its host Vicia faba to help in its melanization process for ecological adaptation. To confirm this hypothesis, the amount of l-DOPA in M. viciae was modified and quantified. We first generated a Trifolium repens (clover, low l-DOPA containing) host to cut off the extra l-DOPA intake by M. viciae. The rate-limiting tyrosine hydroxylase gene of M. viciae (MV-TH) was then cloned and analyzed. To further reduce the l-DOPA level in the insect, RNAi was used to downregulate the transcriptional level of MV-TH. Our results confirmed that M. viciae could indeed sequester l-DOPA in its body, and its ample storage of this amino acid could be the reason for the strong tanning of its body. M. viciae reared on T. repens could upregulate its MV-TH to enhance l-DOPA biosynthesis and thus maintain a high level of l-DOPA. The MV-TH repression by RNAi lasted for about 3   days, successfully decreasing the l-DOPA level. Aside from a slight decrease in exuvia tanning, no other obvious change in body appearance was detected in the RNAi-treated insect. Although M. viciae can obtain most of its l-DOPA directly from its original host, its internal l-DOPA synthetase is still functional, especially when extra l-DOPA is removed from the diet. This capability to enhance its shield ensures the ecological adaptation of this insect.
30904400	7	15	tyrosine	Chemical
30904400	42	56	Megoura viciae	Species	112273
30904400	108	114	l-DOPA	Chemical	MESH:D007980
30904400	239	250	vetch aphid	Species	112273
30904400	252	266	Megoura viciae	Species	112273
30904400	388	397	M. viciae	Species	112273
30904400	430	436	l-DOPA	Chemical	MESH:D007980
30904400	449	459	Vicia faba	Species	3906
30904400	565	571	l-DOPA	Chemical	MESH:D007980
30904400	575	584	M. viciae	Species	112273
30904400	635	644	Trifolium	Chemical
30904400	665	671	l-DOPA	Chemical	MESH:D007980
30904400	710	716	l-DOPA	Chemical	MESH:D007980
30904400	727	736	M. viciae	Species	112273
30904400	756	781	tyrosine hydroxylase gene	Gene
30904400	785	794	M. viciae	Species	112273
30904400	796	801	MV-TH	Gene
30904400	855	861	l-DOPA	Chemical	MESH:D007980
30904400	942	947	MV-TH	Gene
30904400	976	985	M. viciae	Species	112273
30904400	1009	1015	l-DOPA	Chemical	MESH:D007980
30904400	1126	1135	M. viciae	Species	112273
30904400	1146	1155	T. repens	Species	3899
30904400	1177	1182	MV-TH	Gene
30904400	1194	1200	l-DOPA	Chemical	MESH:D007980
30904400	1248	1254	l-DOPA	Chemical	MESH:D007980
30904400	1260	1265	MV-TH	Gene
30904400	1338	1344	l-DOPA	Chemical	MESH:D007980
30904400	1494	1503	M. viciae	Species	112273
30904400	1526	1532	l-DOPA	Chemical	MESH:D007980
30904400	1579	1585	l-DOPA	Chemical	MESH:D007980
30904400	1640	1646	l-DOPA	Chemical	MESH:D007980

30593917|t|Bmo-miR-79 downregulates the expression of BmEm4 in the silkworm, Bombyx mori.
30593917|a|MicroRNA is an important regulation factor in insect development and metamorphosis. It has been reported that E(spl)m4 is a miRNA-targeted gene, as well as the target of the Notch signaling pathway in Drosophila. The expression of E(spl)m4 can be regulated by microRNA and further affect the neural development of Drosophila. Here, we found that BmEm4, an ortholog of E(spl)m4 from Bombyx mori, was the target gene of bmo-miR-79, with target sites containing the Brd and K boxes of the BmEm4_3'UTR, which was validated by the dual luciferase reporter (DLR) assay. Furthermore, bmo-miR-79 mimics can inhibit the expression of BmEm4 in BmN cells after transfection, and bmo-miR-79 can also inhibit the expression of BmEm4 in different developmental stages of Bombyx mori at a posttranscriptional level, to different degrees. The EMSA test further showed that bmo-miR-79 could bind to BmAGO2, which is the Bombyx mori argonaute2 protein, suggesting that bmo-miR-79 might regulate the expression of BmEm4 by forming miRISC complexes with BmAGO2. Taken together, bmo-miR-79 could regulate the expression of BmEm4 mediated by BmAGO2 and further affect its function in the silkworm Bombyx mori.
30593917	0	10	Bmo-miR-79	Gene	102466928
30593917	56	64	silkworm	Species	7091
30593917	66	77	Bombyx mori	Species	7091
30593917	148	161	metamorphosis	Disease	MESH:C536351
30593917	189	197	E(spl)m4	Gene	43157
30593917	310	318	E(spl)m4	Gene	43157
30593917	447	455	E(spl)m4	Gene	43157
30593917	461	472	Bombyx mori	Species	7091
30593917	497	507	bmo-miR-79	Gene	102466928
30593917	656	666	bmo-miR-79	Gene	102466928
30593917	747	757	bmo-miR-79	Gene	102466928
30593917	836	847	Bombyx mori	Species	7091
30593917	936	946	bmo-miR-79	Gene	102466928
30593917	961	967	BmAGO2	Gene	692544
30593917	982	993	Bombyx mori	Species	7091
30593917	994	1004	argonaute2	Gene	692544
30593917	1030	1040	bmo-miR-79	Gene	102466928
30593917	1113	1119	BmAGO2	Gene	692544
30593917	1137	1147	bmo-miR-79	Gene	102466928
30593917	1199	1205	BmAGO2	Gene	692544
30593917	1245	1253	silkworm	Species	7091
30593917	1254	1265	Bombyx mori	Species	7091

31096618|t|Identification and Expression Analysis of Four Small Heat Shock Protein Genes in Cigarette Beetle, Lasioderma serricorne (Fabricius).
31096618|a|Small heat shock proteins (sHsps) are molecular chaperones that play crucial roles in the stress adaption of insects. In this study, we identified and characterized four sHsp genes (LsHsp19.4, 20.2, 20.3, and 22.2) from the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne (Fabricius). The four cDNAs encoded proteins of 169, 180, 181, and 194 amino acids with molecular weights of 19.4, 20.2, 20.3, and 22.2 kDa, respectively. The four LsHsp sequences possessed a typical sHsp domain structure. Quantitative real-time PCR analyses revealed that LsHsp19.4 and 20.3 transcripts were most abundant in pupae, whereas the transcript levels of LsHsp20.2 and 22.2 were highest in adults. Transcripts of three LsHsp genes were highly expressed in the larval fat body, whereas LsHsp20.2 displayed an extremely high expression level in the gut. Expression of the four LsHsp genes was dramatically upregulated in larvae exposed to 20-hydroxyecdysone. The majority of the LsHsp genes were significantly upregulated in response to heat and cold treatments, while LsHsp19.4 was insensitive to cold stress. The four genes were upregulated when challenged by immune triggers (peptidoglycan isolated from Staphylococcus aureus and from Escherichia coli 0111:B4). Exposure to CO2 increased LsHsp20.2 and 20.3 transcript levels, but the LsHsp19.4 transcript level declined. The results suggest that different LsHsp genes play important and distinct regulatory roles in L. serricorne development and in response to diverse stresses.
31096618	53	71	Heat Shock Protein	Gene
31096618	81	97	Cigarette Beetle	Species	295660
31096618	99	120	Lasioderma serricorne	Species
31096618	161	166	sHsps	Gene
31096618	304	308	sHsp	Gene
31096618	316	325	LsHsp19.4	Gene
31096618	358	374	cigarette beetle	Species	295660
31096618	376	397	Lasioderma serricorne	Species
31096618	562	567	LsHsp	Gene
31096618	598	602	sHsp	Gene
31096618	671	680	LsHsp19.4	Gene
31096618	764	773	LsHsp20.2	Gene
31096618	828	833	LsHsp	Gene
31096618	894	903	LsHsp20.2	Gene
31096618	984	989	LsHsp	Gene
31096618	1046	1064	20-hydroxyecdysone	Chemical	MESH:D004441
31096618	1086	1091	LsHsp	Gene
31096618	1176	1185	LsHsp19.4	Gene
31096618	1314	1335	Staphylococcus aureus	Species	1280
31096618	1345	1361	Escherichia coli	Species	562
31096618	1384	1387	CO2	Chemical	MESH:D002245
31096618	1398	1407	LsHsp20.2	Gene
31096618	1444	1453	LsHsp19.4	Gene
31096618	1516	1521	LsHsp	Gene
31096618	1576	1589	L. serricorne	Species	295660

30735683|t|Domain structure and expression along the midgut and carcass of peritrophins and cuticle proteins analogous to peritrophins in insects with and without peritrophic membrane.
30735683|a|Most insects have a peritrophic membrane (matrix) (PM) surrounding the food bolus. This structure, similarly to the cuticle, is mainly composed of chitin and proteins. The main proteins forming PM are known as peritrophins (PMP), whereas some of the cuticle proteins are the cuticle proteins analogous to peritrophins (CPAP). Both proteins are composed of one or more chitin binding peritrophin-A domain (CBD) and no other recognized domain. Furthermore, insects containing PM usually have two chitin synthase (CS) genes, one mainly expressed in carcass and the other in midgut. In this work we identified PMP, CPAP and CS genes in the genome of insects from the Polyneoptera, Paraneoptera and Holometabola cohorts and analyzed their expression profile in different species from each group. In agreement with the absence of PM, we observed less CBD-containing proteins and only one CS gene in the genome of Paraneoptera species, except for the Phthiraptera Pediculus humanus. The lack of PM in Paraneoptera species was also confirmed by the micrographs of the midgut of two Hemiptera species, Dysdercus peruvianus and Mahanarva fimbriolata which agreed with the RNA-seq data of both species. Our analyses also highlighted a higher number of CBD-containing proteins in Holometabola in relation to the earlier divergent Polyneoptera group, especially regarding the genes composed of more than three CBDs, which are usually associated to PM formation. Finally, we observed a high number of CBD-containing proteins being expressed in both midgut and carcass tissues of several species, which we named as ubiquitous-CBD-containing proteins (UCBP), as their function is unclear. We hypothesized that these proteins can be involved in both cuticle and PM formation or that they can be involved in immune response and/or tracheolae formation.
30735683	64	76	peritrophins	Gene
30735683	81	97	cuticle proteins	Gene
30735683	111	123	peritrophins	Gene
30735683	384	396	peritrophins	Gene
30735683	398	401	PMP	Chemical	MESH:C048677
30735683	424	440	cuticle proteins	Gene
30735683	449	465	cuticle proteins	Gene
30735683	479	491	peritrophins	Gene
30735683	668	683	chitin synthase	Gene
30735683	685	687	CS	Gene
30735683	780	783	PMP	Chemical	MESH:C048677
30735683	794	796	CS	Gene
30735683	1019	1042	CBD-containing proteins	Gene
30735683	1056	1058	CS	Gene
30735683	1131	1148	Pediculus humanus	Species	121225
30735683	1267	1287	Dysdercus peruvianus	Species	685034
30735683	1292	1313	Mahanarva fimbriolata	Species	672148
30735683	1415	1438	CBD-containing proteins	Gene
30735683	1661	1684	CBD-containing proteins	Gene
30735683	1785	1808	CBD-containing proteins	Gene
30735683	1810	1814	UCBP	Gene

30230080|t|The function of spineless in antenna and wing development of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens.
30230080|a|A wide array of sensilla are distributed on insect antennae, and they play a variety of important roles. Rice planthoppers, destructive pests on rice, have a unique antenna sensilla structure called the 'sensory plaque organ'. The spineless (ss) gene encodes a bHLH-PAS transcription factor and plays a key role in antenna development. In the current study, a 3029 bp full-length cDNA of the Nilaparvata lugens ss gene (Nlss) was cloned, and it encodes 654 amino acid residues. The highest level of Nlss expression was detected in the thorax of fourth-instar nymphs. Knockdown of Nlss in nymphs led to a decrease in the number and size of plaque organs. Moreover, the flagella of the treated insects were poorly developed, wilted, and even dropped off from the pedicel. Nlss-knockdown also resulted in twisted wings in both long-winged and short-winged brown planthoppers. Y-type olfactometer analyses indicated that antenna defects originating from Nlss depletion resulted in less sensitivity to host volatiles. This study represents the first report of the characteristics and functions of Nlss in N.  lugens antenna and wing development and illuminates the function of the plaque organ of N.  lugens in host volatile perception.
30230080	16	25	spineless	Gene
30230080	65	82	brown planthopper	Species	108931
30230080	84	102	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
30230080	209	213	Rice	Species	4530
30230080	249	253	rice	Species	4530
30230080	335	344	spineless	Gene
30230080	346	348	ss	Gene
30230080	496	514	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
30230080	515	517	ss	Gene
30230080	524	528	Nlss	Gene
30230080	603	607	Nlss	Gene
30230080	684	688	Nlss	Gene
30230080	874	878	Nlss	Gene
30230080	957	975	brown planthoppers	Species	108931
30230080	1054	1058	Nlss	Gene
30230080	1196	1200	Nlss	Gene
30230080	1204	1213	N. lugens	Species	108931
30230080	1295	1304	N. lugens	Species	108931

30922828|t|The limpet transcription factors of Triatoma infestans regulate the response to fungal infection and modulate the expression pattern of defensin genes.
30922828|a|As part of the innate humoral response to microbial attack, insects activate the expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMP). Understanding the regulatory mechanisms of this response in the Chagas disease vector Triatoma infestans is important since biological control strategies against pyrethroid-resistant insect populations were recently addressed by using the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. By bioinformatics, gene expression, and silencing techniques in T. infestans nymphs, we achieved sequence and functional characterization of two variants of the limpet transcription factor (Tilimpet) and studied their role as regulators of the AMP expression, particularly defensins, in fungus-infected insects. We found that Tilimpet variants may act differentially since they have divergent sequences and different relative expression ratios, suggesting that Tilimpet-2 could be the main regulator of the higher expressed defensins and Tilimpet-1 might play a complementary or more general role. Also, the six defensins (Tidef-1 to Tidef-6) exhibited different expression levels in fungus-infected nymphs, consistent with their phylogenetic clustering. This study aims to contribute to a better understanding of T. infestans immune response in which limpet is involved, after challenge by B. bassiana infection.
30922828	4	10	limpet	Species	6465
30922828	36	54	Triatoma infestans	Species	30076
30922828	80	96	fungal infection	Disease	MESH:D009181
30922828	136	144	defensin	Gene
30922828	271	274	AMP	Chemical	MESH:D000249
30922828	363	381	Triatoma infestans	Species
30922828	439	449	pyrethroid	Chemical	MESH:D011722
30922828	540	558	Beauveria bassiana	Species	176275
30922828	624	636	T. infestans	Species	30076
30922828	721	727	limpet	Gene
30922828	750	758	Tilimpet	Gene
30922828	804	807	AMP	Chemical	MESH:D000249
30922828	833	842	defensins	Gene
30922828	847	862	fungus-infected	Disease	MESH:D009181
30922828	886	894	Tilimpet	Gene
30922828	1021	1029	Tilimpet	Gene
30922828	1084	1093	defensins	Chemical	MESH:D023082
30922828	1098	1106	Tilimpet	Gene
30922828	1172	1181	defensins	Gene
30922828	1183	1190	Tidef-1	Gene
30922828	1194	1201	Tidef-6	Gene
30922828	1244	1259	fungus-infected	Disease	MESH:D009181
30922828	1374	1386	T. infestans	Species	30076
30922828	1412	1418	limpet	Gene
30922828	1451	1462	B. bassiana	Species	176275

30270498|t|Hormonal control and target genes of ftz-f1 expression in the honeybee Apis mellifera: a positive loop linking juvenile hormone, ftz-f1, and vitellogenin.
30270498|a|Ftz-f1 is an orphan member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. A 20-hydroxyecdysone pulse allows ftz-f1 gene expression, which then regulates the activity of downstream genes involved in major developmental progression events. In honeybees, the expression of genes like vitellogenin (vg), prophenoloxidase and juvenile hormone-esterase during late pharate-adult development is known to be hormonally controlled in both queens and workers by increasing juvenile hormone (JH) titres in the presence of declining levels of ecdysteroids. Since Ftz-f1 is known for mediating intracellular JH signalling, we hypothesized that ftz-f1 could mediate JH action during the pharate-adult development of honeybees, thus controlling the expression of these genes. Here, we show that ftz-f1 has caste-specific transcription profiles during this developmental period, with a peak coinciding with the increase in JH titre, and that its expression is upregulated by JH and downregulated by ecdysteroids. RNAi-mediated knock down of ftz-f1 showed that the expression of genes essential for adult development (e.g. vg and cuticular genes) depends on ftz-f1 expression. Finally, a double-repressor hypothesis-inspired vg gene knock-down experiment suggests the existence of a positive molecular loop between JH, ftz-f1 and vg.
30270498	37	43	ftz-f1	Gene	726450
30270498	62	70	honeybee	Species	7460
30270498	71	85	Apis mellifera	Species	7460
30270498	129	135	ftz-f1	Gene	726450
30270498	141	153	vitellogenin	Gene	406088
30270498	155	161	Ftz-f1	Gene	726450
30270498	229	247	20-hydroxyecdysone	Chemical	MESH:D004441
30270498	261	267	ftz-f1	Gene	726450
30270498	394	403	honeybees	Species	7460
30270498	434	446	vitellogenin	Gene	406088
30270498	448	450	vg	Gene
30270498	453	469	prophenoloxidase	Gene	406155
30270498	474	499	juvenile hormone-esterase	Gene	406066
30270498	684	696	ecdysteroids	Chemical	MESH:D026461
30270498	704	710	Ftz-f1	Gene	726450
30270498	784	790	ftz-f1	Gene	726450
30270498	855	864	honeybees	Species	7460
30270498	933	939	ftz-f1	Gene	726450
30270498	1136	1148	ecdysteroids	Chemical	MESH:D026461
30270498	1178	1184	ftz-f1	Gene	726450
30270498	1259	1261	vg	Gene
30270498	1266	1281	cuticular genes	Gene
30270498	1294	1300	ftz-f1	Gene	726450
30270498	1361	1363	vg	Gene
30270498	1455	1461	ftz-f1	Gene	726450
30270498	1466	1468	vg	Gene

30765053|t|UDP-Glycosyltransferases are involved in imidacloprid resistance in the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Lividae).
30765053|a|UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs), as phase II detoxification enzymes, are widely distributed within living organisms and play vital roles in the biotransformation of endobiotics and xenobiotics in insects. Insects increase the expression of detoxification enzymes to cope with the stress of xenobiotics, including insecticides. However, the roles of UGTs in insecticide resistance are still seldom reported. In this study, two UGT inhibitors, namely, 5-nitrouracil and sulfinpyrazone, were found to synergistically increase the toxicity of imidacloprid in the resistant population of Diaphorina citri. Based on transcriptome data, a total of 17 putative UGTs were identified. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that fourteen of the 17 UGT genes were overexpressed in the resistant population relative to the susceptible population. Using RNA interference technology to knockdown six UGT genes, the results suggested that silencing the selected UGT375A1, UGT383A1, UGT383B1, and UGT384A1 genes dramatically increased the toxicity of imidacloprid in the resistant population. However, silencing the UGT362B1 and UGT379A1 genes did not result in a significant increase in the toxicity of imidacloprid in the resistant population. These findings revealed that some upregulated UGT genes were involved in imidacloprid resistance in D. citri. These results shed some light upon and further our understanding of the mechanisms of insecticide resistance in insects.
30765053	0	24	UDP-Glycosyltransferases	Gene
30765053	41	53	imidacloprid	Chemical	MESH:C082359
30765053	72	92	Asian citrus psyllid	Species	121845
30765053	94	110	Diaphorina citri	Species	121845
30765053	133	157	UDP-glycosyltransferases	Gene
30765053	159	163	UGTs	Gene
30765053	482	486	UGTs	Gene
30765053	559	562	UGT	Gene
30765053	583	596	5-nitrouracil	Chemical	MESH:C057449
30765053	601	615	sulfinpyrazone	Chemical	MESH:D013442
30765053	660	668	toxicity	Disease	MESH:D064420
30765053	672	684	imidacloprid	Chemical	MESH:C082359
30765053	716	732	Diaphorina citri	Species	121845
30765053	786	790	UGTs	Gene
30765053	866	869	UGT	Gene
30765053	1014	1017	UGT	Gene
30765053	1075	1083	UGT375A1	Gene
30765053	1085	1093	UGT383A1	Gene
30765053	1095	1103	UGT383B1	Gene
30765053	1109	1117	UGT384A1	Gene
30765053	1151	1159	toxicity	Disease	MESH:D064420
30765053	1163	1175	imidacloprid	Chemical	MESH:C082359
30765053	1228	1236	UGT362B1	Gene
30765053	1241	1249	UGT379A1	Gene
30765053	1304	1312	toxicity	Disease	MESH:D064420
30765053	1316	1328	imidacloprid	Chemical	MESH:C082359
30765053	1404	1407	UGT	Gene
30765053	1431	1443	imidacloprid	Chemical	MESH:C082359
30765053	1458	1466	D. citri	Species	121845

30776419|t|Microplitis bicoloratus bracovirus modulates innate immune suppression through the eIF4E-eIF4A axis in the insect Spodoptera litura.
30776419|a|Eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) is regulated during the innate immune response. However, its translational regulation under innate immune suppression remains largely unexplored. Microplitis bicoloratus bracovirus (MbBV), a symbiotic virus harbored by the parasitoid wasp, Microplitis bicoloratus, suppresses innate immunity in parasitized Spodoptera litura. Here, we generated eIF4E dsRNA and used it to silence the eIF4E gene of S. litura, resulting in a hallmark immunosuppressive phenotype characterized by increased apoptosis of hemocytes and retardation of head capsule width development. In response to natural parasitism, loss of eIF4E function was associated with similar immunosuppression, and we detected no significant differences between the response to parasitism and treatment with eIF4E RNAi. Under MbBV infection, eIF4E overexpression significantly suppressed MbBV-induced increase in apoptosis and suppressed apoptosis to the same extent as co-expression of both eIF4E and eIF4A. There were no significant differences between MbBV-infected and uninfected larvae in which eIF4E was overexpressed. More importantly, in the eIF4E RNAi strain, eIF4A RNAi did not increase apoptosis. Collectively, our results indicate that eIF4E plays a nodal role in the MbBV-suppressed innate immune response via the eIF4E-eIF4A axis.
30776419	0	34	Microplitis bicoloratus bracovirus	Species	359323
30776419	83	88	eIF4E	Gene
30776419	89	94	eIF4A	Gene
30776419	114	131	Spodoptera litura	Species	69820
30776419	133	164	Eukaryotic initiation factor 4E	Gene
30776419	166	171	eIF4E	Gene
30776419	319	353	Microplitis bicoloratus bracovirus	Species	359323
30776419	355	359	MbBV	Species	359323
30776419	413	436	Microplitis bicoloratus	Species	359321
30776419	480	497	Spodoptera litura	Species	69820
30776419	518	523	eIF4E	Gene
30776419	557	562	eIF4E	Gene
30776419	571	580	S. litura	Species	69820
30776419	597	623	hallmark immunosuppressive	Disease	MESH:C535460
30776419	688	699	retardation	Disease	MESH:D008607
30776419	758	768	parasitism	Disease	MESH:D010272
30776419	778	783	eIF4E	Gene
30776419	907	917	parasitism	Disease	MESH:D010272
30776419	937	942	eIF4E	Gene
30776419	955	959	MbBV	Species	359323
30776419	960	969	infection	Disease	MESH:D007239
30776419	971	976	eIF4E	Gene
30776419	1017	1021	MbBV	Species	359323
30776419	1121	1126	eIF4E	Gene
30776419	1131	1136	eIF4A	Gene
30776419	1184	1188	MbBV	Species	359323
30776419	1229	1234	eIF4E	Gene
30776419	1279	1284	eIF4E	Gene
30776419	1298	1303	eIF4A	Gene
30776419	1377	1382	eIF4E	Gene
30776419	1409	1413	MbBV	Species	359323
30776419	1456	1461	eIF4E	Gene
30776419	1462	1467	eIF4A	Gene

29203177|t|Characterisation, analysis of expression and localisation of the opsin gene repertoire from the perspective of photoperiodism in the aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum.
29203177|a|Organisms exhibit a wide range of seasonal responses as adaptions to predictable annual changes in their environment. These changes are originally caused by the effect of the Earth's cycles around the sun and its axial tilt. Examples of seasonal responses include floration, migration, reproduction and diapause. In temperate climate zones, the most robust variable to predict seasons is the length of the day (i.e. the photoperiod). The first step to trigger photoperiodic driven responses involves measuring the duration of the light-dark phases, but the molecular clockwork performing this task is poorly characterized. Photopigments such as opsins are known to participate in light perception, being part of the machinery in charge of providing information about the luminous state of the surroundings. Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) are paradigmatic photoperiodic insects, exhibiting a strong induction to diapause when the light regime mimics autumn conditions. The availability of the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) genome has facilitated molecular approaches to understand the effect of light stimulus in the photoperiodic induction process. We have identified, experimentally validated and characterized the expression of the full opsin gene repertoire in the pea aphid. Among identified opsin genes in A. pisum, arthropsin is absent in most insects sequenced to date (except for dragonflies and two other hemipterans) but also present in a crustacean, an onychophoran and chelicerates. We have quantified the expression of these genes in aphids exposed to different photoperiodic conditions and at different times of the day and localized their transcripts in the aphid brain. Clear differences in expression patterns were found, thus relating opsin expression with the photoperiodic response.
29203177	65	70	opsin	Gene
29203177	139	158	Acyrthosiphon pisum	Species
29203177	805	811	opsins	Gene
29203177	1151	1160	pea aphid	Species	7029
29203177	1162	1181	Acyrthosiphon pisum	Species	7029
29203177	1400	1405	opsin	Gene
29203177	1429	1438	pea aphid	Species	7029
29203177	1457	1462	opsin	Gene
29203177	1472	1480	A. pisum	Species	7029
29203177	1482	1492	arthropsin	Gene
29203177	1914	1919	opsin	Gene

28657684|t|karmoisin and cardinal ortholog genes participate in the ommochrome synthesis of Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae).
28657684|a|Ommochrome is the major source for eye coloration of all insect species so far examined. Phenoxazinone synthetase (PHS) has always been regarded as the terminal step enzyme for ommochrome formation, which is encoded by cardinal or karmoisin genes. Our previous study indicated that the karmoisin ortholog gene (Nl-karmoisin) product in the brown planthopper (BPH) was a monocarboxylate transporter, while not a PHS. Here, based on full-length complementary DNA, the cardinal ortholog gene in BPH (Nl-cardinal) product was predicted to be a haem peroxidase rather than a PHS. We suggest for the first time that neither karmoisin nor cardinal encodes the PHS, but whether PHS participates in BPH eye pigmentation needs further research. Nymphal RNA interference (RNAi) experiments showed that knockdown Nl-cardinal transcript led the BPH ocelli and compound eye to color change from brown to red, while knockdown Nl-karmoisin only made the ocelli present the red phenotype. Notably, not only the Nl-cardinal transcript, dscd injection (Nl-cardinal targeting double-stranded DNA (dsRNA)) also significantly reduced the Nl-karmoisin transcript by 33.7%, while dska (Nl-karmoisin targeting dsRNA) injection did not significantly change the Nl-cardinal transcript. Considering the above RNAi and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction results, we propose that Nl-cardinal plays a more important role in ommochrome synthesis than Nl-karmoisin, and it may be an upstream gene of Nl-karmoisin. The present study suggested that both karmoisin and cardinal ortholog genes play a role in ommochrome synthesis in a hemimetabolous insect.
28657684	0	9	karmoisin	Gene
28657684	14	22	cardinal	Gene
28657684	81	99	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
28657684	215	228	Phenoxazinone	Chemical	MESH:C020456
28657684	345	353	cardinal	Gene
28657684	357	366	karmoisin	Gene
28657684	412	421	karmoisin	Gene
28657684	437	449	Nl-karmoisin	Gene
28657684	466	483	brown planthopper	Species	108931
28657684	485	488	BPH	Species	108931
28657684	496	511	monocarboxylate	Chemical	MESH:C434677
28657684	592	600	cardinal	Gene
28657684	618	621	BPH	Species	108931
28657684	623	634	Nl-cardinal	Gene
28657684	744	753	karmoisin	Gene
28657684	758	766	cardinal	Gene
28657684	816	836	BPH eye pigmentation	Disease	MESH:D010859
28657684	927	938	Nl-cardinal	Gene
28657684	958	961	BPH	Species	108931
28657684	1037	1049	Nl-karmoisin	Gene
28657684	1120	1131	Nl-cardinal	Gene
28657684	1160	1171	Nl-cardinal	Gene
28657684	1242	1254	Nl-karmoisin	Gene
28657684	1288	1300	Nl-karmoisin	Gene
28657684	1361	1372	Nl-cardinal	Gene
28657684	1493	1501	cardinal	Gene
28657684	1559	1571	Nl-karmoisin	Gene
28657684	1607	1619	Nl-karmoisin	Gene
28657684	1659	1668	karmoisin	Gene
28657684	1673	1681	cardinal	Gene

31026441|t|A trypsin inhibitor-like protein secreted by Cotesia vestalis teratocytes inhibits hemolymph prophenoloxidase activation of Plutella xylostella.
31026441|a|To establish successful infections, endoparasitoid wasps must develop strategies to evade immune responses of the host. Here, we identified and characterized a teratocytes-expressed gene encoding a trypsin inhibitor-like protein containing a cysteine-rich domain from Cotesia vestalis, CvT-TIL. CvT-TIL had a high expression level during the later developmental stage of teratocytes and was secreted into host hemolymph. Further experiments showed CvT-TIL strongly suppressed the prophenoloxidase activation of host hemolymph in a dose-dependent manner by interacting with PxPAP3 of PO cascade. Our results not only provide evidence for an inhibition between CvT-TIL gene and the host's melanization activity, but also expand our knowledge about the mechanisms by which parasitoids regulate humoral immunity of the host.
31026441	2	32	trypsin inhibitor-like protein	Gene
31026441	45	61	Cotesia vestalis	Species	217443
31026441	124	143	Plutella xylostella	Species	51655
31026441	343	373	trypsin inhibitor-like protein	Gene
31026441	387	395	cysteine	Chemical	MESH:D003545
31026441	413	429	Cotesia vestalis	Species	217443
31026441	431	438	CvT-TIL	Gene
31026441	440	447	CvT-TIL	Gene
31026441	593	600	CvT-TIL	Gene
31026441	804	811	CvT-TIL	Gene

30536703|t|Insulin-like peptides of the legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata, and their mediation effects on hemolymph trehalose level, larval development, and adult reproduction.
30536703|a|Insulin-like peptides (ILPs) of insects mediate various physiological processes including hemolymph sugar level, immature growth, female reproduction, and lifespan. In target cells of ILPs, insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS) is highly conserved in animals. IIS in the legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), is known to be involved in maintaining hemolymph trehalose levels and promoting larval growth. However, ILPs in M. vitrata have not been reported yet. This study predicted two ILP genes of Mv-ILP1 and Mv-ILP2 from transcriptome of M. vitrata. Mv-ILP1 and Mv-ILP2 shared high sequence homologies and domain architecture with Drosophila ILPs. Both ILPs exhibited similar expression patterns in most developmental stages, showing high expression levels in adult stage. In the larval stage, Mv-ILP1 and Mv-IlP2 were expressed mostly in the brain and fat body. However, in the adult stage, both ILP genes were expressed more in the abdomen than those in the head containing the brain. RNA interference (RNAi) of either Mv-ILP1 or Mv-ILP2 during larval stage resulted in significant malfunctioning in regulating hemolymph trehalose titers. RNAi-treated larvae also exhibited significant retardation of larval growth. RNAi treatment in adult stage interfered with the ovarian development of females. These results suggest that Mv-ILP1 and Mv-ILP2 play crucial roles in mediating larval growth and adult reproduction.
30536703	0	20	Insulin-like peptide	Gene
30536703	47	61	Maruca vitrata	Species	497515
30536703	104	113	trehalose	Chemical	MESH:D014199
30536703	188	191	ILP	Gene
30536703	265	270	sugar	Chemical	MESH:D002241
30536703	467	481	Maruca vitrata	Species	497515
30536703	557	566	trehalose	Chemical	MESH:D014199
30536703	620	630	M. vitrata	Species	497515
30536703	684	687	ILP	Gene
30536703	700	704	ILP1	Gene	39149
30536703	712	716	ILP2	Gene
30536703	739	749	M. vitrata	Species	497515
30536703	754	758	ILP1	Gene	39149
30536703	766	770	ILP2	Gene
30536703	832	847	Drosophila ILPs	Disease
30536703	998	1002	ILP1	Gene	39149
30536703	1010	1014	IlP2	Gene
30536703	1098	1101	ILP	Gene
30536703	1225	1229	ILP1	Gene	39149
30536703	1236	1240	ILP2	Gene
30536703	1324	1333	trehalose	Chemical	MESH:D014199
30536703	1389	1400	retardation	Disease	MESH:D008607
30536703	1531	1535	ILP1	Gene	39149
30536703	1543	1547	ILP2	Gene

29465791|t|Identification and functional analysis of a novel chorion protein essential for egg maturation in the brown planthopper.
29465791|a|In insect eggs, the chorion has the essential function of protecting the embryo from external agents during development while allowing gas exchange for respiration. In this study, we found a novel gene, Nilaparvata lugens chorion protein (NlChP), that is involved in chorion formation in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. NlChP was highly expressed in the follicular cells of female adult brown  planthoppers. Knockdown of NlChP resulted in oocyte malformation and the inability to perform oviposition, and electron microscopy showed that the malformed oocytes had thin and rough endochorion layers compared to the control group. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry analysis of the eggshell components revealed four unique peptides that were matched to NlChP. Our results demonstrate that NlChP is a novel chorion protein essential for egg maturation in N.  lugens, a hemipteran insect with telotrophic meroistic ovaries. NlChP may be a potential target in RNA interference-based insect pest management.
29465791	50	65	chorion protein	Gene
29465791	102	119	brown planthopper	Species	108931
29465791	324	342	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
29465791	343	358	chorion protein	Gene
29465791	360	365	NlChP	Gene
29465791	413	430	brown planthopper	Species	108931
29465791	432	450	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
29465791	452	457	NlChP	Gene
29465791	519	537	brown planthoppers	Species	108931
29465791	552	557	NlChP	Gene
29465791	898	903	NlChP	Gene
29465791	934	939	NlChP	Gene
29465791	951	966	chorion protein	Gene
29465791	999	1008	N. lugens	Species	108931
29465791	1035	1064	telotrophic meroistic ovaries	Disease	MESH:D010051
29465791	1066	1071	NlChP	Gene

29797492|t|The regulation of three new members of the cytochrome P450 CYP6 family and their promoters in the cotton aphid Aphis gossypii by plant allelochemicals.
29797492|a|BACKGROUND: The expression of P450 genes in insects can be induced by plant allelochemicals. To understand the induction mechanisms, we measured the expression profiles of three P450 genes and their promoter activities under the induction of plant allelochemicals. RESULTS: The inducible expression of CYP6CY19 was the highest among three genes, followed by those of CYP6CY22 and CYP6DA1. The regions from -687 to +586 bp of CYP6DA1, from -666 to +140 bp of CYP6CY19 and from -530 to +218 bp of CYP6CY22 were essential for basal transcriptional activity. The cis-elements for plant allelochemicals induction were identified between -193 and +56 bp of CYP6DA1, between -157 and +140 bp of CYP6CY19 and between -108 and +218 bp of CYP6CY22. These promoter regions were found to contain a potential aryl hydrocarbon receptor element binding site with a conservative sequence motif 5'-C/TAC/ANCA/CA-3'. All these four plant allelochemicals were able to induce the expression of these P450 genes. Tannic acid had a better inductive effect than other three plant allelochemicals. CONCLUSIONS: Our study identified the plant allelochemical responsive cis-elements. This provides further research targets aimed at understanding the regulatory mechanisms of P450 genes expression and their interactions with plant allelochemicals in insect pests.    2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
29797492	43	58	cytochrome P450	Gene
29797492	59	63	CYP6	Gene
29797492	98	110	cotton aphid	Species	80765
29797492	111	125	Aphis gossypii	Species	80765
29797492	182	186	P450	Gene
29797492	330	334	P450	Gene
29797492	454	462	CYP6CY19	Gene
29797492	519	527	CYP6CY22	Gene
29797492	532	539	CYP6DA1	Gene
29797492	577	584	CYP6DA1	Gene
29797492	610	618	CYP6CY19	Gene
29797492	647	655	CYP6CY22	Gene
29797492	803	810	CYP6DA1	Gene
29797492	840	848	CYP6CY19	Gene
29797492	881	889	CYP6CY22	Gene
29797492	948	964	aryl hydrocarbon	Chemical	MESH:D006838
29797492	1132	1136	P450	Gene
29797492	1144	1155	Tannic acid	Chemical	MESH:D000596
29797492	1401	1405	P450	Gene

28730637|t|Identification and functional characterization of an odorant receptor in pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum.
28730637|a|The sensitive olfactory system is necessary for survival of insects. Odorant receptors (ORs) are located on the dendrites of olfactory receptor neurons and play a critical role in odor detection. Insect ORs are functionally analyzed via heterologous expression in a Xenopus oocyte system using a two-electrode voltage-clamp (TEVC) electrophysiological recording. Here, we have identified a novel OR in the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, then we cloned and named it ApisOR4. We analyzed the ApisOR4 tissue expression patterns and found expression only in antennae tissues. Further functional analysis using TEVC revealed that ApisOR4 is broadly tuned to eight volatiles, which elicit electrophysiological response in pea aphid antennae. This study provides an initial functional analysis of aphid ORs and identifies candidate volatiles to be used in developing new strategies for aphid control.
28730637	53	69	odorant receptor	Gene
28730637	73	82	pea aphid	Species	7029
28730637	84	103	Acyrthosiphon pisum	Species	7029
28730637	174	191	Odorant receptors	Gene
28730637	193	195	OR	Gene
28730637	308	311	ORs	Gene
28730637	371	378	Xenopus	Species	8355
28730637	501	503	OR	Gene
28730637	511	520	pea aphid	Species	7029
28730637	522	541	Acyrthosiphon pisum	Species	7029
28730637	571	578	ApisOR4	Gene
28730637	596	603	ApisOR4	Gene
28730637	731	738	ApisOR4	Gene
28730637	822	831	pea aphid	Species	7029
28730637	902	905	ORs	Gene

19542205|t|Large gene family expansions and adaptive evolution for odorant and gustatory receptors in the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum.
19542205|a|Gaining insight into the mechanisms of chemoreception in aphids is of primary importance for both integrative studies on the evolution of host plant specialization and applied research in pest control management because aphids rely on their sense of smell and taste to locate and assess their host plants. We made use of the recent genome sequence of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, to address the molecular characterization and evolution of key molecular components of chemoreception: the odorant (Or) and gustatory (Gr) receptor genes. We identified 79 Or and 77 Gr genes in the pea aphid genome and showed that most of them are aphid-specific genes that have undergone recent and rapid expansion in the genome. By addressing selection within sets of paralogous Or and Gr expansions, for the first time in an insect species, we show that the most recently duplicated loci have evolved under positive selection, which might be related to the high degree of ecological specialization of this species. Although more functional studies are still needed for insect chemoreceptors, we provide evidence that Grs and Ors have different sets of positively selected sites, suggesting the possibility that these two gene families might have different binding pockets and bind structurally distinct classes of ligand. The pea aphid is the most basal insect species with a completely sequenced genome to date. The identification of chemoreceptor genes in this species is a key step toward further exploring insect comparative genetics, the genomics of ecological specialization and speciation, and new pest control strategies.
19542205	68	87	gustatory receptors	Gene
19542205	95	104	pea aphid	Species	7029
19542205	106	125	Acyrthosiphon pisum	Species	7029
19542205	482	491	pea aphid	Species	7029
19542205	493	512	Acyrthosiphon pisum	Species	7029
19542205	630	632	Or	Gene
19542205	649	651	Gr	Gene
19542205	686	688	Or	Gene
19542205	696	698	Gr	Gene
19542205	712	721	pea aphid	Species	7029
19542205	895	897	Or	Gene
19542205	902	904	Gr	Gene
19542205	1443	1452	pea aphid	Species	7029

30947109|t|Over expression of bmo-miR-2819 suppresses BmNPV replication by regulating the BmNPV ie-1 gene in Bombyx mori.
30947109|a|Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) is a major pathogen that threatens the growth and sustainability of the sericulture industry. Accumulating studies in recent years suggest that insect viruses infection can change the host microRNAs (miRNAs) expression profile and both cellular and viral miRNAs play roles in host-pathogen interactions. Until now, the functional analysis of miRNA encoded by silkworm for host-virus interaction is limited. In this study, we validate the down-regulation of bmo-miR-2819 upon BmNPV infection by qRT-PCR and confirm the BmNPV immediately early 1 gene, ie-1 is one of the targets for bmo-miR-2819 based on the results of dual luciferase report assay. Overexpression of bmo-miR-2819 can significantly decline the abundance of IE-1 protein level in BmNPV-infected silkworm larvae. Further, the expression level of polyhedrin gene and VP39 protein of BmNPV in the infected larvae after applying bmo-miR-2819 mimics was significantly decreased comparing with that of larvae with mimic control. Our results suggest that overexpression of bmo-miR-2819 could suppress BmNPV replication by down-regulating the expression of BmNPV ie-1 gene, which demonstrate that cellular miRNAs could affect virus infection by regulating the expression of virus genes.
30947109	19	31	bmo-miR-2819	Gene
30947109	43	48	BmNPV	Species	271108
30947109	79	84	BmNPV	Species	271108
30947109	85	89	ie-1	Gene	1488755
30947109	98	109	Bombyx mori	Species	7091
30947109	111	143	Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus	Species	271108
30947109	145	150	BmNPV	Species	271108
30947109	511	519	silkworm	Species	7091
30947109	609	621	bmo-miR-2819	Gene
30947109	627	632	BmNPV	Species	271108
30947109	670	675	BmNPV	Species	271108
30947109	702	706	ie-1	Gene	1488755
30947109	733	745	bmo-miR-2819	Gene
30947109	818	830	bmo-miR-2819	Gene
30947109	874	878	IE-1	Gene	1488755
30947109	896	901	BmNPV	Species	271108
30947109	911	919	silkworm	Species	7091
30947109	961	971	polyhedrin	Chemical
30947109	981	985	VP39	Gene	1488704
30947109	997	1002	BmNPV	Species	271108
30947109	1041	1053	bmo-miR-2819	Gene
30947109	1182	1194	bmo-miR-2819	Gene
30947109	1210	1215	BmNPV	Species	271108
30947109	1265	1270	BmNPV	Species	271108
30947109	1271	1275	ie-1	Gene	1488755

30822409|t|The expression of cockroach insulin-like peptides is differentially regulated by physiological conditions and affected by compensatory regulation.
30822409|a|In insects, the insulin receptor (InR) pathway is involved in regulating key physiological processes, including juvenile hormone (JH) synthesis, vitellogenin production, and oocyte growth. This raises the question about which ligand (or ligands) binds to InR to trigger the above effects. We have cloned seven insulin-like peptides (BgILP1 to 7) from female Blattella germanica cockroaches and found that the brain expresses BgILP1 to 6, the fat body BgILP7, and the ovary BgILP2. Starvation induces the reduction of BgILP3, 5, and 6 mRNA levels in the brain, and the various BgILPs are differentially expressed during the gonadotrophic cycle. In addition, by knocking down the BgILPs we were able to identify compensatory regulation at transcriptional level between the different BgILPs, although none of the BgILP knockdown assays, including the knockdown of the seven BgILPs, produced the same phenotypes that we achieved by depleting InR. Taken together, the results indicate that B. germanica ILPs are differentially expressed in tissues and in response to physiological conditions, and that they are affected by compensatory regulation.
30822409	18	27	cockroach	Species
30822409	28	49	insulin-like peptides	Gene
30822409	457	478	insulin-like peptides	Gene
30822409	480	486	BgILP1	Gene
30822409	487	491	to 7	Species	1214577
30822409	505	524	Blattella germanica	Species
30822409	525	536	cockroaches	Disease
30822409	572	578	BgILP1	Gene
30822409	598	604	BgILP7	Gene
30822409	620	626	BgILP2	Gene
30822409	664	670	BgILP3	Gene
30822409	723	728	BgILP	Gene
30822409	957	962	BgILP	Gene
30822409	1132	1144	B. germanica	Species	6973

30352205|t|Identification, characterization and expression analysis of Anopheles stephensi double peroxidase.
30352205|a|Peroxidases catalyze the reduction of peroxides and that, in turn, oxidize various substrates. They have been widely reported to play an important role in mosquito innate immunity against various pathogens. Here, we have characterized double heme peroxidase (AsDBLOX) gene from the Indian malaria vector Anopheles stephensi. It is a true ortholog of An. gambiae DBLOX. This 4209 bp AsDBLOX gene encodes for a protein of 1402 amino acids that has two duplicated peroxidase domains, domain I (from amino acid 61 to 527) and domain II (from amino acid 714 to 1252). The first domain has only substrate binding sites and lacks all other motifs of a functional heme peroxidase (e.g. heme binding site, calcium binding site and homodimer interface). Instead, it has two integrin binding motifs-LDV (Leu-Asp-Val) and RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp). The second peroxidase domain, however, has all the features of a complete heme peroxidase along with an integrin binding motif LDI (Leu-Asp-Ile). Thus, AsDBLOX gene is a unique type of peroxinectin as these groups of proteins are characterized by integrin binding motifs along with a heme peroxidase domain. We also observed that the AsDBLOX gene is expressed in all the life cycle stages of mosquito and is highly induced in the pupal stage of development which indicates its possible role in development.
30352205	60	79	Anopheles stephensi	Species	30069
30352205	137	146	peroxides	Chemical	MESH:D010545
30352205	334	356	double heme peroxidase	Gene
30352205	358	365	AsDBLOX	Gene
30352205	388	395	malaria	Disease	MESH:D008288
30352205	403	422	Anopheles stephensi	Species	30069
30352205	449	460	An. gambiae	Species	7165
30352205	461	466	DBLOX	Gene
30352205	481	488	AsDBLOX	Gene
30352205	755	759	heme	Chemical	MESH:D006418
30352205	777	781	heme	Chemical	MESH:D006418
30352205	796	803	calcium	Chemical	MESH:D002118
30352205	892	903	Leu-Asp-Val	Chemical	MESH:C090763
30352205	914	925	Arg-Gly-Asp	Chemical	MESH:C047981
30352205	1002	1006	heme	Chemical	MESH:D006418
30352205	1060	1071	Leu-Asp-Ile	Chemical	MESH:C061058
30352205	1080	1087	AsDBLOX	Gene
30352205	1212	1216	heme	Chemical	MESH:D006418
30352205	1262	1269	AsDBLOX	Gene

30578597|t|Identification and RNAi-based function analysis of chitinase family genes in diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella.
30578597|a|BACKGROUND: Insect chitinases play a vital part in chitin degradation in exoskeletons and gut linings during the molting process, therefore are considered as the potential targets for new insecticide design or RNA interference (RNAi) based pest management. The systematic function analysis of chitinase genes have already been well conducted in several insect pests, but still absent in Plutella xylostella. RESULTS: In the present study, 13 full-length chitinase transcripts were obtained in P. xylostella. Developmental and tissue-specific expression pattern analysis revealed that seven chitinase transcripts were periodically expressed during molting stage and mainly expressed in the integument or midgut, including PxCht3, PxCht5, PxCht6-2, PxCht7, PxCht8, PxCht10 and PxCht-h. RNAi-mediated knockdown of these specific expressed genes revealed that PxCht5 and PxCht10 were essential in larval molting, pupation and eclosion, and PxCht7 was indispensable only in eclosion; No significant effects were observed on insect survival or normal development when the rest chitinase transcripts were suppressed by RNAi. CONCLUSION: Our results indicated the function of P. xylostella chitinase family genes during the molting process, and may provide potential targets for RNAi-based management of P. xylostella. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
30578597	51	60	chitinase	Gene
30578597	77	93	diamondback moth	Species	51655
30578597	95	114	Plutella xylostella	Species	51655
30578597	409	418	chitinase	Gene
30578597	503	522	Plutella xylostella	Species	51655
30578597	570	579	chitinase	Gene
30578597	609	622	P. xylostella	Species	51655
30578597	706	715	chitinase	Gene
30578597	837	843	PxCht3	Gene
30578597	845	851	PxCht5	Gene
30578597	853	861	PxCht6-2	Gene
30578597	863	869	PxCht7	Gene
30578597	871	877	PxCht8	Gene
30578597	879	886	PxCht10	Gene
30578597	972	978	PxCht5	Gene
30578597	1052	1058	PxCht7	Gene
30578597	1187	1196	chitinase	Gene
30578597	1284	1297	P. xylostella	Species	51655
30578597	1298	1307	chitinase	Gene
30578597	1412	1425	P. xylostella	Species	51655

27417424|t|Identification of the chitinase genes from the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella.
27417424|a|UNASSIGNED: Chitinases have an indispensable function in chitin metabolism and are well characterized in numerous insect species. Although the diamondback moth (DBM) Plutella xylostella, which has a high reproductive potential, short generation time, and characteristic adaptation to adverse environments, has become one of the most serious pests of cruciferous plants worldwide, the information on the chitinases of the moth is presently limited. In the present study, using degenerated polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends-PCR strategies, four chitinase genes of P. xylostella were cloned, and an exhaustive search was conducted for chitinase-like sequences from the P. xylostella genome and transcriptomic database. Based on the domain analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences and the phylogenetic analysis of the catalytic domain sequences, we identified 15 chitinase genes from P. xylostella. Two of the gut-specific chitinases did not cluster with any of the known phylogenetic groups of chitinases and might be in a new group of the chitinase family. Moreover, in our study, group VIII chitinase was not identified. The structures, classifications and expression patterns of the chitinases of P. xylostella were further delineated, and with this information, further investigations on the functions of chitinase genes in DBM could be facilitated.
27417424	22	31	chitinase	Gene
27417424	47	63	diamondback moth	Species	51655
27417424	65	84	Plutella xylostella	Species	51655
27417424	229	245	diamondback moth	Species	51655
27417424	252	271	Plutella xylostella	Species	51655
27417424	664	673	chitinase	Gene
27417424	683	696	P. xylostella	Species	51655
27417424	753	762	chitinase	Gene
27417424	787	800	P. xylostella	Species	51655
27417424	984	993	chitinase	Gene
27417424	1005	1018	P. xylostella	Species	51655
27417424	1162	1171	chitinase	Gene
27417424	1215	1224	chitinase	Gene
27417424	1322	1335	P. xylostella	Species	51655
27417424	1431	1440	chitinase	Gene

29929571|t|Molecular characterization of prophenoloxidase-1 (PPO1) and the inhibitory effect of kojic acid on phenoloxidase (PO) activity and on the development of Zeugodacus tau (Walker) (Diptera: Tephritidae).
29929571|a|Phenoloxidase (PO) plays a key role in melanin biosynthesis during insect development. Here, we isolated the 2310-bp full-length cDNA of PPO1 from Zeugodacus tau, a destructive horticultural pest. qRT-polymerase chain reaction showed that the ZtPPO1 transcripts were highly expressed during larval-prepupal transition and in the haemolymph. When the larvae were fed a 1.66% kojic acid (KA)-containing diet, the levels of the ZtPPO1 transcripts significantly increased by 2.79- and 3.39-fold in the whole larvae and cuticles, respectively, while the corresponding PO activity was significantly reduced; in addition, the larval and pupal durations were significantly prolonged; pupal weights were lowered; and abnormal phenotypes were observed. An in vitro inhibition experiment indicated that KA was an effective competitive inhibitor of PO in Z. tau. Additionally, the functional analysis showed that 20E could significantly up-regulate the expression of ZtPPO1, induce lower pupal weight, and advance pupation. Knockdown of the ZtPPO1 gene by RNAi significantly decreased mRNA levels after 24 h and led to low pupation rates and incomplete pupae with abnormal phenotypes during the larval-pupal interim period. These results proved that PO is important for the normal growth of Z. tau and that KA can disrupt the development of this pest insect.
29929571	30	48	prophenoloxidase-1	Gene
29929571	50	54	PPO1	Gene
29929571	85	95	kojic acid	Chemical	MESH:C011890
29929571	153	167	Zeugodacus tau	Species	137263
29929571	338	342	PPO1	Gene
29929571	348	362	Zeugodacus tau	Species	137263
29929571	444	450	ZtPPO1	Gene
29929571	575	585	kojic acid	Chemical	MESH:C011890
29929571	626	632	ZtPPO1	Gene
29929571	1044	1050	Z. tau	Species
29929571	1156	1162	ZtPPO1	Gene
29929571	1230	1236	ZtPPO1	Gene
29929571	1480	1486	Z. tau	Species

31063731|t|Egf-like gene is essential for cuticle metabolism in the brown planthopper.
31063731|a|Using the mass spectrometry analysis of cuticle casts of brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens) and transcriptome analysis of BPH tissues, we identified a gigantic gene (50,922   bp, 16,973 aa) tentatively called Nlegf-like. Multiple transcripts were found. Nlegf-like encodes an integral membrane protein of 16,973 amino acid residues with 260 EGF-like repeats and 16 Ca2+-binding EGF repeats type (cbEGFs) in the extracellular portion. Nlegf-like was highly expressed in the integument and tended to peak at the middle stage or late stage of each nymph instar. Phylogenetic analysis showed this gene is conserved in many other insects. Different double-stranded RNA-mediated RNA interference targeting eight different regions of the Nlegf-like gene resulted in abnormal cuticle formation or molting and lethal phenotypes. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the newly formed endocuticle was significantly thinner for RNAi-treated BPHs with phenotype of contracted abdomen, or the old cuticle could not be digested sufficiently for those with phenotype of slender body shape or died with molting difficulty when compared with the control group. We suggest that the Nlegf-like is crucial for metabolism of the cuticle in BPH molting.
31063731	0	8	Egf-like	Gene
31063731	57	74	brown planthopper	Species	108931
31063731	133	150	brown planthopper	Species	108931
31063731	152	155	BPH	Species	108931
31063731	157	175	Nilaparvata lugens	Species	108931
31063731	207	210	BPH	Species	108931
31063731	293	303	Nlegf-like	Gene
31063731	338	348	Nlegf-like	Gene
31063731	425	433	EGF-like	Gene
31063731	449	453	Ca2+	Chemical	MESH:D002118
31063731	518	528	Nlegf-like	Gene
31063731	815	825	Nlegf-like	Gene
31063731	1257	1267	Nlegf-like	Gene
31063731	1312	1315	BPH	Species	108931

28945006|t|MicroRNA Let-7 targets the ecdysone signaling pathway E75 gene to control larval-pupal development in Bactrocera dorsalis.
28945006|a|MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate various biological processes during insect development; however, their role in larval-pupal development in oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) remains unknown. In the current study, we address the biological function of a conserved miRNA, Bdo-Let-7 in the regulation of BdE75 gene, which belongs to the ecdysone signaling pathway and participates in the larval-pupal development in B. dorsalis. Using dual luciferase reporter assay in HEK293T cells we show that Bdo-Let-7 miRNA interacts with the 3' untranslated region of BdE75 gene and suppresses its expression. The Bdo-Let-7 and BdE75 are also co-expressed in the larval-pupal stages and in different tissues of B. dorsalis. In in  vivo experiments, the injection of Bdo-Let-7 agomir and antagomir in third instar larvae down- and up-regulated the expression of BdE75, respectively. The 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) injection assay shows that 20E up-regulated the expression of Bdo-Let-7 on the 5th day of the larvae. Moreover, abnormal pupation and eclosion were observed after larval Bdo-Let-7 antagomir injection. Based on these results, we show that Bdo-Let-7 regulates the ecdysone signaling pathway through the exact dose of BdE75 gene, and is indispensable for normal larval-pupal development in B. dorsalis.
28945006	9	14	Let-7	Gene
28945006	27	35	ecdysone	Chemical	MESH:D004440
28945006	102	121	Bactrocera dorsalis	Species	27457
28945006	258	276	oriental fruit fly	Species	27457
28945006	278	297	Bactrocera dorsalis	Species	27457
28945006	407	412	Let-7	Gene
28945006	434	439	BdE75	Gene
28945006	467	475	ecdysone	Chemical	MESH:D004440
28945006	546	557	B. dorsalis	Species	27457
28945006	630	635	Let-7	Gene
28945006	687	692	BdE75	Gene
28945006	737	742	Let-7	Gene
28945006	747	752	BdE75	Gene
28945006	830	841	B. dorsalis	Species	27457
28945006	888	893	Let-7	Gene
28945006	979	984	BdE75	Gene
28945006	1004	1022	20-hydroxyecdysone	Chemical	MESH:D004441
28945006	1095	1100	Let-7	Gene
28945006	1203	1208	Let-7	Gene
28945006	1271	1276	Let-7	Gene
28945006	1291	1299	ecdysone	Chemical	MESH:D004440
28945006	1344	1349	BdE75	Gene
28945006	1416	1427	B. dorsalis	Species	27457

29674165|t|Identification, expression and function of myosin heavy chain family genes in Tribolium castaneum.
29674165|a|Functions of myosin heavy chain (myosin) family genes are poorly understood in some insects. To address this, we determined the expression and function of myosin family genes in Tribolium castaneum. TcMyo15 is predominantly expressed in early embryos, late larvae and early adults, but TcMyo7B transcripts significantly increased in late larvae. TcMyo20 transcripts are abundant in pre-adults, whereas TcMhc1 is highly expressed in post-embryonic stages. TcMhc2 shows peak expression in late pupae. TcMyo9 transcripts reached their highest levels in late pupae. TcMyo15, TcMyo7B and TcMhc2 are abundantly expressed in the adult epidermis, gut and testis, respectively. TcMyo9 and TcMyo20 are highly expressed in the epidermis, fat body and ovary, and TcMhc1 exhibits high mRNA levels in the epidermis and accessory gland. TcMyo20 RNAi reduced wing and leg size, fertility and egg hatchability. TcMyo9 knockdown completely inhibited eclosion and fecundity, but TcMyo15 or TcMhc1 silencing only impaired eclosion. TcMhc2 RNAi affected pupation and wing development. This study suggests myosin genes as potential targets of pesticides due to their critical roles in insect development and reproduction.
29674165	43	61	myosin heavy chain	Gene
29674165	78	97	Tribolium castaneum	Species	7070
29674165	112	130	myosin heavy chain	Gene
29674165	277	296	Tribolium castaneum	Species	7070
29674165	298	305	TcMyo15	Gene	658144
29674165	385	392	TcMyo7B	Gene	662874
29674165	445	452	TcMyo20	Gene	657914
29674165	501	507	TcMhc1	Gene	659358
29674165	554	560	TcMhc2	Gene	663025
29674165	598	604	TcMyo9	Gene	656579
29674165	661	668	TcMyo15	Gene	658144
29674165	670	677	TcMyo7B	Gene	662874
29674165	682	688	TcMhc2	Gene	663025
29674165	768	774	TcMyo9	Gene	656579
29674165	779	786	TcMyo20	Gene	657914
29674165	850	856	TcMhc1	Gene	659358
29674165	921	928	TcMyo20	Gene	657914
29674165	993	999	TcMyo9	Gene	656579
29674165	1059	1066	TcMyo15	Gene	658144
29674165	1070	1076	TcMhc1	Gene	659358
29674165	1111	1117	TcMhc2	Gene	663025

30423421|t|Circadian clock genes link photoperiodic signals to lipid accumulation during diapause preparation in the diapause-destined female cabbage beetles Colaphellus bowringi.
30423421|a|Many organisms have evolved a series of adaptions, such as dormancy or diapause in insects that enable them to withstand seasonally adverse conditions. In insects, photoperiodic signals received during the diapause induction phase have irreversible effect on diapause initiation. Insects continue to be exposed to diapause-inducing photoperiod after the diapause induction phase during diapause preparation before they enter diapause. However, how photoperiodic signals experienced during the diapause preparation phase (DPP) regulate diapause remains largely unclear. In this paper, we investigate this in the cabbage beetle Colaphellus bowringi. The cabbage beetle is in many respects an ideal experimental model in which to investigate the effect of photoperiodic signals on the DPP because it has facultative reproductive diapause induced by long-day length and has differentiable diapause induction and preparation phases. We found that the lipid content of female cabbage beetles decreased after diapause-destined (DD) individuals were exposed to a diapause-inhibiting photoperiod during the DPP. Two circadian clock negative regulators, per and tim, were probably involved in the photoperiodic response of beetles during the DPP. Per and tim presented obvious oscillation of circadian rhythm and photoperiodic response during the DPP in DD females and knock-down of these genes in DD females caused their lipid content to decrease. Per and tim probably promote lipid accumulation by regulating the expression of genes that regulate lipogenesis and lipolysis. Moreover, decreased lipid accumulation caused by exposure to different photoperiods during the DPP was independent of juvenile hormone. In summary, these results suggest that photoperiodic signals received during the DPP influence lipid accumulation in DD insects. DD insects still have some ability to monitor photoperiodic changes during the DPP and per and tim are probably involved in regulating physiological responses to photoperiodic signals during diapause preparation. These results shed light on the relationship between photoperiodic signals and diapause preparation, and may provide new insights on both how to better utilize insects as resources and for pest management.
30423421	131	145	cabbage beetle	Species
30423421	147	167	Colaphellus bowringi	Species	561076
30423421	780	787	cabbage	Species	3712
30423421	795	815	Colaphellus bowringi	Species	561076
30423421	821	828	cabbage	Species	3712
30423421	1139	1146	cabbage	Species	3712
30423421	1313	1316	per	Gene
30423421	1321	1324	tim	Gene
30423421	1406	1409	Per	Gene
30423421	1414	1417	tim	Gene
30423421	1608	1611	Per	Gene
30423421	1616	1619	tim	Gene
30423421	2087	2090	per	Gene
30423421	2095	2098	tim	Gene

30610747|t|Transcription factors CncC/Maf and AhR/ARNT coordinately regulate the expression of multiple GSTs conferring resistance to chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin in Spodoptera exigua.
30610747|a|BACKGROUND: Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are a superfamily of multifunctional dimeric proteins existing in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. They are involved in the detoxification of both endogenous and exogenous electrophiles, including insecticides. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of GST genes in insects are poorly understood. RESULTS: We first identified at least three GST genes involved in resistance to the insecticides chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin. Analysis of upstream sequences revealed that three GSTs (SeGSTo2, SeGSTe6 and SeGSTd3) harbor the same cap 'n' collar C/muscle aponeurosis fibromatosis (CncC/Maf) binding site, and SeGSTo2 and SeGSTe6 contain the aryl hydrocarbon receptor/aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (AhR/ARNT) binding site. Luciferase reporter assay showed co-transfection of reporter plasmid containing the SeGSTe6 promoter with CncC and/or Maf expressing constructs significantly boosted transcription. Similarly, AhR and/or ARNT expressing constructs also significantly increased the promoter activities. The co-transfection of mutated reporter plasmid with CncC/Maf or AhR/ARNT did not increase transcription activity anymore. Constitutive over-expression of CncC, Maf and AhR was also found in the HZ16 strain, which might be the molecular mechanism for up-regulated expression of multiple detoxification genes conferring resistance to insecticides. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that CncC/Maf and AhR/ARNT coordinately regulate the expression of multiple GST genes involved in insecticide resistance in Spodoptera exigua.    2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
30610747	22	30	CncC/Maf	Gene
30610747	35	43	AhR/ARNT	Gene
30610747	93	97	GSTs	Gene
30610747	123	135	chlorpyrifos	Chemical	MESH:D004390
30610747	140	152	cypermethrin	Chemical	MESH:C017160
30610747	156	173	Spodoptera exigua	Species	7107
30610747	187	213	Glutathione S-transferases	Gene
30610747	215	219	GSTs	Gene
30610747	646	658	chlorpyrifos	Chemical	MESH:D004390
30610747	663	675	cypermethrin	Chemical	MESH:C017160
30610747	728	732	GSTs	Gene
30610747	734	741	SeGSTo2	Gene
30610747	743	750	SeGSTe6	Gene
30610747	755	762	SeGSTd3	Gene
30610747	797	828	muscle aponeurosis fibromatosis	Disease	MESH:D005350
30610747	830	838	CncC/Maf	Gene
30610747	858	865	SeGSTo2	Gene
30610747	870	877	SeGSTe6	Gene
30610747	890	906	aryl hydrocarbon	Chemical	MESH:D006838
30610747	916	932	aryl hydrocarbon	Chemical	MESH:D006838
30610747	964	972	AhR/ARNT	Gene
30610747	1072	1079	SeGSTe6	Gene
30610747	1325	1333	CncC/Maf	Gene
30610747	1337	1345	AhR/ARNT	Gene
30610747	1658	1666	CncC/Maf	Gene
30610747	1671	1679	AhR/ARNT	Gene
30610747	1777	1794	Spodoptera exigua	Species	7107

29087606|t|Genome-wide identification of chitin-binding proteins and characterization of BmCBP1 in the silkworm, Bombyx mori.
29087606|a|The insect cuticle plays important roles in numerous physiological functions to protect the body from invasion of pathogens, physical injury and dehydration. In this report, we conducted a comprehensive genome-wide search for genes encoding proteins with peritrophin A-type (ChtBD2) chitin-binding domain (CBD) in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. One of these genes, which encodes the cuticle protein BmCBP1, was additionally cloned, and its expression and location during the process of development and molting in B. mori were investigated. In total, 46 protein-coding genes were identified in the silkworm genome, including those encoding 15 cuticle proteins analogous to peritrophins with one CBD (CPAP1s), nine cuticle proteins analogous to peritrophins with three CBD (CPAP3s), 15 peritrophic membrane proteins (PMPs), four chitinases, and three chitin deacetylases, which contained at least one ChtBD2 domain. Microarray analysis indicated that CPAP-encoding genes were widely expressed in various tissues, whereas PMP genes were highly expressed in the midgut. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting showed that the cuticle protein BmCBP1 was highly expressed in the epidermis and head, particularly during molting and metamorphosis. An immunofluorescence study revealed that chitin co-localized with BmCBP1 at the epidermal surface during molting. Additionally, BmCBP1 was notably up-regulated by 20-hydroxyecdysone treatment. These results provide a genome-level view of the chitin-binding protein in silkworm and suggest that BmCBP1 participates in the formation of the new cuticle during molting.
29087606	30	53	chitin-binding proteins	Gene
29087606	78	84	BmCBP1	Gene
29087606	92	100	silkworm	Species	7091
29087606	102	113	Bombyx mori	Species	7091
29087606	240	271	physical injury and dehydration	Disease	MESH:D003681
29087606	433	441	silkworm	Species	7091
29087606	443	454	Bombyx mori	Species	7091
29087606	494	509	cuticle protein	Gene
29087606	510	516	BmCBP1	Gene
29087606	624	631	B. mori	Species	7091
29087606	708	716	silkworm	Species	7091
29087606	753	768	cuticle protein	Gene
29087606	1253	1268	cuticle protein	Gene
29087606	1269	1275	BmCBP1	Gene
29087606	1438	1444	BmCBP1	Gene
29087606	1500	1506	BmCBP1	Gene
29087606	1535	1553	20-hydroxyecdysone	Chemical	MESH:D004441
29087606	1614	1636	chitin-binding protein	Gene
29087606	1640	1648	silkworm	Species	7091
29087606	1666	1672	BmCBP1	Gene

30923533|t|RNA Interference in the Tobacco Hornworm, Manduca sexta, Using Plastid-Encoded Long Double-Stranded RNA.
30923533|a|RNA interference (RNAi) is a promising method for controlling pest insects by silencing the expression of vital insect genes to interfere with development and physiology; however, certain insect Orders are resistant to this process. In this study, we set out to test the ability of in planta-expressed dsRNA synthesized within the plastids to silence gene expression in an insect recalcitrant to RNAi, the lepidopteran species, Manduca sexta (tobacco hornworm). Using the Manduca vacuolar-type H+ ATPase subunit A (v-ATPaseA) gene as the target, we first evaluated RNAi efficiency of two dsRNA products of different lengths by directly feeding the in vitro-synthesized dsRNAs to M. sexta larvae. We found that a long dsRNA of 2222 bp was the most effective in inducing lethality and silencing the v-ATPaseA gene, when delivered orally in a water droplet. We further transformed the plastid genome of the M. sexta host plant, Nicotiana tabacum, to produce this long dsRNA in its plastids and performed bioassays with M. sexta larvae on the transplastomic plants. In the tested insects, the plastid-derived dsRNA had no effect on larval survival and no statistically significant effect on expression of the v-ATPaseA gene was observed. Comparison of the absolute quantities of the dsRNA present in transplastomic leaf tissue for v-ATPaseA and a control gene, GFP, of a shorter size, revealed a lower concentration for the long dsRNA product compared to the short control product. We suggest that stability and length of the dsRNA may have influenced the quantities produced in the plastids, resulting in inefficient RNAi in the tested insects. Our results imply that many factors dictate the effectiveness of in planta RNAi, including a likely trade-off effect as increasing the dsRNA product length may be countered by a reduction in the amount of dsRNA produced and accumulated in the plastids.
30923533	24	40	Tobacco Hornworm	Species	7130
30923533	42	55	Manduca sexta	Species	7130
30923533	533	546	Manduca sexta	Species	7130
30923533	548	564	tobacco hornworm	Species	7130
30923533	577	584	Manduca	Species	7130
30923533	585	618	vacuolar-type H+ ATPase subunit A	Gene
30923533	620	629	v-ATPaseA	Gene
30923533	784	792	M. sexta	Species	7130
30923533	1009	1017	M. sexta	Species	7130
30923533	1030	1047	Nicotiana tabacum	Species	4097
30923533	1121	1129	M. sexta	Species	7130

29600519|t|Transgenic soybean plants expressing Spb18S dsRNA exhibit enhanced resistance to the soybean pod borer Leguminivora glycinivorella (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae).
29600519|a|The soybean pod borer [SPB; Leguminivora glycinivorella (Mats.) Obraztsov] is a major soybean pest in northeastern Asia. A useful method for addressing this problem is the generation of transgenic plants producing double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) that target essential insect genes. In this study, we confirmed that 18S ribosomal RNA is critical for SPB development. Downregulated Spb18S expression induced by dsRNA injection increased larval mortality rates and resulted in early pupation. We also assessed whether Spb18S is silenced in SPB larvae fed on transgenic soybean expressing Spb18S dsRNA. Transgenic plants downregulated Spb18S expression levels and second-instar larval survival rates. Moreover, such plants were less damaged by SPB larvae than control plants under field conditions.
29600519	11	18	soybean	Species	3847
29600519	85	92	soybean	Species	3847
29600519	103	130	Leguminivora glycinivorella	Species	1035111
29600519	165	172	soybean	Species	3847
29600519	189	216	Leguminivora glycinivorella	Species	1035111
29600519	247	254	soybean	Species	3847
29600519	472	489	18S ribosomal RNA	Gene
29600519	537	543	Spb18S	Gene
29600519	672	678	Spb18S	Gene
29600519	723	730	soybean	Species	3847
29600519	745	748	18S	Gene
29600519	788	794	Spb18S	Gene

29493869|t|Host-mediated RNA interference targeting a  cuticular protein gene impaired fecundity in  the green peach aphid Myzus persicae.
29493869|a|BACKGROUND: The green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) is a devastating sap-sucking insect pest that damages many host plants worldwide and causes billions of dollars of crop losses. Induction of RNA interference (RNAi) through oral feeding of small interfering RNA (siRNA) has been demonstrated in aphids. Therefore, host-mediated delivery of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) specific to vital structural genes of aphids has been envisaged as a tool for the development of resistance against this aphid species. RESULTS: Cuticular protein (CP) senses seasonal photoperiodism and drives a shift from clonal to sexual generation in aphids. Thus, attenuation of CP gene expression is likely to result in a different reproductive orientation in aphids and thereby affect their fecundity. A gene encoding CP in M. persicae has been targeted for RNAi-mediated knockdown. Transgenic Arabidopsis expressing dsRNA homologous to the MyCP gene was developed. The dsRNA-transgenics produced gene-specific siRNAs fed by aphids infesting the transgenics. A reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) study revealed an attenuated level of transcripts of the CP gene in aphid nymphs reared on the transgenic plants. Decreased expression of the CP gene resulted in a noticeable decline in aphid fecundity on the transgenic Arabidopsis plants. CONCLUSION: Increasing genetic resistance is the only sustainable way of minimizing the use of toxic agrochemicals to protect plants. Host-mediated RNAi of important insect genes has been proposed as a potential avenue for developing crop resistance against insect pests. This study demonstrated the potential of MyCP dsRNA in developing RNAi-based resistance to M. persicae. RNAi-mediated resistance is expected to be more durable compared with other transgenic strategies.    2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
29493869	43	60	cuticular protein	Gene
29493869	142	159	green peach aphid	Species	13164
29493869	161	175	Myzus persicae	Species	13164
29493869	639	656	Cuticular protein	Gene
29493869	658	660	CP	Gene
29493869	669	692	seasonal photoperiodism	Disease	D016574
29493869	777	779	CP	Gene
29493869	918	920	CP	Gene
29493869	924	935	M. persicae	Species	13164
29493869	994	1005	Arabidopsis	Species	3702
29493869	1041	1045	MyCP	Gene
29493869	1289	1291	CP	Gene
29493869	1374	1376	CP	Gene
29493869	1452	1463	Arabidopsis	Species	3702
29493869	1785	1789	MyCP	Gene
29493869	1835	1846	M. persicae	Species	13164

29304134|t|Identification of chemosensory genes from the antennal transcriptome of Indian meal moth Plodia interpunctella.
29304134|a|Olfaction plays an indispensable role in mediating insect behavior, such as locating host plants, mating partners, and avoidance of toxins and predators. Olfactory-related proteins are required for olfactory perception of insects. However, very few olfactory-related genes have been reported in Plodia interpunctella up to now. In the present study, we sequenced the antennae transcriptome of P. interpunctella using the next-generation sequencing technology, and identified 117 candidate olfactory-related genes, including 29 odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), 15 chemosensory proteins (CSPs), three sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs), 47 odorant receptors (ORs), 14 ionotropic receptors (IRs) and nine gustatory receptors (GRs). Further analysis of qRT-PCR revealed that nine OBPs, three CSPs, two SNMPs, nine ORs and two GRs were specifically expressed in the male antennae, whereas eight OBPs, six CSPs, one SNMP, 16 ORs, two GRs and seven IRs significantly expressed in the female antennae. Taken together, our results provided useful information for further functional studies on insect genes related to recognition of pheromone and odorant, which might be meaningful targets for pest management.
29304134	72	88	Indian meal moth	Species	58824
29304134	89	110	Plodia interpunctella	Species	58824
29304134	407	428	Plodia interpunctella	Species	58824
29304134	505	522	P. interpunctella	Species	58824
29304134	639	663	odorant-binding proteins	Gene
29304134	665	669	OBPs	Gene
29304134	675	696	chemosensory proteins	Gene
29304134	698	702	CSPs	Gene
29304134	711	743	sensory neuron membrane proteins	Gene
29304134	745	750	SNMPs	Gene
29304134	756	772	odorant receptor	Gene
29304134	775	778	ORs	Gene
29304134	784	803	ionotropic receptor	Gene
29304134	806	809	IRs	Gene
29304134	820	838	gustatory receptor	Gene
29304134	841	844	GRs	Gene
29304134	894	898	OBPs	Gene
29304134	906	910	CSPs	Gene
29304134	916	921	SNMPs	Gene
29304134	928	931	ORs	Gene
29304134	940	943	GRs	Gene
29304134	1008	1012	OBPs	Gene
29304134	1018	1022	CSPs	Gene
29304134	1037	1040	ORs	Gene
29304134	1046	1049	GRs	Gene
29304134	1060	1063	IRs	Gene
29304134	1241	1250	pheromone	Chemical	D010675

29066324|t|Functional analysis by RNAi of an glutaredoxin gene in Helicoverpa armigera.
29066324|a|Glutaredoxins play crucial roles in maintaining intracellular redox homeostasis via scavenging of excess reactive oxygen species. In this study, a glutaredoxin domain-containing cysteine-rich gene from Helicoverpa armigera, named HaGdccr, was characterized. Sequence analysis revealed that it contains a glutaredoxin domain and a conserved cysteine and shares high sequence identity with other insect genes. HaGdccr mRNA expression was highest in molting larvae of the 3rd instar and was mainly detected in the central nervous system of larvae and the wings of adults. Quantitative real-time PCR results revealed that the expression of HaGdccr was suppressed at 1 and 6 h and increased at 24 h after the larvae were treated with 4   C and hydrogen peroxide. When the larvae were exposed to 20   C, HaGdccr decreased at 1 h and was induced at 12 and 24 h. HaGdccr transcription level was downregulated at 2 and 12 h and upregulated at 24 h after the adults were exposed to 0   C. However, transcript levels were increased by high temperature in both larvae and adults. After knockdown of HaGdccr by RNA interference, the expression of antioxidant genes, including thioredoxin-like (Trx-like), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), and thioredoxin (Trx), was increased, whereas that of thioredoxin peroxidase (Tpx) was decreased. In addition, we found that HaGdccr knockdown enhanced the enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase and the contents of hydrogen peroxide and ascorbate. Taken together, these results indicate that HaGdccr may play significant roles in protecting organisms against oxidative damage.
29066324	34	46	glutaredoxin	Gene
29066324	55	75	Helicoverpa armigera	Species	29058
29066324	77	89	Glutaredoxin	Gene
29066324	191	197	oxygen	Chemical	D010100
29066324	224	273	glutaredoxin domain-containing cysteine-rich gene	Gene
29066324	279	299	Helicoverpa armigera	Species	29058
29066324	307	314	HaGdccr	Gene
29066324	417	425	cysteine	Chemical	D003545
29066324	485	492	HaGdccr	Gene
29066324	713	720	HaGdccr	Gene
29066324	873	880	HaGdccr	Gene
29066324	930	937	HaGdccr	Gene
29066324	1161	1168	HaGdccr	Gene
29066324	1237	1253	thioredoxin-like	Gene
29066324	1255	1263	Trx-like	Gene
29066324	1266	1274	catalase	Gene
29066324	1276	1279	CAT	Gene
29066324	1282	1307	glutathione-S-transferase	Gene
29066324	1309	1312	GST	Gene
29066324	1315	1336	thioredoxin reductase	Gene
29066324	1338	1342	TrxR	Gene
29066324	1349	1360	thioredoxin	Gene
29066324	1362	1365	Trx	Gene
29066324	1399	1421	thioredoxin peroxidase	Gene
29066324	1423	1426	Tpx	Gene
29066324	1470	1477	HaGdccr	Gene
29066324	1641	1648	HaGdccr	Gene

28316131|t|Evaluation of potential RNA-interference-target genes to control cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis (Hemiptera: Pseudococcuidae).
28316131|a|RNA interference (RNAi) of vital insect genes is a potential tool for targeted pest control. However, selection of the right target genes is a challenge because the RNAi efficacy is known to vary among insect species. Cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis, is a phloem-feeding economically important crop pest. We evaluated the RNAi of 2 vital genes, Bursicon (PsBur) and V-ATPase (PsV-ATPase) as potential targets in P. solenopsis for its control. PCR fragments of PsBur and PsV-ATPase were amplified using cDNA synthesized from the total RNA. The PCR amplicons were cloned into Potato virus X (PVX) to develop recombinant PVX for the inoculation of Nicotiana tabacum plants for bioassays with healthy P. solenopsis. Reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to validate the expression of transgenes in the recombinant-PVX-inoculated plants (treated), and suppression of the target genes in the mealybugs exposed to them. The RT-PCR confirmed the expression of transgenes in the treated plants. Mealybug individuals on treated plants either died or showed physical deformities. Further, the population of mealybug was significantly reduced by feeding on N. tabacum expressing RNAi triggers against PsBur and PsV-ATPase. The results conclude that RNAi is activated in P. solenopsis by feeding on N. tabacum expressing RNAi triggering elements of PsBur and PsV-ATPase genes through recombinant PVX vector. Further, V-ATPase and Bursicon genes are potential targets for RNAi-mediated control of P. solenopsis.
28316131	82	104	Phenacoccus solenopsis	Species	483260
28316131	370	392	Phenacoccus solenopsis	Species	483260
28316131	488	496	Bursicon	Gene
28316131	498	503	PsBur	Gene
28316131	509	517	V-ATPase	Gene
28316131	519	529	PsV-ATPase	Gene
28316131	555	568	P. solenopsis	Species	483260
28316131	603	608	PsBur	Gene
28316131	613	623	PsV-ATPase	Gene
28316131	717	731	Potato virus X	Species	12183
28316131	733	736	PVX	Species	12183
28316131	761	764	PVX	Species	12183
28316131	788	805	Nicotiana tabacum	Species	4097
28316131	840	853	P. solenopsis	Species	483260
28316131	981	984	PVX	Species	12183
28316131	1227	1238	deformities	Disease	D009140
28316131	1316	1326	N. tabacum	Species	4097
28316131	1360	1365	PsBur	Gene
28316131	1370	1380	PsV-ATPase	Gene
28316131	1429	1442	P. solenopsis	Species	483260
28316131	1457	1467	N. tabacum	Species	4097
28316131	1507	1512	PsBur	Gene
28316131	1517	1527	PsV-ATPase	Gene
28316131	1554	1557	PVX	Species	12183
28316131	1575	1583	V-ATPase	Gene
28316131	1588	1596	Bursicon	Gene
28316131	1654	1667	P. solenopsis	Species	483260

27883266|t|Silencing of ecdysone receptor, insect intestinal mucin and sericotropin genes by bacterially produced double-stranded RNA affects larval growth and development in Plutella xylostella and Helicoverpa armigera.
27883266|a|RNA interference mediated gene silencing, which is triggered by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), has become a important tool for functional genomics studies in various systems, including insects. Bacterially produced dsRNA employs the use of a bacterial strain lacking in RNaseIII activity and harbouring a vector with dual T7 promoter sites, which allow the production of intact dsRNA molecules. Here, we report an assessment of the functional relevance of the ecdysone receptor, insect intestinal mucin and sericotropin genes through silencing by dsRNA in two lepidopteran insect pests, Helicoverpa armigera and Plutella xylostella, both of which cause serious crop losses. Oral feeding of dsRNA led to significant reduction in transcripts of the target insect genes, which caused significant larval mortality with various moulting anomalies and an overall developmental delay. We also found a significant decrease in reproductive potential in female moths, with a drop in egg laying and compromised egg hatching from treated larvae as compared to controls. dsRNA was stable in the insect gut and was efficiently processed into small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), thus accounting for the phenotypes observed in the present work. The study revealed the importance of these genes in core insect processes, which are essential for insect development and survival.
27883266	13	30	ecdysone receptor	Gene
27883266	50	55	mucin	Gene
27883266	60	72	sericotropin	Gene
27883266	164	183	Plutella xylostella	Species	51655
27883266	188	208	Helicoverpa armigera	Species	29058
27883266	668	685	ecdysone receptor	Gene
27883266	705	710	mucin	Gene
27883266	715	727	sericotropin	Gene
27883266	795	815	Helicoverpa armigera	Species	29058
27883266	820	839	Plutella xylostella	Species	51655
27883266	1040	1049	anomalies	Disease	D000014

26903874|t|Silencing of CYP6 and APN Genes Affects the Growth and Development of Rice Yellow Stem Borer, Scirpophaga incertulas.
26903874|a|UNASSIGNED: RNAi is a powerful tool to target the insect genes involved in host-pest interactions. Key insect genes are the choice for silencing to achieve pest derived resistance where resistance genes are not available in gene pool of host plant. In this study, an attempt was made to determine the effect of dsRNA designed from two genes Cytochrome P450 derivative (CYP6) and Aminopeptidase N (APN) of rice yellow stem borer (YSB) on growth and development of insect. The bioassays involved injection of chemically synthesized 5' FAM labeled 21-nt dsRNA into rice cut stems and allowing the larvae to feed on these stems which resulted in increased mortality and observed growth and development changes in larval length and weight compared with its untreated control at 12-15 days after treatment. These results were further supported by observing the reduction in transcripts expression of these genes in treated larvae. Fluorescence detection in treated larvae also proved that dsRNA was readily taken by larvae when fed on dsRNA treated stems. These results from the present study clearly show that YSB larvae fed on dsRNA designed from Cytochrome P450 and Aminopeptidase N has detrimental effect on larval growth and development. These genes can be deployed to develop YSB resistance in rice using RNAi approach.
26903874	13	17	CYP6	Gene
26903874	22	25	APN	Gene
26903874	70	92	Rice Yellow Stem Borer	Species
26903874	94	116	Scirpophaga incertulas	Species	72366
26903874	459	474	Cytochrome P450	Gene
26903874	487	491	CYP6	Gene
26903874	497	513	Aminopeptidase N	Gene
26903874	515	518	APN	Gene
26903874	523	545	rice yellow stem borer	Species
26903874	1261	1276	Cytochrome P450	Gene
26903874	1281	1297	Aminopeptidase N	Gene

26778648|t|Expression and characterization of a recombinant i-type lysozyme from the harlequin ladybird beetle Harmonia axyridis.
26778648|a|UNASSIGNED: Lysozymes are enzymes that destroy bacterial cell walls by hydrolysing the polysaccharide component of peptidoglycan. In insects, there are two classes of lysozymes, the c-type with muramidase activity and the i-type whose prototypical members from annelids and molluscs possess both muramidase and isopeptidase activities. Many insect genes encoding c-type and i-type lysozymes have been identified during genome and transcriptome analyses, but only c-type lysozymes have been functionally characterized at the protein level. Here we produced one of five i-type lysozymes represented in the immunity-related transcriptome of the invasive harlequin ladybird beetle Harmonia axyridis as recombinant protein. This was the only one containing the serine and histidine residues that are thought to be required for isopeptidase activity. This i-type lysozyme was recombinantly expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris, but the purified protein was inactive in both muramidase and isopeptidase assays. Transcription and immunofluorescence analysis revealed that this i-type lysozyme is produced in the fat body but is not inducible by immune challenge. These data suggest that i-type lysozymes in insects may have acquired novel and as yet undetermined functions in the course of evolution.
26778648	49	64	i-type lysozyme	Gene
26778648	74	99	harlequin ladybird beetle	Species
26778648	100	117	Harmonia axyridis	Species
26778648	493	509	i-type lysozymes	Gene
26778648	582	598	c-type lysozymes	Gene
26778648	687	703	i-type lysozymes	Gene
26778648	770	795	harlequin ladybird beetle	Species
26778648	796	813	Harmonia axyridis	Species
26778648	1300	1316	i-type lysozymes	Gene

25552931|t|Silencing the HaAK gene by transgenic plant-mediated RNAi impairs larval growth of Helicoverpa armigera.
25552931|a|Insect pests have caused noticeable economic losses in agriculture, and the heavy use of insecticide to control pests not only brings the threats of insecticide resistance but also causes the great pollution to foods and the environment. Transgenic plants producing double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) directed against insect genes have been is currently developed for protection against insect pests. In this study, we used this technology to silence the arginine kinase (AK) gene of Helicoverpa armigera (HaAK), encoding a phosphotransferase that plays a critical role in cellular energy metabolism in invertebrate. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants producing HaAK dsRNA were generated by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The maximal mortality rate of 55% was reached when H. armigera first-instar larvae were fed with transgenic plant leaves for 3 days, which was dramatically higher than the 18% mortality recorded in the control group. Moreover, the ingestion of transgenic plants significantly retarded larval growth, and the transcript levels of HaAK were also knocked down by up to 52%. The feeding bioassays further indicated that the inhibition efficiency was correlated with the integrity and concentration of the produced HaAK dsRNA in transgenic plants. These results strongly show that the resistance to H. armigera was improved in transgenic Arabidopsis plants, suggesting that the RNAi targeting of AK has the potential for the control of insect pests.
25552931	14	18	HaAK	Gene
25552931	83	103	Helicoverpa armigera	Species	29058
25552931	553	568	arginine kinase	Gene
25552931	570	572	AK	Gene
25552931	582	602	Helicoverpa armigera	Species	29058
25552931	604	608	HaAK	Gene
25552931	726	737	Arabidopsis	Species	3702
25552931	755	759	HaAK	Gene
25552931	874	885	H. armigera	Species	29058
25552931	1152	1156	HaAK	Gene
25552931	1333	1337	HaAK	Gene
25552931	1417	1428	H. armigera	Species	29058
25552931	1456	1467	Arabidopsis	Species	3702
25552931	1514	1516	AK	Gene

24124013|t|The expression analysis of silk gland-enriched intermediate-size non-coding RNAs in silkworm Bombyx mori.
24124013|a|Small non-protein coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play important roles in development, stress response and other cellular processes. Silkworm is an important model for studies on insect genetics and control of Lepidopterous pests. We have previously identified 189 novel intermediate-size ncRNAs in silkworm Bombyx mori, including 40 ncRNAs that showed altered expression in different developmental stages. Here we characterized the functions of these 40 ncRNAs by measuring their expressions in six tissues of the fifth instar larvae using Northern blot and real-time polymerase chain reaction assays. We identified nine ncRNAs (four small nucleolar RNAs and five unclassified ncRNAs) that were enriched in silk gland, including four ncRNAs that showed silk gland-specific expression. We further showed that three of nine silk gland-enriched ncRNAs were predominantly expressed in the anterior silk gland, whereas another three ncRNAs were highly accumulated in the posterior silk gland, suggesting that they may play different roles in fibroin synthesis. Furthermore, an unclassified ncRNA, Bm-152, exhibited converse expression pattern with its antisense host gene gartenzwerg in diverse tissues, and might regulate the expression of gartenzwerg through RNA-protein complex. In addition, two silk gland-enriched ncRNAs Bm-102 and Bm-159 can be found in histone modification complex, which indicated that they might play roles through epigenetic modifications. Taken together, we provided the first expression and preliminary functional analysis of silk gland-enriched ncRNAs, which will help understand the molecular mechanism of silk gland-development and fibroin synthesis.
24124013	84	92	silkworm	Species	7091
24124013	93	104	Bombyx mori	Species	7091
24124013	228	236	Silkworm	Species	7091
24124013	394	402	silkworm	Species	7091
24124013	403	414	Bombyx mori	Species	7091
24124013	1263	1274	gartenzwerg	Gene
24124013	1332	1343	gartenzwerg	Gene

12459185|t|Molecular cloning and functional expression of a Drosophila receptor for the neuropeptides capa-1 and -2.
12459185|a|The Drosophila Genome Project website contains an annotated gene (CG14575) for a G protein-coupled receptor. We cloned this receptor and found that the cloned cDNA did not correspond to the annotated gene; it partly contained different exons and additional exons located at the 5(')-end of the annotated gene. We expressed the coding part of the cloned cDNA in Chinese hamster ovary cells and found that the receptor was activated by two neuropeptides, capa-1 and -2, encoded by the Drosophila capability gene. Database searches led to the identification of a similar receptor in the genome from the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae (58% amino acid residue identities; 76% conserved residues; and 5 introns at identical positions within the two insect genes). Because capa-1 and -2 and related insect neuropeptides stimulate fluid secretion in insect Malpighian (renal) tubules, the identification of this first insect capa receptor will advance our knowledge on insect renal function.
12459185	49	59	Drosophila	Species
12459185	91	104	capa-1 and -2	Gene	43541
12459185	110	120	Drosophila	Species
12459185	172	179	CG14575	Gene	40393
12459185	467	482	Chinese hamster	Species	10029
12459185	559	572	capa-1 and -2	Gene	43541
12459185	589	599	Drosophila	Species
12459185	706	722	malaria mosquito	Species	7166
12459185	723	740	Anopheles gambiae	Species	7165
12459185	876	889	capa-1 and -2	Gene	43541

11267894|t|Cloning and sequence of the gene encoding the muscle fatty acid binding protein from the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria.
11267894|a|Muscle fatty acid binding protein (FABP) is a major cytosolic protein in flight muscle of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria. FABP expression varies greatly during development and periods of increased fatty acid utilization, but the molecular mechanisms that regulate its expression are not known. In this study, the gene coding for locust muscle FABP was amplified by PCR and cloned, together with 1.2 kb of upstream sequence. The sequence coding for the 607 bp cDNA is interrupted by two introns of 12.7 and 2.9 kb, inserted in analogous positions as the first and third intron of the mammalian homologues. Both introns contain repetitive sequences also found in other locust genes, and the second intron contains a GT-microsatellite. The promoter sequence includes a canonical TATA box 24 bp upstream of the transcription start site. The upstream sequence contains various potential myocyte enhancer sequences and a 160 bp segment that is repeated three times. In database searches in the genome database of Drosophila melanogaster, a gene with the same gene organization and promoter structure was identified, likely the dipteran homologue of muscle FABP. Upstream of both insect genes, a conserved 19 bp inverted repeat sequence was detected. A similar but reverse palindrome is also present upstream of all mammalian heart FABP genes, possibly representing a novel element involved in muscle FABP expression.
11267894	53	63	fatty acid	Chemical	D005227
11267894	89	102	desert locust	Species	7010
11267894	104	125	Schistocerca gregaria	Species	7010
11267894	134	160	fatty acid binding protein	Gene
11267894	162	166	FABP	Gene	3772232
11267894	221	234	desert locust	Species	7010
11267894	236	257	Schistocerca gregaria	Species	7010
11267894	259	263	FABP	Gene	3772232
11267894	334	344	fatty acid	Chemical	D005227
11267894	480	484	FABP	Gene	3772232
11267894	720	729	mammalian	Species	9606
11267894	1144	1167	Drosophila melanogaster	Species	7227
11267894	1287	1291	FABP	Gene	3772232
11267894	1446	1455	mammalian	Species	9606
11267894	1462	1466	FABP	Gene	3772232
11267894	1531	1535	FABP	Gene	3772232

10835480|t|Anopheles stephensi Dox-A2 shares common ancestry with genes from distant groups of eukaryotes encoding a 26S proteasome subunit and is in a conserved gene cluster.
10835480|a|The sequence of a cloned Anopheles stephensi gene showed 72% inferred amino acid identity with Drosophila melanogaster Dox-A2 and 93% with its putative ortholog in Anopheles gambiae. Dox-A2 is the reported but herein disputed structural locus for diphenol oxidase A2. Database searches identified Dox-A2 related gene sequences from 15 non-insect species from diverse groups. Phylogenetic trees based on alignments of inferred protein sequences, DNA, and protein motif searches and protein secondary structure predictions produced results consistent with expectations for genes that are orthologous. The only inconsistency was that the C-terminus appears to be more primitive in the yeasts than in plants. In mammals, plants, and yeast these genes have been shown to code for a non-ATPase subunit of the PA700 (19S) regulatory complex of 26S proteasome. The analyses indicated that the insect genes contain no divergent structural features, which taken within an appraisal of all available data, makes the reported alternative function highly improbable. A plausible additional role, in which the 26S proteasome is implicated in regulation of phenol oxidase, would also apply to at least the mammalian genes. No function has yet been reported for the other included sequences. These were from genome projects and included Caenorhabiditus elegans, Arabidopsis thaliana, Fugu rubripes, and Toxoplasma gondii. A consensus of the results predicts a protein containing exceptionally long stretches of helix with a hydrophilic C-terminus. Phosphorylation site motifs were identified at two conserved positions. Possible SRY and GATA-1 binding motifs were found at conserved positions upstream of the mosquito genes. The location of A. stephensi Dox-A2 was determined by in situ hybridization at 34D on chromosome arm 3R. It is in a conserved gene cluster with respect to the other insects. However, the A. stephensi cluster contains a gene showing significant sequence identity to human and pigeon carnitine acetyltransferase genes, therefore showing divergence with the distal end of the D. melanogaster cluster.
10835480	0	19	Anopheles stephensi	Species	30069
10835480	20	26	Dox-A2	Gene	35176
10835480	190	209	Anopheles stephensi	Species	30069
10835480	260	283	Drosophila melanogaster	Species	7227
10835480	284	290	Dox-A2	Gene	35176
10835480	329	346	Anopheles gambiae	Species	7165
10835480	348	354	Dox-A2	Gene	35176
10835480	412	420	diphenol	Chemical	C482296
10835480	462	468	Dox-A2	Gene	35176
10835480	800	801	C	Chemical	D002244
10835480	847	853	yeasts	Species	4932
10835480	894	899	yeast	Species	4932
10835480	1307	1321	phenol oxidase	Gene
10835480	1356	1365	mammalian	Species	9606
10835480	1486	1509	Caenorhabiditus elegans	Species
10835480	1511	1531	Arabidopsis thaliana	Species	3702
10835480	1533	1546	Fugu rubripes	Species	31033
10835480	1552	1569	Toxoplasma gondii	Species
10835480	1685	1686	C	Chemical	D002244
10835480	1890	1902	A. stephensi	Species	30069
10835480	1903	1909	Dox-A2	Gene	35176
10835480	2061	2073	A. stephensi	Species	30069
10835480	2139	2144	human	Species	9606
10835480	2156	2183	carnitine acetyltransferase	Gene
10835480	2247	2262	D. melanogaster	Species	7227

8901557|t|Conserved promoter elements in the CYP6B gene family suggest common ancestry for cytochrome P450 monooxygenases mediating furanocoumarin detoxification.
8901557|a|Despite the fact that Papilio glaucus and Papilio polyxenes share no single hostplant species, both species feed to varying extents on hostplants that contain furanocoumarins. P. glaucus contains two nearly identical genes, CYP6B4v2 and CYP6B5v1, and P. polyxenes contains two related genes, CYP6B1v3 and CYP6B3v2. Except for CYP6B3v2, the substrate specificity of which has not yet been defined, each of the encoded cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) metabolizes an array of linear furanocoumarins. All four genes are transcriptionally induced in larvae by exposure to the furanocoumarin xanthotoxin; several are also induced by other furanocoumarins. Comparisons of the organizational structures of these genes indicate that all have the same intron/exon arrangement. Sequences in the promoter regions of the P. glaucus CYP6B4v2/CYP6B5v1 genes and the P. polyxenes CYP6B3v2 gene are similar but not identical to the -146 to -97 region of CYP6B1v3 gene, which contains a xanthotoxin-responsive element (XRE-xan) important for basal and xanthotoxin-inducible transcription of CYP6B1v3. Complements of the xenobiotic-responsive element (XRE-AhR) in the dioxin-inducible human and rat CYP1A1 genes also exist in all four promoters, suggesting that these genes may be regulated by dioxin. Antioxidant-responsive elements (AREs) in mouse and rat glutathione S-transferase genes and the Barbie box element (Bar) in the bacterial CYP102 gene exist in the CYP6B1v3, CYP6B4v2, and CYP6B5v1 promoters. Similarities in the protein sequences, intron positions, and xanthotoxin- and xenobiotic-responsive promoter elements indicate that these insect CYP6B genes are derived from a common ancestral gene. Evolutionary comparisons between these P450 genes are the first available for a group of insect genes transcriptionally regulated by hostplant allelochemicals and provide insights into the process by which insects evolve specialized feeding habits.
8901557	35	40	CYP6B	Gene
8901557	81	111	cytochrome P450 monooxygenases	Gene
8901557	122	136	furanocoumarin	Chemical	MESH:D011564
8901557	175	190	Papilio glaucus	Species	45779
8901557	195	212	Papilio polyxenes	Species	7146
8901557	312	327	furanocoumarins	Chemical	MESH:D011564
8901557	329	339	P. glaucus	Species	45779
8901557	377	385	CYP6B4v2	Gene
8901557	390	398	CYP6B5v1	Gene
8901557	404	416	P. polyxenes	Species	7146
8901557	445	453	CYP6B1v3	Gene
8901557	458	466	CYP6B3v2	Gene
8901557	479	487	CYP6B3v2	Gene
8901557	570	600	cytochrome P450 monooxygenases	Gene
8901557	640	655	furanocoumarins	Chemical	MESH:D011564
8901557	731	757	furanocoumarin xanthotoxin	Chemical	MESH:D008730
8901557	793	808	furanocoumarins	Chemical	MESH:D011564
8901557	968	978	P. glaucus	Species	45779
8901557	979	987	CYP6B4v2	Gene
8901557	988	996	CYP6B5v1	Gene
8901557	1011	1023	P. polyxenes	Species	7146
8901557	1024	1032	CYP6B3v2	Gene
8901557	1097	1105	CYP6B1v3	Gene
8901557	1129	1140	xanthotoxin	Chemical	MESH:D008730
8901557	1194	1205	xanthotoxin	Chemical	MESH:D008730
8901557	1233	1241	CYP6B1v3	Gene
8901557	1297	1300	AhR	Gene	196
8901557	1309	1315	dioxin	Chemical	MESH:D004147
8901557	1326	1331	human	Species	9606
8901557	1336	1339	rat	Species	10116
8901557	1340	1346	CYP1A1	Gene	24296
8901557	1435	1441	dioxin	Chemical	MESH:D004147
8901557	1485	1490	mouse	Species	10090
8901557	1495	1498	rat	Species	10116
8901557	1499	1510	glutathione	Chemical	MESH:D005978
8901557	1606	1614	CYP6B1v3	Gene
8901557	1616	1624	CYP6B4v2	Gene
8901557	1630	1638	CYP6B5v1	Gene
8901557	1711	1722	xanthotoxin	Chemical	MESH:D008730
8901557	1795	1800	CYP6B	Gene

3392027|t|Primary structure of apolipophorin-III from the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria. Potential amphipathic structures and molecular evolution of an insect apolipoprotein.
3392027|a|The amino acid sequence of an insect apolipoprotein, apolipophorin-III from Locusta migratoria, has been deduced from the sequence of its cloned cDNA. The mature hemolymph protein consists of 161 amino acids. Optimized alignments of this protein with apolipophorin-III from the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, disclosed an overall sequence identity of only 29%, even though the two proteins are functionally equivalent. The L. migratoria sequence is composed of 12 repeating peptides that are variable in length. Six amphipathic helical segments of varying length were identified in each protein using a newly described algorithm for detecting such secondary structures. The degree of sequence identity between the two insect apoproteins is considerably less than that observed among orthologous mammalian apolipoproteins. However, calculation of the rates of synonymous and nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions indicates that the insect genes may be evolving at rates similar to the mammalian apolipoprotein genes. Further comparative analyses of insect and mammalian apolipoproteins should provide insights about the limits of sequence diversity tolerated by their predicted amphipathic helical domains.
3392027	21	38	apolipophorin-III	Gene
3392027	48	64	migratory locust	Species	7004
3392027	66	84	Locusta migratoria	Species	7004
3392027	225	242	apolipophorin-III	Gene
3392027	248	266	Locusta migratoria	Species	7004
3392027	423	440	apolipophorin-III	Gene
3392027	450	466	tobacco hornworm	Species	7130
3392027	468	481	Manduca sexta	Species	7130
3392027	597	610	L. migratoria	Species	7004
3392027	969	978	mammalian	Species	9606
3392027	1159	1168	mammalian	Species	9606
3392027	1234	1243	mammalian	Species	9606

3943132|t|Translational and transcriptional control elements in the untranslated leader of the heat-shock gene hsp22.
3943132|a|Downstream of the transcription start site in the Drosophila heat-shock gene hsp22, we have identified a region that is necessary for efficient transcription, and also for selective translation during heat shock. We assayed the expression of mutated genes after P-factor-mediated insertion into the genome. Deletions within the first 26 nucleotides block the preferential translation of hsp22 mRNA at high temperature. The rate of transcription is also decreased, though transcription is still heat-inducible. Leaving this region intact, up to 86% of the leader can be deleted without affecting translation or transcription. The functional region coincides with a region of sequence homology between the heat-shock genes. Only partial homology is found to a conserved sequence, ATCAGTTCT, found at the very 5' end of other insect genes.
3943132	101	106	hsp22	Gene	3772576
3943132	158	168	Drosophila	Species
3943132	185	190	hsp22	Gene	3772576
3943132	495	500	hsp22	Gene	3772576

20854909|t|Functional characterization of cis-acting elements mediating flavone-inducible expression of CYP321A1.
20854909|a|How plant allelochemicals elicit herbivore counterdefense genes remains largely unknown. To define the cis-acting elements for flavone inducibility of the allelochemical-metabolizing CYP321A1 from Helicoverpa zea, functions of varying length of CYP321A1 promoter are examined in H. zea fatbody cells. Progressive 3' deletions reveal presence of positive elements in the 5' untranslated region (UTR). Progressive 5' deletions map out regions of one essential element, four enhancers, and two silencers. Further progressive 5'deletions localize the essential element to a 36-bp region from -109 to -74. This essential element, designated as xenobiotic response element to flavone (XRE-Fla), contains a 5' AT-only TAAT inverted repeat, a GCT mirror repeat and a 3' antioxidant response element-like element. Internal deletions and substitution mutations show that the TAAT repeat is only necessary for the maximal flavone inducibility, whereas the other two components are necessary for the basal and flavone-induced expression of CYP321A1. Electrophoresis mobility shift assays demonstrate that XRE-Fla specifically binds to H. zea fatbody cell nuclear extracts and flavone treatment increases the nuclear concentrations of the yet-to-be characterized transcription factors binding to XRE-Fla. Taken together, CYP321A1 expression is regulated primarily by XRE-Fla and secondarily by other cis elements scattered in its promoter and 5' UTR.
20854909	61	68	flavone	Chemical	C043562
20854909	93	101	CYP321A1	Gene
20854909	230	237	flavone	Chemical	C043562
20854909	286	294	CYP321A1	Gene
20854909	300	315	Helicoverpa zea	Species	7113
20854909	348	356	CYP321A1	Gene
20854909	773	780	flavone	Chemical	C043562
20854909	1014	1021	flavone	Chemical	C043562
20854909	1101	1108	flavone	Chemical	C043562
20854909	1131	1139	CYP321A1	Gene
20854909	1267	1274	flavone	Chemical	C043562
20854909	1411	1419	CYP321A1	Gene

20727410|t|Molecular cloning of a multidomain cysteine protease and protease inhibitor precursor gene from the tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta) and functional expression of the cathepsin F-like cysteine protease domain.
20727410|a|A Manduca sexta (tobacco hornworm) cysteine protease inhibitor, MsCPI, purified from larval hemolymph has an apparent molecular mass of 11.5 kDa, whereas the size of the mRNA is very large (   9 kilobases). MsCPI cDNA consists of a 9,273 nucleotides that encode a polypeptide of 2,676 amino acids, which includes nine tandemly repeated MsCPI domains, four cystatin-like domains and one procathepsin F-like domain. The procathepsin F-like domain protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and processed to its active mature form by incubation with pepsin. The mature enzyme hydrolyzed Z-Leu-Arg-MCA, Z-Phe-Arg-MCA and Boc-Val-Leu-Lys-MCA rapidly, whereas hydrolysis of Suc-Leu-Tyr-MCA and Z-Arg-Arg-MCA was very slow. The protease was strongly inhibited by MsCPI, egg-white cystatin and sunflower cystatin with K(i) values in the nanomolar range. When the MsCPI tandem protein linked to two MsCPI domains was treated with proteases, it was degraded by the cathepsin F-like protease. However, tryptic digestion converted the MsCPI tandem protein to an active inhibitory form. These data support the hypothesis that the mature MsCPI protein is produced from the MsCPI precursor protein by trypsin-like proteases. The resulting mature MsCPI protein probably plays a role in the regulation of the activity of endogenous cysteine proteases.
20727410	35	52	cysteine protease	Gene
20727410	100	116	tobacco hornworm	Species	7130
20727410	118	131	Manduca sexta	Species	7130
20727410	183	191	cysteine	Chemical	D003545
20727410	211	224	Manduca sexta	Species	7130
20727410	226	242	tobacco hornworm	Species	7130
20727410	244	271	cysteine protease inhibitor	Gene
20727410	273	278	MsCPI	Gene
20727410	415	420	MsCPI	Gene
20727410	544	549	MsCPI	Gene
20727410	963	968	MsCPI	Gene
20727410	1062	1067	MsCPI	Gene
20727410	1097	1102	MsCPI	Gene
20727410	1230	1235	MsCPI	Gene
20727410	1331	1336	MsCPI	Gene
20727410	1366	1371	MsCPI	Gene
20727410	1438	1443	MsCPI	Gene

20513055|t|Molecular diversity of PBAN family peptides from fire ants.
20513055|a|The PBAN/Pyrokinin peptide family is a major neuropeptide family characterized with a common FXPRLamide in the C-termini. These peptides are ubiquitously distributed in the Insecta and are involved in many essential endocrinal functions, e.g., pheromone production. Previous work demonstrated the localization of PBAN in the fire ant central nervous system, and identified a new family of PBAN from the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. In this study, we identified five more PBAN/Pyrokinin genes from S. geminata, S. richteri, S. pergandii, S. carolinensis, and a hybrid of S. invicta and S. richteri. The gene sequences were used to determine the phylogenetic relationships of these species and hybrid, which compared well to the morphologically defined fire ant subgroup complexes. The putative PBAN and other peptides were determined from the amino acid sequences of the PBAN/pyrokinin genes. We summarized all known insect PBAN family neuropeptides, and for the first time constructed a phylogenetic tree based on the full amino acid sequences translated from representative PBAN cDNAs. The PBAN/pyrokinin gene is well conserved in Insecta and probably extends into the Arthropod phylum; however, translated pre-propeptides may vary and functional diversity may be retained, lost, or modified during the evolutionary process.
20513055	23	27	PBAN	Gene
20513055	64	68	PBAN	Gene
20513055	69	78	Pyrokinin	Gene
20513055	153	163	FXPRLamide	Chemical
20513055	373	377	PBAN	Gene
20513055	449	453	PBAN	Gene
20513055	463	484	red imported fire ant	Species	13686
20513055	486	504	Solenopsis invicta	Species	13686
20513055	545	549	PBAN	Gene
20513055	550	559	Pyrokinin	Gene
20513055	571	582	S. geminata	Species	121131
20513055	584	595	S. richteri	Species	30203
20513055	597	609	S. pergandii	Species	625233
20513055	611	626	S. carolinensis	Species	30640
20513055	644	654	S. invicta	Species	13686
20513055	659	670	S. richteri	Species	30203
20513055	867	871	PBAN	Gene
20513055	944	948	PBAN	Gene
20513055	949	958	pyrokinin	Gene
20513055	997	1001	PBAN	Gene
20513055	1149	1153	PBAN	Gene
20513055	1165	1169	PBAN	Gene
20513055	1170	1179	pyrokinin	Gene

20087392|t|The cys-loop ligand-gated ion channel gene superfamily of the parasitoid wasp, Nasonia vitripennis.
20087392|a|Members of the cys-loop ligand-gated ion channel (cysLGIC) superfamily mediate chemical neurotransmission and are studied extensively as potential targets of drugs used to treat neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease. Insect cys-loop LGICs also have central roles in the nervous system and are targets of highly successful insecticides. Here, we describe the cysLGIC superfamily of the parasitoid wasp, Nasonia vitripennis, which is emerging as a highly useful model organism and is deployed as a biological control of insect pests. The wasp superfamily consists of 26 genes, which is the largest insect cysLGIC superfamily characterized, whereas Drosophila melanogaster, Apis mellifera and Tribolium castaneum have 23, 21 and 24, respectively. As with Apis, Drosophila and Tribolium, Nasonia possesses ion channels predicted to be gated by acetylcholine, gamma-amino butyric acid, glutamate and histamine, as well as orthologues of the Drosophila pH-sensitive chloride channel (pHCl), CG8916 and CG12344. Similar to other insects, wasp cysLGIC diversity is broadened by alternative splicing and RNA A-to-I editing, which may also serve to generate species-specific receptor isoforms. These findings on N. vitripennis enhance our understanding of cysLGIC functional genomics and provide a useful basis for the study of their function in the wasp model, as well as for the development of improved insecticides that spare a major beneficial insect species.
20087392	4	37	cys-loop ligand-gated ion channel	Gene
20087392	79	98	Nasonia vitripennis	Species	7425
20087392	115	148	cys-loop ligand-gated ion channel	Gene
20087392	150	157	cysLGIC	Gene
20087392	278	300	neurological disorders	Disease	D009422
20087392	310	329	Alzheimer's disease	Disease	D000544
20087392	338	351	cys-loop LGIC	Gene
20087392	472	479	cysLGIC	Gene
20087392	516	535	Nasonia vitripennis	Species	7425
20087392	717	724	cysLGIC	Gene
20087392	760	783	Drosophila melanogaster	Species	7227
20087392	785	799	Apis mellifera	Species	7460
20087392	804	823	Tribolium castaneum	Species	7070
20087392	872	882	Drosophila	Species
20087392	887	896	Tribolium	Species
20087392	898	905	Nasonia	Species	7425
20087392	954	967	acetylcholine	Chemical	D000109
20087392	969	993	gamma-amino butyric acid	Chemical	C483477
20087392	995	1004	glutamate	Chemical
20087392	1009	1018	histamine	Chemical	D006632
20087392	1050	1060	Drosophila	Species
20087392	1061	1090	pH-sensitive chloride channel	Gene	39730
20087392	1092	1096	pHCl	Gene	39730
20087392	1099	1105	CG8916	Gene
20087392	1110	1117	CG12344	Gene
20087392	1150	1157	cysLGIC	Gene
20087392	1316	1330	N. vitripennis	Species	7425
20087392	1360	1367	cysLGIC	Gene

19960683|t|Expression of a novel member of the odorant-binding protein gene family in Culex nigripalpus (Diptera: Culicidae).
19960683|a|We previously showed that gene expression in the midgut of female Culex nigripalpus Theobald (Diptera: Culicidae) was altered after ingestion of a bloodmeal and some of the expressed cDNAs showed stage-, sex-, and tissue-specific expression. One of these expressed cDNAs, CN G11B, is here shown to be similar to members of a gene family that encodes odorant-binding proteins. CN G11B.1 is a cDNA fragment of 721 bp, is incomplete at the 5'-end, and contains a canonical polyadenylic acid tail signal sequence in the 103-bp 3'-untranslated region. Translation of CN G11B.1 provides a putative protein product of 207 amino acids. GenBank tblastx, VectorBase, and Pfam database searches showed identity to hypothetical proteins from Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say (86%) and Aedes aegypti (L.) (55%). These proteins have structural motifs similar to those found in the gene family that includes odorant-binding proteins. CN G11B.1 putative protein has two of the six cysteines that are highly conserved in most invertebrate odorant-binding proteins. CN G11B.1 expression increased in thoraces (6-12 h) and in abdomens (3-48 h) of blood fed female Cx. nigripalpus but was not detected in RNA from heads, indicating a possible role in both chemoreception and blood feeding.
19960683	36	59	odorant-binding protein	Gene
19960683	75	92	Culex nigripalpus	Species	42429
19960683	181	198	Culex nigripalpus	Species	42429
19960683	585	602	polyadenylic acid	Chemical	D011061
19960683	845	875	Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus	Species	7176
19960683	890	903	Aedes aegypti	Species	7159
19960683	1010	1033	odorant-binding protein	Gene
19960683	1082	1091	cysteines	Chemical	D003545
19960683	1139	1162	odorant-binding protein	Gene
19960683	1262	1277	Cx. nigripalpus	Species

19520163|t|The beta2-tubulin gene from three tephritid fruit fly species and use of its promoter for sperm marking.
19520163|a|To isolate testis-specific regulatory DNA that could be used in genetically transformed insect pest species to improve their biological control, beta2-tubulin genes and their proximal genomic DNA were isolated from three economically important tephritid pest species, Anastrepha suspensa, Anastrepha ludens, and Bactrocera dorsalis. Gene isolation was first attempted by degenerate PCR on an A. suspensa adult male testes cDNA library, which fortuitously isolated the 2.85 kb beta1-tubulin gene that encodes a 447 amino acid polypeptide. Subsequent PCR using 5' and 3' RACE generated the 1.4 kb Asbeta2-tubulin gene that encodes a 446 amino acid polypeptide. Using primers to conserved sequences, the highly similar A. ludens and B. dorsalis beta2-tubulin genes, encoding identical amino acid sequences, were then isolated. To verify Asbeta2-tubulin gene identification based on gene expression, qRT-PCR showed that Asbeta2-tubulin transcript was most abundant in pupal and adult males, and specific to the testes. This was further tested in transformants having the DsRed.T3 reporter gene regulated by the Asbeta2-tubulin 1.3 kb promoter region. Fluorescent protein was specifically expressed in testes from third instar larvae to adults, and fluorescent sperm could be detected in the spermathecae of non-transgenic females mated to transgenic males.To confirm these matings, a PCR protocol was developed specific to the transgenic sperm DNA.
19520163	4	17	beta2-tubulin	Gene	41124
19520163	44	53	fruit fly	Species	7227
19520163	250	263	beta2-tubulin	Gene	105233263
19520163	373	392	Anastrepha suspensa	Species	28587
19520163	394	411	Anastrepha ludens	Species	28586
19520163	417	436	Bactrocera dorsalis	Species	27457
19520163	497	508	A. suspensa	Species	28587
19520163	700	715	Asbeta2-tubulin	Gene
19520163	821	830	A. ludens	Species	28586
19520163	835	846	B. dorsalis	Species	27457
19520163	847	860	beta2-tubulin	Gene	105233263
19520163	939	954	Asbeta2-tubulin	Gene
19520163	1021	1036	Asbeta2-tubulin	Gene
19520163	1212	1227	Asbeta2-tubulin	Gene

18854586|t|Drosophila asterless and vertebrate Cep152 Are orthologs essential for centriole duplication.
18854586|a|The centriole is the core structure of centrosome and cilium. Failure to restrict centriole duplication to once per cell cycle has serious consequences and is commonly observed in cancer. Despite its medical importance, the mechanism of centriole formation is poorly understood. Asl was previously reported to be a centrosomal protein essential for centrosome function. Here we identify mecD, a severe loss-of-function allele of the asl gene, and demonstrate that it is required for centriole and cilia formation. Similarly, Cep152, the Asl ortholog in vertebrates, is essential for cilia formation and its function can be partially rescued by the Drosophila Asl. The study of Asl localization suggests that it is closely associated with the centriole wall, but is not part of the centriole structure. By analyzing the biogenesis of centrosomes in cells depleted of Asl, we found that, while pericentriolar material (PCM) function is mildly affected, Asl is essential for daughter centriole formation. The clear absence of several centriolar markers in mecD mutants suggests that Asl is critical early in centriole duplication.
18854586	0	10	Drosophila	Species
18854586	11	20	asterless	Gene
18854586	36	42	Cep152	Gene
18854586	274	280	cancer	Disease	D009369
18854586	373	376	Asl	Gene	40682
18854586	527	530	asl	Gene	40682
18854586	619	625	Cep152	Gene
18854586	631	634	Asl	Gene	40682
18854586	753	756	Asl	Gene	40682
18854586	771	774	Asl	Gene	40682
18854586	960	963	Asl	Gene	40682
18854586	1045	1048	Asl	Gene	40682
18854586	1174	1177	Asl	Gene	40682

17565959|t|New candidate genes for sex-comb divergence between Drosophila mauritiana and Drosophila simulans.
17565959|a|A large-effect QTL for divergence in sex-comb tooth number between Drosophila simulans and D. mauritiana was previously mapped to 73A-84AB. Here we identify genes that are likely contributors to this divergence. We first improved the mapping resolution in the 73A-84AB region using 12 introgression lines and 62 recombinant nearly isogenic lines. To further narrow the list of candidate genes, we assayed leg-specific expression and identified genes with transcript-level evolution consistent with a potential role in sex-comb divergence. Sex combs are formed on the prothoracic (front) legs, but not on the mesothoracic (middle) legs of Drosophila males. We extracted RNA from the prothoracic and mesothoracic pupal legs of two species to determine which of the genes expressed differently between leg types were also divergent for gene expression. Two good functional candidate genes, Scr and dsx, are located in one of our fine-scale QTL regions. In addition, three previously uncharacterized genes (CG15186, CG2016, and CG2791) emerged as new candidates. These genes are located in regions strongly associated with sex-comb tooth number differences and are expressed differently between leg tissues and between species. Further supporting the potential involvement of these genes in sex-comb divergence, we found a significant difference in sex-comb tooth number between co-isogenic D. melanogaster lines with and without P-element insertions at CG2791.
17565959	78	97	Drosophila simulans	Species	7240
17565959	166	185	Drosophila simulans	Species	7240
17565959	190	203	D. mauritiana	Species	7226
17565959	737	753	Drosophila males	Disease	D005058
17565959	986	989	Scr	Gene
17565959	994	997	dsx	Gene
17565959	1102	1109	CG15186	Gene
17565959	1111	1117	CG2016	Gene
17565959	1123	1129	CG2791	Gene	40941
17565959	1218	1239	sex-comb tooth number	Disease	D012735
17565959	1444	1465	sex-comb tooth number	Disease	D012735
17565959	1486	1501	D. melanogaster	Species	7227
17565959	1549	1555	CG2791	Gene	40941

15274438|t|Analysis of the insect os-d-like gene family.
15274438|a|Insect OS-D-like proteins, also known as chemosensory (CSP) or sensory appendage proteins (SAP), are broadly expressed in various insect tissues, where they are thought to bind short to medium chain length fatty acids and their derivatives. Although their specific function remains uncertain, OS-D-like members have been isolated from sensory organs (including the sensillum lymph in some cases), and a role in olfaction similar to that of the insect odorant binding proteins (OBP) has been suggested for some. We have identified 15 new OS-D-like sequences: four from cDNA clones described herein and 11 from sequence databases. The os-d-like genes from the Anopheles gambiae, Apis mellifera, Drosophila melanogaster, and Drosophila pseudoobscura genomes typically have single, small introns with a conserved splice site. Together with all family members entered on GenBank, a total of 70 OS-D-like proteins, representing the insect orders Diptera, Dictyoptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, and Phasmatodea, were analyzed. A neighbor joining distance phenogram identified several protein similarity classes that were characterized by highly conserved sequence motifs, including (A) N-terminal YTTKYDN(V/I)(N/D)(L/V)DEIL, (B) central DGKELKXX(I/L)PDAL, and (C) C-terminal KYDP. In contrast, three similarity classes were characterized by their diversion from these conserved motifs. The functional importance of conserved amino acid residues is discussed in relation to the crystal and NMR structures of MbraCSPA6.
15274438	23	27	os-d	Gene	39906
15274438	53	57	OS-D	Gene	39906
15274438	109	134	sensory appendage protein	Gene
15274438	137	140	SAP	Gene
15274438	252	263	fatty acids	Chemical	D005227
15274438	339	343	OS-D	Gene	39906
15274438	497	520	odorant binding protein	Gene
15274438	523	526	OBP	Gene
15274438	583	587	OS-D	Gene	39906
15274438	679	683	os-d	Gene	39906
15274438	704	721	Anopheles gambiae	Species	7165
15274438	723	737	Apis mellifera	Species	7460
15274438	739	762	Drosophila melanogaster	Species	7227
15274438	768	792	Drosophila pseudoobscura	Species	7237
15274438	935	939	OS-D	Gene	39906
15274438	995	1006	Dictyoptera	Species	6970
15274438	1237	1238	N	Chemical	D009584
15274438	1261	1262	N	Chemical	D009584

14518004|t|Cloning of a putative Bombyx mori TFIIB-related factor (BRF).
14518004|a|To identify the protein domains responsible for its conserved and specialized functions, putative TFIIB-Related Factor (BRF) from the silkworm (Bombyx mori) was compared with BRFs from other organisms. The Bombyx BRF coding region was assembled from three separate and overlapping cDNA fragments. Fragments encoding the middle portion and the 3' end were discovered in the Bombyx mori Genome Project "Silkbase" collection through sequence homology with human BRF1, and the fragment encoding the N-terminus was isolated in our laboratory using the 5' RACE method. Southern analysis showed that silkworm BRF is encoded by a single-copy gene. Bombyx BRF contains the following domains that have been noted in all other BRFs, and that are likely, therefore, to provide highly conserved functions: a zinc finger domain, an imperfect repeat, three "BRF Homology" domains, and an acidic domain at the C-terminus. As expected from the evolutionary relationships among insects and mammals, Bombyx BRF is more similar overall to Drosophila BRF (55% identical) than to human BRF1 (42% identical). Detailed examination of individual domains reveals a remarkable exception, however. Domain II of Bombyx BRF is more similar to its human counterpart than to Drosophila Domain II. This result indicates that Domain II has undergone unusual divergence in Drosophila, and suggests a structural basis for Drosophila BRF's unique pattern of interaction with other transcription factors.
14518004	22	54	Bombyx mori TFIIB-related factor	Gene	692609
14518004	56	59	BRF	Gene	692609
14518004	182	185	BRF	Gene	692609
14518004	196	204	silkworm	Species	7091
14518004	206	217	Bombyx mori	Species	7091
14518004	275	278	BRF	Gene	692609
14518004	435	446	Bombyx mori	Species	7091
14518004	515	520	human	Species	9606
14518004	521	525	BRF1	Gene	2972
14518004	557	558	N	Chemical
14518004	655	663	silkworm	Species	7091
14518004	664	667	BRF	Gene	692609
14518004	709	712	BRF	Gene	692609
14518004	857	861	zinc	Chemical	D015032
14518004	905	908	BRF	Gene	692609
14518004	1050	1053	BRF	Gene	42087
14518004	1081	1091	Drosophila	Species	7227
14518004	1092	1095	BRF	Gene	42087
14518004	1120	1125	human	Species	9606
14518004	1126	1130	BRF1	Gene	2972
14518004	1252	1255	BRF	Gene	2972
14518004	1279	1284	human	Species	9606
14518004	1305	1315	Drosophila	Species	7227
14518004	1400	1410	Drosophila	Species	7227
14518004	1448	1458	Drosophila	Species	7227
14518004	1459	1462	BRF	Gene	42087

12864916|t|Structure and evolution of the luciferin-regenerating enzyme (LRE) gene from the firefly Photinus pyralis.
12864916|a|To study the structural features of genes for the luciferin-regenerating enzyme (LRE), the entire gene along with 524 bp of upstream sequence was determined from Photinus pyralis (Coleoptera: Lampyridae). The LRE gene revealed an open reading frame composed of five exons divided by four introns ranging in size from 47 to 904 bp. The deduced LRE amino acid sequence showed identity to senescence marker protein-30 (SMP30) from a number of insects and mammals including four putative SMP30 sequences from Anopheles gambiae. Gene structure comparisons showed some intron/exon site conservation with A. gambiae and mammalian SMP30 proteins but not Drosophila. LRE and luciferase sequence comparisons revealed two conserved putative luciferin-binding sites. The evolution of LRE was discussed in relation to its function.
12864916	31	60	luciferin-regenerating enzyme	Gene
12864916	89	105	Photinus pyralis	Species
12864916	157	186	luciferin-regenerating enzyme	Gene
12864916	269	285	Photinus pyralis	Species
12864916	454	464	amino acid	Chemical	CHEBI:33704
12864916	493	521	senescence marker protein-30	Gene
12864916	523	528	SMP30	Gene	9104
12864916	591	596	SMP30	Gene	9104
12864916	612	629	Anopheles gambiae	Species	7165
12864916	720	729	mammalian	Species	9606
12864916	730	735	SMP30	Gene	9104
12864916	753	763	Drosophila	Species	7227
12864916	837	846	luciferin	Chemical	CHEBI:25078

12864917|t|The AmCREB gene is an ortholog of the mammalian CREB/CREM family of transcription factors and encodes several splice variants in the honeybee brain.
12864917|a|The transcription factor CREB (cAMP response element binding protein) is required for the switch from short-term to long-term synaptic plasticity and from short-term to long-term memory. Its activity is regulated by the cAMP-dependent signalling cascade, which has been shown to play a crucial role in the honeybee's long-term memory formation. To elucidate the role of the CREB in honeybee memory formation we analysed a CREB-homologous gene, AmCREB, which is expressed as several transcripts in the honeybee brain. Eight transcripts have been identified (AmCREB 1-8) that are generated by alternate splicing. One antibody generated against a subset of these variants reveals a cytosolic localization in the mushroom body alpha-lobes, the glomeruli of the antennal lobes, the protocerebral lobes, the central complex and in the optical lobes.
12864917	4	10	AmCREB	Gene	409401
12864917	38	47	mammalian	Species	9606
12864917	48	52	CREB	Gene	1385
12864917	133	141	honeybee	Species	7460
12864917	174	178	CREB	Gene	409401
12864917	180	217	cAMP response element binding protein	Gene	409401
12864917	369	373	cAMP	Chemical	CHEBI:17489
12864917	455	463	honeybee	Species	7460
12864917	523	527	CREB	Gene	409401
12864917	531	539	honeybee	Species	7460
12864917	571	575	CREB	Gene	409401
12864917	593	599	AmCREB	Gene	409401
12864917	650	658	honeybee	Species	7460
12864917	706	712	AmCREB	Gene	409401
12864917	926	945	protocerebral lobes	Disease	D004833

12752654|t|B96Bom encodes a Bombyx mori tyramine receptor negatively coupled to adenylate cyclase.
12752654|a|A cDNA encoding a biogenic amine receptor (B96Bom) was isolated from silkworm (Bombyx mori) larvae, and the ligand response of the receptor stably expressed in HEK-293 cells was examined. Tyramine (TA) at 0.1-100 micro m reduced forskolin (10 micro m)-stimulated intracellular cAMP levels by approximately 40%. The inhibitory effect of TA at 1 micro m was abolished by yohimbine and chlorpromazine (each 10 micro m). Although octopamine (OA) also reduced the cAMP levels, the potency was at least two orders of magnitude lower than that of TA. Furthermore, unlabelled TA (IC50 = 5.2 nm) inhibited specific [3H]TA binding to the membranes of B96Bom-transfected HEK-293 cells more potently than did OA (IC50 = 1.4 micro m) and dopamine (IC50 = 1.7 micro m). Taken together with the result of phylogenetic analysis, these findings indicate that the B96Bom receptor is a B. mori TA receptor, which is negatively coupled to adenylate cyclase. The use of this expression system should facilitate physiological studies of TA receptors as well as structure-activity studies of TA receptor ligands.
12752654	17	28	Bombyx mori	Species	7091
12752654	29	46	tyramine receptor	Gene
12752654	106	129	biogenic amine receptor	Gene
12752654	157	165	silkworm	Species	7091
12752654	167	178	Bombyx mori	Species	7091
12752654	276	284	Tyramine	Chemical	D014439
12752654	317	326	forskolin	Chemical	D005576
12752654	365	369	cAMP	Chemical	CHEBI:17489
12752654	457	466	yohimbine	Chemical	D015016
12752654	471	485	chlorpromazine	Chemical	D002746
12752654	514	524	octopamine	Chemical	D009655
12752654	547	551	cAMP	Chemical	CHEBI:17489
12752654	813	821	dopamine	Chemical	D004298
12752654	955	962	B. mori	Species	7091

12542632|t|Cloning and characterization of a 70 kDa heat shock cognate gene (HSC70) from two species of Chironomus.
12542632|a|In the present study we carried out the isolation and characterization of an HSC70 gene from two midges, Chironomus tentans and C. yoshimatsui. The HSC70 cDNAs are approximately 2424 (C. tentans) and 2464 bp (C. yoshimatsui) long, and contain 1950 and 1956 bp open reading frames, respectively. Analysis of genomic DNA revealed the presence of two introns in these genes. The 5' untranslated regions of the HSC70 genes are adenosine-rich, a feature found in inducible HSP70 genes. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences exhibit high identity with cytosolic HSC70s from other Dipterans. Northern hybridization indicated that HSC70 is expressed at all developmental stages, from embryo to adult, and Southern hybridization confirmed the presence of multiple HSP70 genes in Chironomus.
12542632	34	59	70 kDa heat shock cognate	Gene
12542632	66	71	HSC70	Gene	3312
12542632	93	103	Chironomus	Species
12542632	182	187	HSC70	Gene	3312
12542632	210	228	Chironomus tentans	Species
12542632	233	247	C. yoshimatsui	Species
12542632	253	258	HSC70	Gene	3312
12542632	289	299	C. tentans	Species
12542632	314	328	C. yoshimatsui	Species
12542632	512	517	HSC70	Gene	3312
12542632	528	537	adenosine	Chemical	D000241
12542632	573	578	HSP70	Gene	3308
12542632	590	600	nucleotide	Chemical	CHEBI:36976
12542632	605	615	amino acid	Chemical	CHEBI:33704
12542632	663	668	HSC70	Gene	3312
12542632	730	735	HSC70	Gene	3312
12542632	862	867	HSP70	Gene	3308
12542632	877	887	Chironomus	Species

12421412|t|CYP6B cytochrome p450 monooxygenases from Papilio canadensis and Papilio glaucus: potential contributions of sequence divergence to host plant associations.
12421412|a|Two groups of furanocoumarin-inducible cytochrome p450 genes, the CYP6B4 group and the CYP6B17 group, characterized in two closely related tiger swallowtails, Papilio glaucus and Papilio canadensis, are induced to different extents, with generally higher levels of CYP6B transcripts in P. glaucus. To investigate the evolutionary history of these CYP6B genes in the context of their association with furanocoumarin detoxification, we isolated thirteen CYP6B genes from these species. Each of these genes contains an intron at a conserved position (1334 nucleotides from the translation start site), which varies in length due to three insertion/deletions. The proximal 5' end flanking sequence from the transcription initiation site is highly conserved (91-98% nt identity). The sequence 5' to -640 is significantly variable due largely to the presence of three insertion/deletions. The sequence at the 3' end of this region contains a putative xenobiotic response element to xanthotoxin (XRE-xan), important for basal and xanthotoxin-inducible transcription of the P. polyxenes CYP6B1v3 gene, and multiple elements known to regulate vertebrate phase I and II promoters, including an XRE-AhR (Xenobiotic Response Element to Aryl hydrocarbon Receptor), an OCT-1 element (octamer protein binding site), an ARE (Antioxidant Response Element), an EcRE (Ecdysone Response Element), and an imperfect PXR (Pregnane X Receptor) responsive element (PRE). Our analyses of CYP6B genes in these two species indicate that these genes are in an early stage of divergence and that differential exposure of these two species to chemically distinct host plants resulting from geographical isolation has had functional impacts not only on the coding regions of these genes but also on their promoter regions. Thus, changes in p450 regulation as well as catalytic activity may play a role in the evolution of host plant associations in herbivorous insects.
12421412	0	5	CYP6B	Gene
12421412	6	21	cytochrome p450	Gene
12421412	42	60	Papilio canadensis	Species
12421412	65	80	Papilio glaucus	Species	45779
12421412	171	185	furanocoumarin	Chemical	CHEBI:24128
12421412	196	211	cytochrome p450	Gene
12421412	223	229	CYP6B4	Gene
12421412	244	251	CYP6B17	Gene
12421412	296	314	tiger swallowtails	Species	45779
12421412	316	331	Papilio glaucus	Species	45779
12421412	336	354	Papilio canadensis	Species
12421412	422	427	CYP6B	Gene
12421412	443	453	P. glaucus	Species	45779
12421412	504	509	CYP6B	Gene
12421412	557	571	furanocoumarin	Chemical	CHEBI:24128
12421412	609	614	CYP6B	Gene
12421412	1180	1191	xanthotoxin	Chemical	D008730
12421412	1236	1244	CYP6B1v3	Gene
12421412	1381	1397	Aryl hydrocarbon	Chemical
12421412	1556	1564	Pregnane	Chemical	CHEBI:8386
12421412	1619	1624	CYP6B	Gene

12421409|t|Genomic organization and regulation of three cecropin genes in Anopheles gambiae.
12421409|a|Three cecropin genes (AgCecA-C) were identified from Anopheles gambiae, a major vector for malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. These genes form a cluster with AgCecA and AgCecB positioned in opposite orientation, while AgCecC is downstream of AgCecA in the same direction. One intron is present in each of these three genes. Motif searches of promoter regions revealed elements that could be regulated by the NF-kappaB family of transcriptional regulators. The divergent promoter (1186 nucleotides in length) between CecA and CecB and the promoter for CecC were analysed by transfection in An. gambiae cell lines. Results showed that these promoters were up-regulated by lipopolysaccharide. The activity was further elevated when heat-inactivated microbes were used to challenge the cell line. At least one NF-kappaB site was required for inducible expression of both CecA and CecB.
12421409	45	53	cecropin	Gene
12421409	63	80	Anopheles gambiae	Species	7165
12421409	88	96	cecropin	Gene
12421409	104	112	AgCecA-C	Gene
12421409	135	152	Anopheles gambiae	Species	7165
12421409	173	180	malaria	Disease	D008288
12421409	236	242	AgCecA	Gene
12421409	247	253	AgCecB	Gene
12421409	296	302	AgCecC	Gene
12421409	320	326	AgCecA	Gene
12421409	667	678	An. gambiae	Species

12510900|t|In situ hybridization to the Rdl locus on polytene chromosome 3L of Anopheles stephensi.
12510900|a|We are interested in generating a Y-autosome translocation of the Resistance to dieldrin (Rdl) locus in the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae), for use in sterile insect release. To ensure stability of the system, a recombination suppressing inversion can also be induced which encompasses the Rdl locus. As a first step, here we report the cloning of fragments of the Rdl gene from both An. stephensi and An. gambiae Giles using degenerate primers in the polymerase chain reaction. These fragments encode the second membrane-spanning region of the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor and show high levels of both nucleotide and predicted amino acid identity to other Rdl-like receptors. They confirm that, as in all other arthropod species examined, dieldrin resistance in An. stephensi is associated with replacement of alanine302, in this case with a serine. In situ hybridization of the Rdl probe to polytene chromosomes of An. stephensi localizes the gene to the left arm of chromosome 3 (3L) in region 45C. Rdl localization will enable us to identify chromosomal rearrangements encompassing the Rdl locus and help anchor the genome sequence of An. gambiae to the polytene map.
12510900	68	87	Anopheles stephensi	Species	30069
12510900	155	177	Resistance to dieldrin	Gene
12510900	197	204	malaria	Disease	D008288
12510900	221	240	Anopheles stephensi	Species	30069
12510900	514	527	An. stephensi	Species
12510900	532	549	An. gambiae Giles	Species
12510900	675	698	gamma-aminobutyric acid	Chemical	D005680
12510900	737	747	nucleotide	Chemical	D009711
12510900	762	772	amino acid	Chemical	D000596
12510900	874	882	dieldrin	Chemical	D004026
12510900	897	910	An. stephensi	Species
12510900	945	955	alanine302	Chemical
12510900	977	983	serine	Chemical	CHEBI:17822
12510900	1051	1064	An. stephensi	Species
12510900	1273	1284	An. gambiae	Species

12421411|t|Isolation and molecular characterization of Musca domestica delta-9 desaturase sequences.
12421411|a|We have isolated fatty acyl-CoA desaturase cDNA (Mdomd9) and genomic sequences from the housefly, Musca domestica. Two approximately 1.66 kb cDNAs were recovered. They had identical coding regions and 3' untranslated regions (UTRs), but differed in their 5' UTRs. The open reading frame encodes a 380 amino acid (aa) protein with 82% identity to Drosophila melanogaster desat1, and significant (> 50%) identity with other insect delta-9 desaturases. Functional analyses in a yeast expression system confirmed the cDNA encodes a delta9 desaturase. Northern analysis indicated two transcripts of 1.7 and 2.9 kb that hybridized specifically to the open reading frame. PCR amplification of genomic templates revealed three intron sites that are conserved among other insect species. Southern analysis of genomic DNA indicated at least two desaturase gene copies per haploid genome. There is a high degree of polymorphism, most of which appears to be due to variable intron sequences; curiously, individual flies had varying morphs of intron II and intron III. Together, the data suggest that there are more delta9 desaturase alleles within the population studied than there are loci within the genome, and support other studies suggesting that insect fatty acyl-CoA desaturases are a dynamically evolving gene family.
12421411	44	59	Musca domestica	Species	7370
12421411	60	78	delta-9 desaturase	Gene
12421411	107	132	fatty acyl-CoA desaturase	Gene
12421411	188	203	Musca domestica	Species	7370
12421411	391	401	amino acid	Chemical	CHEBI:33704
12421411	436	459	Drosophila melanogaster	Species	7227
12421411	460	466	desat1	Gene	117369
12421411	565	570	yeast	Species	4932
12421411	1343	1351	acyl-CoA	Chemical	D000214

11277405|t|Maelstrom is required to position the MTOC in stage 2-6 Drosophila oocytes.
11277405|a|The factors that determine intracellular polarity are largely unknown. In Drosophila oocytes one of the earliest polar events is the positioning of the microtubule-organizing center (MTOC). Here we present data that are consistent with the hypothesis that maelstrom is required for posterior positioning of the MTOC.
11277405	0	9	Maelstrom	Gene	40489
11277405	56	66	Drosophila	Species	7227
11277405	150	160	Drosophila	Species	7227
11277405	332	341	maelstrom	Gene	40489

20728536|t|Expression of a doublesex homologue is altered in sexual mosaics of Ostrinia scapulalis moths infected with Wolbachia.
20728536|a|A homologue of the sex-determining gene doublesex, Osdsx, was identified in the adzuki bean borer Ostrinia scapulalis. Three isoforms of the Osdsx transcript (Osdsx(M), Osdsx(FL) and Osdsx(FS)) differing in length were found. Osdsx(M) was specifically found in males, and contained an 852-bp ORF encoding a protein of 284 amino acids. Osdsx(FL) and Osdsx(FS) were found in females, and had the same 813-bp ORF encoding a protein of 271 amino acids. The Osdsx gene was inferred to have six exons and five introns. The variation in the transcript could be explained by the alternative splicing of Osdsx: Osdsx(M) was formed by the splicing of exons 1, 2, 5 and 6, Osdsx(FS) by the splicing of exons 1-4 and 6, and Osdsx(FL) by the splicing of exons 1-6. RT-PCR analysis indicated that Osdsx was transcribed in a sex-specific manner in all somatic tissues examined, regardless of developmental stage. In Wolbachia-induced sexual mosaics of O. scapulalis, which are genetically male, the female-specific isoform of Osdsx (Osdsx(FL)) was shown to be expressed in addition to the male-specific isoform (Osdsx(M)). This finding provides the first evidence that Wolbachia manipulates the sex of its host by interfering either with the sex-specific splicing of Osdsx itself or with another upstream sex determination process.
20728536	16	25	doublesex	Gene
20728536	68	87	Ostrinia scapulalis	Species
20728536	108	117	Wolbachia	Species
20728536	159	168	doublesex	Gene
20728536	199	210	adzuki bean	Species	3914
20728536	217	236	Ostrinia scapulalis	Species
20728536	441	452	amino acids	Chemical	CHEBI:33709
20728536	555	566	amino acids	Chemical	CHEBI:33709
20728536	1020	1029	Wolbachia	Species
20728536	1273	1282	Wolbachia	Species

20637213|t|RNA interference of timeless gene does not disrupt circadian locomotor rhythms in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus.
20637213|a|Molecular studies revealed that autoregulatory negative feedback loops consisting of so-called "clock genes" constitute the circadian clock in Drosophila. However, this hypothesis is not fully supported in other insects and is thus to be examined. In the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus, we have previously shown that period (per) plays an essential role in the rhythm generation. In the present study, we cloned cDNA of the clock gene timeless (tim) and investigated its role in the cricket circadian oscillatory mechanism using RNA interference. Molecular structure of the cricket tim has rather high similarity to those of other insect species. Real-time RT-PCR analysis revealed that tim mRNA showed rhythmic expression in both LD and DD similar to that of per, peaking during the (subjective) night. When injected with tim double-stranded RNA (dstim), tim mRNA levels were significantly reduced and its circadian expression rhythm was eliminated. After the dstim treatment, however, adult crickets showed a clear locomotor rhythm in DD, with a free-running period significantly shorter than that of control crickets injected with Discosoma sp. Red2 (DsRed2) dsRNA. These results suggest that in the cricket, tim plays some role in fine-tuning of the free-running period but may not be essential for oscillation of the circadian clock.
20637213	20	28	timeless	Gene	33571
20637213	94	113	Gryllus bimaculatus	Species
20637213	258	268	Drosophila	Species	7227
20637213	378	397	Gryllus bimaculatus	Species
20637213	429	435	period	Gene
20637213	547	555	timeless	Gene	33571
20637213	557	560	tim	Gene	33571
20637213	694	697	tim	Gene	33571
20637213	799	802	tim	Gene	33571
20637213	850	852	DD	Disease	C536170
20637213	935	938	tim	Gene	33571
20637213	968	971	tim	Gene	33571
20637213	1149	1151	DD	Disease	C536170
20637213	1173	1179	period	Gene
20637213	1324	1327	tim	Gene	33571
20637213	1379	1385	period	Gene

20043914|t|Cloning and characterization of a Gasp homolog from the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, and its putative role in cuticle formation.
20043914|a|Proteins that are capable of binding chitin play essential roles in the synthesis and structural integrity of the insect cuticle and peritrophic matrix. In the course of developing expressed sequence tag (EST) libraries for the eastern spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, we identified an abundant cDNA encoding a homolog of the Drosophila "gasp" gene (Gene Analogous to Small Peritrophins). For the present work, we undertook the characterization of this new homolog, CfGasp, in an effort to identify its role during larval development. As shown for DmGasp, the C. fumiferana homolog was found to contain three type-2 chitin-binding domains (CBDs), which were also found in Gasp orthologs retrieved from GenBank. In a phylogenetic analysis, these Gasp proteins formed a tight cluster, distinct from the midgut-specific peritrophins with which they share the cysteine-containing CBDs so far considered absent from cuticular proteins. However, unlike what has been shown for peritrophins, CfGasp transcript levels were low in larval midguts and most abundant in epidermis, while they were low in trachea and ovaries. Transcript levels increased during larval molts in a pattern similar to that observed for exocuticular proteins in other insects. In addition, the recombinant protein was shown to be capable of binding chitin. Altogether, these results suggest a structural role for CfGasp in exocuticle formation.
20043914	34	38	Gasp	Gene
20043914	72	96	Choristoneura fumiferana	Species
20043914	394	418	Choristoneura fumiferana	Species
20043914	477	487	Drosophila	Species	7227
20043914	489	493	gasp	Gene	40745
20043914	501	537	Gene Analogous to Small Peritrophins	Gene
20043914	711	724	C. fumiferana	Species
20043914	823	827	Gasp	Gene
20043914	896	900	Gasp	Gene
20043914	1007	1015	cysteine	Chemical	D003545
20043914	1166	1187	low in larval midguts	Disease	D009800
20043914	1243	1250	trachea	Disease	D055090

20457161|t|Evolutionary divergence of the paralogs Methoprene tolerant (Met) and germ cell expressed (gce) within the genus Drosophila.
20457161|a|Juvenile hormone (JH) signaling underpins both regulatory and developmental pathways in insects. However, the JH receptor is poorly understood. Methoprene tolerant (Met) and germ cell expressed (gce) have been implicated in JH signaling in Drosophila. We investigated the evolution of Met and gce across 12 Drosophila species and found that these paralogs are conserved across at least 63 million years of dipteran evolution. Distinct patterns of selection found using estimates of dN/dS ratios across Drosophila Met and gce coding sequences, along with their incongruent temporal expression profiles in embryonic Drosophila melanogaster, illustrate avenues through which these genes have diverged within the Diptera. Additionally, we demonstrate that the annotated gene CG15032 is the 5' terminus of gce. In mosquitoes and beetles, a single Met-like homolog displays structural similarity to both Met and gce, and the intron locations are conserved with those of gce. We found that Tribolium and mosquito Met orthologs are assembled from Met- and gce-specific domains in a modular fashion. Our results suggest that Drosophila Met and gce experienced divergent evolutionary pressures following the duplication of an ancestral gce-like gene found in less derived holometabolous insects.
20457161	40	59	Methoprene tolerant	Gene	32114
20457161	61	64	Met	Gene	32114
20457161	70	89	germ cell expressed	Gene
20457161	91	94	gce	Gene
20457161	113	123	Drosophila	Species	7227
20457161	235	246	JH receptor	Gene
20457161	269	288	Methoprene tolerant	Gene	32114
20457161	290	293	Met	Gene	32114
20457161	299	318	germ cell expressed	Gene
20457161	320	323	gce	Gene
20457161	365	375	Drosophila	Species	7227
20457161	410	413	Met	Gene	32114
20457161	418	421	gce	Gene
20457161	432	442	Drosophila	Species	7227
20457161	627	637	Drosophila	Species	7227
20457161	638	641	Met	Gene	32114
20457161	646	649	gce	Gene
20457161	739	762	Drosophila melanogaster	Species	7227
20457161	896	903	CG15032	Chemical
20457161	926	929	gce	Gene
20457161	967	970	Met	Gene	32114
20457161	1023	1026	Met	Gene	32114
20457161	1031	1034	gce	Gene
20457161	1089	1092	gce	Gene
20457161	1108	1117	Tribolium	Chemical
20457161	1131	1134	Met	Gene	32114
20457161	1164	1167	Met	Gene	32114
20457161	1173	1176	gce	Gene
20457161	1241	1251	Drosophila	Species	7227
20457161	1252	1255	Met	Gene	32114
20457161	1260	1263	gce	Gene
20457161	1351	1354	gce	Gene

20542114|t|A gut-specific chitinase gene essential for regulation of chitin content of peritrophic matrix and growth of Ostrinia nubilalis larvae.
20542114|a|Chitinases belong to a large and diverse family of hydrolytic enzymes that break down glycosidic bonds of chitin. However, very little is known about the function of chitinase genes in regulating the chitin content in peritrophic matrix (PM) of the midgut in insects. We identified a cDNA putatively encoding a chitinase (OnCht) in European corn borer (ECB; Ostrinia nubilalis). The OnCht transcript was predominately found in larval midgut but undetectable in eggs, pupae, or adults. When the larvae were fed on an artificial diet, the OnCht transcript level increased by 4.4-fold but the transcript level of a gut-specific chitin synthase (OnCHS2) gene decreased by 2.5-fold as compared with those of unfed larvae. In contrast, when the larvae were fed with the food and then starved for 24h, the OnCht transcript level decreased by 1.8-fold but the transcript level of OnCHS2 increased by 1.8-fold. Furthermore, there was a negative relationship between OnCht transcript level and chitin content in the midgut. By using a feeding-based RNAi technique, we were able to reduce the OnCht transcript level by 63-64% in the larval midgut. Consequently, these larvae showed significantly increased chitin content (26%) in the PM but decreased larval body weight (54%) as compared with the control larvae fed on the diet containing GFP dsRNA. Therefore, for the first time, we provide strong evidence that OnCht plays an important role in regulating chitin content of the PM and subsequently affecting the growth and development of the ECB larvae.
20542114	15	24	chitinase	Gene
20542114	109	127	Ostrinia nubilalis	Species	29057
20542114	302	311	chitinase	Gene
20542114	447	456	chitinase	Gene
20542114	468	487	European corn borer	Species	29057
20542114	494	512	Ostrinia nubilalis	Species	29057

20645417|t|All-trans retinoic acid affects subcellular localization of a novel BmNIF3l protein: functional deduce and tissue distribution of NIF3l gene from silkworm (Bombyx mori).
20645417|a|A novel cDNA sequence encoding a predicted protein of 271 amino acids containing a conserved NIF3 domain was found from a pupal cDNA library of silkworm. The corresponding gene was named BmNIF3l (Bombyx mori NGG1p interacting factor 3-like). It was found by bioinformatics that BmNIF3l gene consisted of five exons and four introns and BmNIF3l had a high degree of homology to other NIF3-like proteins, especially in the N-terminal and C-terminal regions. A His-tagged BmNIF3l fusion protein with a molecular weight of approximately 33.6 kDa was expressed and purified to homogeneity. We have used the purified fusion protein to produce polyclonal antibodies against BmNIF3l for histochemical analysis. Subcellular localization revealed that BmNIF3l is a cytoplasmic protein that responds to all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA). Western blotting and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction showed that the expression level of BmNIF3l is higher in tissues undergoing differentiation. Taken together, the results suggest that BmNIF3l functions in transcription.
20645417	0	23	All-trans retinoic acid	Chemical	D014212
20645417	130	135	NIF3l	Gene
20645417	146	154	silkworm	Species	7091
20645417	156	167	Bombyx mori	Species	7091
20645417	228	239	amino acids	Chemical	CHEBI:33709
20645417	314	322	silkworm	Species	7091
20645417	366	377	Bombyx mori	Species	7091
20645417	591	592	N	Chemical
20645417	606	607	C	Chemical
20645417	962	985	all-trans retinoic acid	Chemical	D014212
20645417	987	991	ATRA	Chemical

20589912|t|Life-span phenotypes of elav and Rbp9 in Drosophila suggest functional cooperation of the two ELAV-family protein genes.
20589912|a|The ELAV family of RNA-binding proteins is involved in various aspects of the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, from alternative splicing to translation. The members of this family have been shown to interact with each other and have been suggested to function as homo- and/or hetero-multimers. However, the functional interactions among them have not been demonstrated in vivo. In this study, we examined the genetic interaction between elav and Rbp9, two of the three genes encoding ELAV-family proteins in Drosophila. Mutants of both elav and Rbp9 showed shorter life spans than the control, with elav showing a shorter life span than Rbp9. The survival curve of elav-Rbp9 double-mutant flies was indistinguishable from that of elav single-mutant flies, suggesting that both mutations affect longevity through the same pathway. Considering the fact that both genes are co-expressed in adult neurons, we hypothesize that ELAV and Rbp9 cooperate to maintain the functional integrity of the adult nervous system.
20589912	24	28	elav	Gene	31000
20589912	33	37	Rbp9	Gene	33498
20589912	41	51	Drosophila	Species	7227
20589912	94	98	ELAV	Gene	31000
20589912	125	129	ELAV	Gene	31000
20589912	577	581	elav	Gene	31000
20589912	586	590	Rbp9	Gene	33498
20589912	624	628	ELAV	Gene	31000
20589912	648	658	Drosophila	Species	7227
20589912	676	680	elav	Gene	31000
20589912	685	689	Rbp9	Gene	33498
20589912	739	743	elav	Gene	31000
20589912	777	781	Rbp9	Gene	33498
20589912	805	809	elav	Gene	31000
20589912	810	814	Rbp9	Gene	33498
20589912	870	874	elav	Gene	31000
20589912	1062	1066	ELAV	Gene	31000
20589912	1071	1075	Rbp9	Gene	33498

20193689|t|Characterization of a trehalose-6-phosphate synthase gene from Spodoptera exigua and its function identification through RNA interference.
20193689|a|Trehalose is an important disaccharide and a key regulation factor for the development of many organisms, including plants, bacteria, fungi and insects. In order to study the trehalose synthesis pathway, a cDNA for a trehalose-6-phosphate synthase from Spodoptera exigua (SeTPS) was cloned which contained an open reading frame of 2481 nucleotides encoding a protein of 826 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 92.65kDa. The SeTPS genome has 12 exons and 11 introns. Northern blot and RT-PCR analyses showed that SeTPS mRNA was expressed in the fat body and in the ovary. Competitive RT-PCR revealed that SeTPS mRNA was expressed in the fat body at different developmental stages and was present at a high level in day 1 S. exigua pupae. The concentrations of trehalose and glucose in the hemolymph were determined by HPLC and showed that they varied at different developmental stages and were negatively correlated to each other. The survival rates of the insects injected with dsRNA corresponding to SeTPS gene reached 53.95%, 49.06%, 34.86% and 33.24% for 36, 48, 60 and 204h post-injection respectively which were significantly lower than those of the insects in three control groups. These findings provide new data on the tissue distribution, expression patterns and potential function of the trehalose-6-phosphate synthase gene.
20193689	22	43	trehalose-6-phosphate	Chemical	C082722
20193689	63	80	Spodoptera exigua	Species	7107
20193689	356	377	trehalose-6-phosphate	Chemical	C082722
20193689	392	409	Spodoptera exigua	Species	7107
20193689	513	524	amino acids	Chemical	CHEBI:33709
20193689	872	881	S. exigua	Species	7107
20193689	911	920	trehalose	Chemical	D014199
20193689	925	932	glucose	Chemical	D005947
20193689	1450	1471	trehalose-6-phosphate	Chemical	C082722

20420910|t|Study of the aminopeptidase N gene family in the lepidopterans Ostrinia nubilalis (H  bner) and Bombyx mori (L.): sequences, mapping and expression.
20420910|a|Aminopeptidases N (APNs) are a class of ectoenzymes present in lepidopteran larvae midguts, involved in the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins mode of action. In the present work, seven aminopeptidases have been cloned from the midgut of Ostrinia nubilalis, the major Lepidopteran corn pest in the temperate climates. Six sequences were identified as APNs because of the presence of the HEXXH(X)18E and GAMEN motifs, as well as the signal peptide and the GPI-anchor sequences. The remaining sequence did not contain the two cellular targeting signals, indicating it belonged to the puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase (PSA) family. An in silico analysis allowed us to find orthologous sequences in Bombyx mori. A phylogenetic study of lepidopteran aminopeptidase sequences resulted in their clustering into nine classes. Linkage analysis revealed that the onapn genes as well as all bmapn genes clustered in a single linkage group. O. nubilalis aminopeptidases were expressed in all larval instars. In 5th instar larvae tissues, apns transcripts were found mainly in midguts while apn8 was also highly expressed in Malpighian tubules, and psa showed an ubiquitous expression pattern in O. nubilalis and B. mori. The sequence homology and gene organization of apns suggest a single origin from an ancestral lepidopteran apn gene.
20420910	13	29	aminopeptidase N	Gene
20420910	63	81	Ostrinia nubilalis	Species	29057
20420910	95	106	Bombyx mori	Species	7091
20420910	148	165	Aminopeptidases N	Gene
20420910	256	278	Bacillus thuringiensis	Species	1428
20420910	386	404	Ostrinia nubilalis	Species	29057
20420910	429	433	corn	Species	381124
20420910	730	739	puromycin	Chemical	D011691
20420910	845	856	Bombyx mori	Species	7091
20420910	1079	1091	O. nubilalis	Species	29057
20420910	1333	1345	O. nubilalis	Species	29057
20420910	1350	1357	B. mori	Species	7091

20513057|t|Identification of two piwi genes and their expression profile in honeybee, Apis mellifera.
20513057|a|Piwi genes play an important role in regulating spermatogenesis and oogenesis because they participate in the biogenesis of piRNAs, a new class of noncoding RNAs. However, these genes are not well understood in most insects. To understand the function of piwi genes in honeybee reproduction, we amplified two full-length piwi-like genes, Am-aub and Am-ago3. Both the cloned Am-aub and Am-ago3 genes contained typical PAZ and PIWI domains and active catalytic motifs "Asp-Asp-Asp/His/Glu/Lys," suggesting that the two piwi-like genes possessed slicer activity. We examined the expression levels of Am-aub and Am-ago3 in workers, queens, drones, and female larvae by quantitative PCR. Am-aub was more abundant than Am-ago3 in all the tested samples. Both Am-aub and Am-ago3 were highly expressed in drones but not in workers and queens. The significant finding was that the larval food stream influenced the expression of Piwi genes in adult honeybees. This helps to understand the nutritional control of reproductive status in honeybees at the molecular level.
20513057	22	26	piwi	Gene
20513057	65	73	honeybee	Species	7460
20513057	75	89	Apis mellifera	Species	7460
20513057	91	95	Piwi	Gene
20513057	346	350	piwi	Gene
20513057	360	368	honeybee	Species	7460
20513057	412	416	piwi	Gene
20513057	516	520	PIWI	Gene
20513057	558	569	Asp-Asp-Asp	Chemical
20513057	574	577	Glu	Chemical	CHEBI:18237
20513057	608	612	piwi	Gene
20513057	1011	1015	Piwi	Gene
20513057	1031	1040	honeybees	Species	7460
20513057	1117	1126	honeybees	Species	7460

20026067|t|Isolation of diapause-regulated genes from the flesh fly, Sarcophaga crassipalpis by suppressive subtractive hybridization.
20026067|a|Subtractive suppressive hybridization (SSH) was used to characterize the diapause transcriptome of the flesh fly Sarcophaga crassipalpis. Through these efforts, we isolated 97 unique clones which were used as probes in northern hybridization to assess their expression during diapause. Of these, 17 were confirmed to be diapause upregulated and 1 was diapause downregulated, while 12 were shown to be unaffected by diapause in this species. The diapause upregulated genes fall into several broad categories including heat shock proteins, heavy metal responsive genes, neuropeptides, structural genes, regulatory elements, and several genes of unknown function. In combination with other large-scale analyses of gene expression during diapause, this study assists in the characterization of the S. crassipalpis diapause transcriptome, and begins to identify common elements involved in diapause across diverse taxa.
20026067	58	81	Sarcophaga crassipalpis	Species	59312
20026067	237	260	Sarcophaga crassipalpis	Species	59312
20026067	641	659	heat shock protein	Gene
20026067	918	933	S. crassipalpis	Species	59312

20513056|t|Molecular cloning, genomic structure, and genetic mapping of two Rdl-orthologous genes of GABA receptors in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella.
20513056|a|The Resistance to dieldrin (Rdl) gene encodes a subunit of the insect gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor. Cyclodiene resistance in many insects is associated with replacement of a single amino acid (alanine at position 302) with either a serine or a glycine in the Rdl gene. Two Rdl-orthologous genes of GABA receptors (PxGABARalpha1 and PxGABARalpha2) were cloned and sequenced from a susceptible strain (Roth) of Plutella xylostella. PxGABARalpha1 and PxGABARalpha2 showed 84% and 77% identity with the Rdl gene of Drosophila melanogaster at an amino acid level, respectively. The coding regions of PxGABARalpha1 and PxGABARalpha2 both comprise ten exons, with two alternative RNA-splicing forms in exon 3 of both genes. At the orthologous position of alanine-302 in D. melanogaster Rdl, PxGABARalpha1 has a conserved alanine at position 282. PxGABARalpha2 has a serine instead of an alanine at the equivalent position. With two informative DNA markers, both PxGABARalpha1 and PxGABARalpha2 were mapped onto the Z chromosome of P. xylostella.
20513056	65	68	Rdl	Gene	39054
20513056	90	94	GABA	Chemical	D005680
20513056	112	128	diamondback moth	Species	51655
20513056	130	149	Plutella xylostella	Species	51655
20513056	169	177	dieldrin	Chemical	D004026
20513056	179	182	Rdl	Gene	39054
20513056	221	244	gamma-aminobutyric acid	Chemical	D005680
20513056	246	250	GABA	Chemical	D005680
20513056	262	272	Cyclodiene	Chemical
20513056	343	353	amino acid	Chemical	CHEBI:33704
20513056	355	362	alanine	Chemical	CHEBI:16449
20513056	394	400	serine	Chemical	CHEBI:17822
20513056	406	413	glycine	Chemical	CHEBI:57305
20513056	421	424	Rdl	Gene	39054
20513056	435	438	Rdl	Gene	39054
20513056	460	464	GABA	Chemical	D005680
20513056	571	590	Plutella xylostella	Species	51655
20513056	661	664	Rdl	Gene	39054
20513056	673	696	Drosophila melanogaster	Species	7227
20513056	703	713	amino acid	Chemical	CHEBI:33704
20513056	910	917	alanine	Chemical	CHEBI:16449
20513056	925	940	D. melanogaster	Species	7227
20513056	941	944	Rdl	Gene	39054
20513056	976	983	alanine	Chemical	CHEBI:16449
20513056	1021	1027	serine	Chemical	CHEBI:17822
20513056	1042	1049	alanine	Chemical	CHEBI:16449
20513056	1186	1199	P. xylostella	Species	51655

20130575|t|Odorant reception in the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae.
20130575|a|The mosquito Anopheles gambiae is the major vector of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. It locates its human hosts primarily through olfaction, but little is known about the molecular basis of this process. Here we functionally characterize the Anopheles gambiae odorant receptor (AgOr) repertoire. We identify receptors that respond strongly to components of human odour and that may act in the process of human recognition. Some of these receptors are narrowly tuned, and some salient odorants elicit strong responses from only one or a few receptors, suggesting a central role for specific transmission channels in human host-seeking behaviour. This analysis of the Anopheles gambiae receptors permits a comparison with the corresponding Drosophila melanogaster odorant receptor repertoire. We find that odorants are differentially encoded by the two species in ways consistent with their ecological needs. Our analysis of the Anopheles gambiae repertoire identifies receptors that may be useful targets for controlling the transmission of malaria.
20130575	25	32	malaria	Disease	D008288
20130575	42	59	Anopheles gambiae	Species	7165
20130575	74	91	Anopheles gambiae	Species	7165
20130575	115	122	malaria	Disease	D008288
20130575	161	166	human	Species	9606
20130575	303	320	Anopheles gambiae	Species	7165
20130575	321	337	odorant receptor	Gene
20130575	339	343	AgOr	Chemical	D006514
20130575	418	423	human	Species	9606
20130575	465	470	human	Species	9606
20130575	676	681	human	Species	9606
20130575	727	744	Anopheles gambiae	Species	7165
20130575	799	822	Drosophila melanogaster	Species	7227
20130575	823	839	odorant receptor	Gene
20130575	988	1005	Anopheles gambiae	Species	7165
20130575	1101	1108	malaria	Disease	D008288

19782689|t|Molecular characterization of heat shock protein 90, 70 and 70 cognate cDNAs and their expression patterns during thermal stress and pupal diapause in the corn earworm.
19782689|a|Three heat shock protein transcripts, hsp90, hsp70, hsc70, isolated from the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea, were evaluated for their responsiveness to diapause and thermal stress. These Hsps showed high homology to their counterparts in other species. A phylogenetic analysis of the Hsp90 sequence was consistent with the known classification of insects. Northern blot hybridization indicated the presence of hsp90 transcripts in all tissues, but expression in the brain-subesophageal complex was especially pronounced. The genomic organization of hsp90 examined by Southern blot suggested the presence of a single copy of hsp90 in the H. zea genome. The expression patterns after heat shock indicated that hsp70 and hsp90 were heat-inducible, although hsp70 was more strongly induced than hsp90, and hsc70 was indeed a constitutively expressed member of the hsp70 family. Expression of hsp70 and hsc70 were not altered by the diapause program, but hsp90 was down-regulated at this time. Low temperatures (0-4 degrees C) and recovery from low temperature elicited hsp70 and hsp90 responses, but not an hsc70 response. Thus, unlike several other species, H. zea does not up-regulate hsp70 during pupal diapause, but the down-regulation of hsp90 is consistent with the pattern observed in several other species during diapause. Our results also indicate that hsp90 and hsp70 are responsive to low temperature in both diapausing and nondiapausing pupae.
19782689	30	48	heat shock protein	Gene
19782689	155	167	corn earworm	Species	7113
19782689	175	193	heat shock protein	Gene
19782689	207	212	hsp90	Gene
19782689	214	219	hsp70	Gene
19782689	221	226	hsc70	Gene
19782689	246	258	corn earworm	Species	7113
19782689	260	275	Helicoverpa zea	Species	7113
19782689	452	457	Hsp90	Gene
19782689	578	583	hsp90	Gene
19782689	717	722	hsp90	Gene
19782689	792	797	hsp90	Gene
19782689	850	860	heat shock	Disease	D012769
19782689	876	881	hsp70	Gene
19782689	886	891	hsp90	Gene
19782689	922	927	hsp70	Gene
19782689	959	964	hsp90	Gene
19782689	970	975	hsc70	Gene
19782689	1028	1033	hsp70	Gene
19782689	1056	1061	hsp70	Gene
19782689	1066	1071	hsc70	Gene
19782689	1118	1123	hsp90	Gene
19782689	1233	1238	hsp70	Gene
19782689	1243	1248	hsp90	Gene
19782689	1271	1276	hsc70	Gene
19782689	1351	1356	hsp70	Gene
19782689	1407	1412	hsp90	Gene
19782689	1526	1531	hsp90	Gene
19782689	1536	1541	hsp70	Gene

19861164|t|BmCAP, a silkmoth gene encoding multiple protein isoforms characterized by SoHo and SH3 domains: expression analysis during ovarian follicular development.
19861164|a|CAP/ArgBP2/vinexin family proteins, adaptor proteins characterized by three SH3 domains at their C-termini and a SoHo domain towards their N-termini, are known to regulate cell adhesion, cytoskeletal organization, and growth factor signaling. Here we present the isolation and ovarian expression of the BmCAP gene which encodes CAP/ArgBP2/vinexin family proteins in the silkmoth, Bombyx mori. Screening for full-length cDNA clones identified three mRNA isoforms, BmCAP-A1, BmCAP-A2 and BmCAP-B, which show expression throughout ovarian follicular development. Using an antibody raised against a unique region between the SoHo and SH3 domains, BmCAP-A protein isoforms were identified that show specific expression in different compartments of the ovarian follicles. Immunofluorescence staining of the cells of the follicular epithelium establishes a dynamic pattern of BmCAP-A protein localization during choriogenesis. During early choriogenesis, BmCAP-A has a diffuse localization in the cytoplasm but could also be found concentrated at the apical and basal sides at the cell-cell junctions. During late choriogenesis, the diffuse cytoplasmic staining of BmCAP-A disappears while the staining pattern at the apical side resembles a blueprint for the eggshell surface structure. We suggest that BmCAP-A isoforms have important functions during ovarian development, which involve not only the traditional roles in actin organization or cell-cell adhesion but also the regulation of secretion of chorion proteins and the sculpting of the chorion surface.
19861164	0	5	BmCAP	Gene
19861164	160	163	Arg	Chemical	CHEBI:16467
19861164	459	464	BmCAP	Gene
19861164	488	491	Arg	Chemical	CHEBI:16467
19861164	536	547	Bombyx mori	Species	7091
19861164	619	624	BmCAP	Gene
19861164	629	634	BmCAP	Gene
19861164	642	649	BmCAP-B	Chemical
19861164	799	806	BmCAP-A	Gene	100174831
19861164	1025	1032	BmCAP-A	Gene	100174831
19861164	1104	1111	BmCAP-A	Gene	100174831
19861164	1314	1321	BmCAP-A	Gene	100174831
19861164	1453	1460	BmCAP-A	Gene	100174831

20020062|t|Brownie, a gene involved in building complex respiratory devices in insect eggshells.
20020062|a|BACKGROUND: Insect eggshells must combine protection for the yolk and embryo with provisions for respiration and for the entry of sperm, which are ensured by aeropyles and micropyles, respectively. Insects which oviposit the eggs in an egg-case have a double problem of respiration as gas exchange then involves two barriers. An example of this situation is found in the cockroach Blattella germanica, where the aeropyle and the micropyle are combined in a complex structure called the sponge-like body. The sponge-like body has been well described morphologically, but nothing is known about how it is built up. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In a library designed to find genes expressed during late chorion formation in B. germanica, we isolated the novel sequence Bg30009 (now called Brownie), which was outstanding due to its high copy number. In the present work, we show that Brownie is expressed in the follicle cells localized in the anterior pole of the oocyte in late choriogenesis. RNA interference (RNAi) of Brownie impaired correct formation of the sponge-like body and, as a result, the egg-case was also ill-formed and the eggs were not viable. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Results indicate that the novel gene Brownie plays a pivotal role in building up the sponge-like body. Brownie is the first reported gene involved in the construction of complex eggshell respiratory structures.
20020062	0	7	Brownie	Gene
20020062	467	486	Blattella germanica	Species	6973
20020062	810	822	B. germanica	Species	6973
20020062	875	882	Brownie	Gene
20020062	970	977	Brownie	Gene
20020062	1108	1115	Brownie	Gene
20020062	1116	1166	impaired correct formation of the sponge-like body	Disease	D003072
20020062	1311	1318	Brownie	Gene
20020062	1377	1384	Brownie	Gene

19944757|t|Digestive beta-glucosidases from the wood-feeding higher termite, Nasutitermes takasagoensis: intestinal distribution, molecular characterization, and alteration in sites of expression.
19944757|a|beta-Glucosidase [EC 3.2.1.21] hydrolyzes cellobiose or cello-oligosaccharides into glucose during cellulose digestion in termites. SDS-PAGE and zymogram analyses of the digestive system in the higher termite Nasutitermes takasagoensis revealed that beta-glucosidase activity is localized in the salivary glands and midgut as dimeric glycoproteins. Degenerate PCR using primers based on the N-terminal amino acid sequences of the salivary beta-glucosidase resulted in cDNA fragments of 1.7 kb, encoding 489 amino acids with a sequence similar to glycosyl hydrolase family 1. Moreover, these primers amplified cDNA fragments from the midgut, and the deduced amino acid sequences are 87-91% identical to those of the salivary beta-glucosidases. Successful expression of the cDNAs in Escherichia coli implies that these sequences also encode functional beta-glucosidases. These results indicate that beta-glucosidases that primarily contribute to the digestive process of N. takasagoensis are produced in the midgut. Reverse transcription-PCR analysis indicated the site-specific expression of beta-glucosidase mRNAs in the salivary glands and midgut. These results suggest that termites have developed the ability to produce beta-glucosidases in the midgut, as is the case for endo-beta-1,4-glucanase, in which the site of expression has shifted from the salivary glands of lower termites to the midgut of higher termites.
19944757	66	92	Nasutitermes takasagoensis	Species
19944757	186	202	beta-Glucosidase	Gene
19944757	270	277	glucose	Chemical	D005947
19944757	318	321	SDS	Chemical	CHEBI:8984
19944757	395	421	Nasutitermes takasagoensis	Species
19944757	436	452	beta-glucosidase	Gene
19944757	577	578	N	Chemical
19944757	588	598	amino acid	Chemical	CHEBI:33704
19944757	625	641	beta-glucosidase	Gene
19944757	693	704	amino acids	Chemical	CHEBI:33709
19944757	732	750	glycosyl hydrolase	Gene
19944757	843	853	amino acid	Chemical	CHEBI:33704
19944757	967	983	Escherichia coli	Species	562
19944757	1036	1052	beta-glucosidase	Gene
19944757	1155	1171	N. takasagoensis	Species
19944757	1277	1293	beta-glucosidase	Gene

19900550|t|RNAi of ace1 and ace2 in Blattella germanica reveals their differential contribution to acetylcholinesterase activity and sensitivity to insecticides.
19900550|a|Cyclorrhapha insect genomes contain a single acetylcholinesterase (AChE) gene while other insects contain at least two ace genes (ace1 and ace2). In this study we tested the hypothesis that the two ace paralogous from Blattella germanica have different contributions to AChE activity, using RNA interference (RNAi) to knockdown each one individually. Paralogous-specific depletion of Bgace transcripts was evident in ganglia of injected cockroaches, although the effects at the protein level were less pronounced. Using spectrophotometric and zymogram measurements, we obtained evidence that BgAChE1 represents 65-75% of the total AChE activity in nerve tissue demonstrating that ace1 encodes a predominant AChE. A significant increase in sensitivity of Bgace1-interfered cockroaches was observed after 48 h of exposure to chlorpyrifos. In contrast, Bgace2 knockdown had a negligible effect on mortality to this organophosphate. These results point out a key role, qualitative and/or quantitative, of AChE1 as target of organophosphate insecticides in this species. Silencing the expression of Bgace1 but not Bgace2 also produced an increased mortality in insects when synergized with lambda-cyhalothrin, a situation which resembles the synergistic effects observed between organophosphates and pyrethroids. Gene silencing of ace genes by RNAi offers an exciting approach for examining a possible functional differentiation in ace paralogous.
19900550	8	12	ace1	Gene
19900550	17	21	ace2	Gene
19900550	25	44	Blattella germanica	Species	6973
19900550	281	285	ace1	Gene
19900550	290	294	ace2	Gene
19900550	369	388	Blattella germanica	Species	6973
19900550	831	835	ace1	Gene
19900550	974	986	chlorpyrifos	Chemical	D004390
19900550	1063	1078	organophosphate	Chemical
19900550	1171	1186	organophosphate	Chemical
19900550	1336	1354	lambda-cyhalothrin	Chemical	C037304
19900550	1425	1441	organophosphates	Chemical	D010755
19900550	1446	1457	pyrethroids	Chemical	D011722

19995605|t|Structure and expression of the silk adhesive protein Ser2 in Bombyx mori.
19995605|a|Sericins are soluble silk components encoded in Bombyx mori by three genes, of which Ser1 and Ser3 have been characterized. The Ser1 and Ser3 proteins were shown to appear later in the last larval instar as the major sericins of cocoon silk. These proteins are, however, virtually absent in the highly adhesive silk spun prior to cocoon spinning, when the larvae construct a loose scaffold for cocoon attachment. We show here that the silk-gland lumen of the feeding last instar larvae contains two abundant adhesive proteins of 230 kDa and 120 kDa that were identified as products of the Ser2 gene. We also describe the sequence, exon-intron structure, alternative splicing and deduced translation products of this gene in the Daizo p50 strain of B. mori. Two mRNAs of 5.7 and 3.1 kb are generated by alternative splicing of the largest exon. The predicted mature proteins contain 1740 and 882 amino acid residues. The repetitive amino acid sequence encoded by exons 9a and 9b is apparently responsible for the adhesiveness of Ser2 products. It has a similar periodic arrangement of motifs containing lysine and proline as a highly adhesive protein of the mussel Mytilus edulis.
19995605	54	58	Ser2	Gene	100379325
19995605	62	73	Bombyx mori	Species	7091
19995605	123	134	Bombyx mori	Species	7091
19995605	160	164	Ser1	Gene	693057
19995605	169	173	Ser3	Gene	100136948
19995605	203	207	Ser1	Gene	693057
19995605	212	216	Ser3	Gene	100136948
19995605	664	668	Ser2	Gene	100379325
19995605	823	830	B. mori	Species	7091
19995605	970	980	amino acid	Chemical	CHEBI:33704
19995605	1006	1016	amino acid	Chemical	CHEBI:33704
19995605	1103	1107	Ser2	Gene	100379325
19995605	1177	1183	lysine	Chemical	CHEBI:25094
19995605	1188	1195	proline	Chemical	CHEBI:26271
19995605	1239	1253	Mytilus edulis	Species	6550

19956620|t|Wing defects in Drosophila xenicid mutant clones are caused by C-terminal deletion of additional sex combs (Asx).
19956620|a|BACKGROUND: The coordinated action of genes that control patterning, cell fate determination, cell size, and cell adhesion is required for proper wing formation in Drosophila. Defects in any of these basic processes can lead to wing aberrations, including blisters. The xenicid mutation was originally identified in a screen designed to uncover regulators of adhesion between wing surfaces [1]. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Here, we demonstrate that expression of the betaPS integrin or the patterning protein Engrailed are not affected in developing wing imaginal discs in xenicid mutants. Instead, expression of the homeotic protein Ultrabithorax (Ubx) is strongly increased in xenicid mutant cells. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that upregulation of Ubx transforms cells from a wing blade fate to a haltere fate, and that the presence of haltere cells within the wing blade is the primary defect leading to the adult wing phenotypes observed.
19956620	0	12	Wing defects	Disease	D000013
19956620	16	26	Drosophila	Species	7227
19956620	27	34	xenicid	Gene	36612
19956620	63	64	C	Chemical
19956620	86	106	additional sex combs	Gene
19956620	108	111	Asx	Gene	36612
19956620	278	288	Drosophila	Species	7227
19956620	384	391	xenicid	Gene	36612
19956620	573	588	betaPS integrin	Gene	44885
19956620	615	624	Engrailed	Gene
19956620	679	686	xenicid	Gene	36612
19956620	740	753	Ultrabithorax	Gene	42034
19956620	755	758	Ubx	Gene	42034
19956620	785	792	xenicid	Gene	36612
19956620	860	863	Ubx	Gene	42034

19620392|t|Functional analysis of saxophone, the Drosophila gene encoding the BMP type I receptor ortholog of human ALK1/ACVRL1 and ACVR1/ALK2.
19620392|a|In metazoans, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) direct a myriad of developmental and adult homeostatic events through their heterotetrameric type I and type II receptor complexes. We examined 3 existing and 12 newly generated mutations in the Drosophila type I receptor gene, saxophone (sax), the ortholog of the human Activin Receptor-Like Kinase1 and -2 (ALK1/ACVRL1 and ALK2/ACVR1) genes. Our genetic analyses identified two distinct classes of sax alleles. The first class consists of homozygous viable gain-of-function (GOF) alleles that exhibit (1) synthetic lethality in combination with mutations in BMP pathway components, and (2) significant maternal effect lethality that can be rescued by an increased dosage of the BMP encoding gene, dpp+. In contrast, the second class consists of alleles that are recessive lethal and do not exhibit lethality in combination with mutations in other BMP pathway components. The alleles in this second class are clearly loss-of-function (LOF) with both complete and partial loss-of-function mutations represented. We find that one allele in the second class of recessive lethals exhibits dominant-negative behavior, albeit distinct from the GOF activity of the first class of viable alleles. On the basis of the fact that the first class of viable alleles can be reverted to lethality and on our ability to independently generate recessive lethal sax mutations, our analysis demonstrates that sax is an essential gene. Consistent with this conclusion, we find that a normal sax transcript is produced by saxP, a viable allele previously reported to be null, and that this allele can be reverted to lethality. Interestingly, we determine that two mutations in the first class of sax alleles show the same amino acid substitutions as mutations in the human receptors ALK1/ACVRl-1 and ACVR1/ALK2, responsible for cases of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 2 (HHT2) and fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), respectively. Finally, the data presented here identify different functional requirements for the Sax receptor, support the proposal that Sax participates in a heteromeric receptor complex, and provide a mechanistic framework for future investigations into disease states that arise from defects in BMP/TGF-beta signaling.
19620392	23	32	saxophone	Gene	35731
19620392	38	48	Drosophila	Species	7227
19620392	67	70	BMP	Gene	649
19620392	99	104	human	Species	9606
19620392	105	109	ALK1	Gene	94
19620392	110	116	ACVRL1	Gene	94
19620392	121	126	ACVR1	Gene	90
19620392	127	131	ALK2	Gene	90
19620392	147	173	bone morphogenetic protein	Gene
19620392	377	387	Drosophila	Species	7227
19620392	410	419	saxophone	Gene	35731
19620392	421	424	sax	Gene	35731
19620392	447	452	human	Species	9606
19620392	453	489	Activin Receptor-Like Kinase1 and -2	Gene	94;90
19620392	491	495	ALK1	Gene	94
19620392	496	502	ACVRL1	Gene	94
19620392	507	511	ALK2	Gene	90
19620392	512	517	ACVR1	Gene	90
19620392	582	585	sax	Gene	35731
19620392	742	745	BMP	Gene	649
19620392	862	865	BMP	Gene	649
19620392	1031	1034	BMP	Gene	649
19620392	1527	1530	sax	Gene	35731
19620392	1573	1576	sax	Gene	35731
19620392	1654	1657	sax	Gene	35731
19620392	1858	1861	sax	Gene	35731
19620392	1884	1894	amino acid	Chemical	CHEBI:33704
19620392	1929	1934	human	Species	9606
19620392	1945	1949	ALK1	Gene	94
19620392	1950	1957	ACVRl-1	Gene	94
19620392	1962	1967	ACVR1	Gene	90
19620392	1968	1972	ALK2	Gene	90
19620392	1999	2043	hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 2	Gene	94
19620392	2045	2049	HHT2	Gene	94
19620392	2055	2092	fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva	Disease	D009221
19620392	2094	2097	FOP	Disease	D009221
19620392	2198	2201	Sax	Gene	35731
19620392	2238	2241	Sax	Gene	35731
19620392	2399	2402	BMP	Gene	649

19363474|t|Genome-wide analysis of Notch signalling in Drosophila by transgenic RNAi.
19363474|a|Genome-wide RNA interference (RNAi) screens have identified near-complete sets of genes involved in cellular processes. However, this methodology has not yet been used to study complex developmental processes in a tissue-specific manner. Here we report the use of a library of Drosophila strains expressing inducible hairpin RNAi constructs to study the Notch signalling pathway during external sensory organ development. We assigned putative loss-of-function phenotypes to 21.2% of the protein-coding Drosophila genes. Using secondary assays, we identified 6 new genes involved in asymmetric cell division and 23 novel genes regulating the Notch signalling pathway. By integrating our phenotypic results with protein interaction data, we constructed a genome-wide, functionally validated interaction network governing Notch signalling and asymmetric cell division. We used clustering algorithms to identify nuclear import pathways and the COP9 signallosome as Notch regulators. Our results show that complex developmental processes can be analysed on a genome-wide level and provide a unique resource for functional annotation of the Drosophila genome.
19363474	44	54	Drosophila	Species	7227
19363474	352	362	Drosophila	Species	7227
19363474	577	587	Drosophila	Species	7227
19363474	1015	1019	COP9	Gene	34857
19363474	1210	1220	Drosophila	Species	7227

18826030|t|CNAct-1 gene is differentially expressed in the subtropical mosquito Culex nigripalpus (Diptera: Culicidae), the primary West Nile Virus vector in Florida.
18826030|a|Analysis of differentially expressed genes is a common molecular biological tool to investigate changes in mosquito genes after a bloodmeal or parasite exposure. We report here the characterization of a differentially expressed actin gene, CNAct-1, from the subtropical mosquito, Culex nigripalpus Theobald (Diptera: Culicidae). The CNAct-1 genomic clone is 1.525 kb, includes one 66-bp intron, and a 328-bp 3'-untranslated region. The 376-amino acid putative translation product shares high similarity with muscle-specific actin proteins from other insects, including Culex pipiens pipiens L., Aedes aegypti (L.), Anopheles gambiae Giles and Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen). CNAct-1 is expressed in second and third instars, late pupae, and adult females and males. Interestingly, Cx. nigripalpus actin was highly expressed in female mosquito midgut tissue isolated 6-12 h after ingestion of a bloodmeal. This expression profile indicates a unique function for CNAct-1 in midgut processes that are initiated after blood ingestion.
18826030	0	7	CNAct-1	Gene
18826030	69	86	Culex nigripalpus	Species
18826030	121	136	West Nile Virus	Species	11082
18826030	384	389	actin	Gene
18826030	396	403	CNAct-1	Gene
18826030	436	453	Culex nigripalpus	Species
18826030	489	496	CNAct-1	Gene
18826030	596	606	amino acid	Chemical	CHEBI:33704
18826030	680	685	actin	Gene
18826030	725	748	Culex pipiens pipiens L	Species	38569
18826030	739	746	pipiens	Disease	C536652
18826030	751	764	Aedes aegypti	Species	7159
18826030	771	788	Anopheles gambiae	Species	7165
18826030	799	822	Drosophila melanogaster	Species	7227
18826030	833	840	CNAct-1	Gene
18826030	955	960	actin	Gene
18826030	1119	1126	CNAct-1	Gene

18498609|t|Population analysis using the nuclear white gene detects Pliocene/Pleistocene lineage divergence within Anopheles nuneztovari in South America.
18498609|a|Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) nuneztovari Gabald  n (Diptera: Culicidae), a locally important malaria vector in some regions of South America, has been hypothesized to consist of at least two cryptic incipient species. We investigated its phylogeographic structure in several South American localities to determine the number of lineages and levels of divergence using the nuclear white gene, a marker that detected two recently diverged genotypes in the primary Neotropical malaria vector Anopheles darlingi Root. In An. nuneztovari, five distinct lineages (1-5) were elucidated: (1) populations from northeastern and central Amazonia; (2) populations from Venezuela east and west of the Andes; (3) populations from Colombia and Venezuela west of the Andes; (4) southeastern and western Amazonian Brazil populations, and (5) southeastern and western Amazonian Brazil and Bolivian populations. There was a large amount of genetic differentiation among these lineages. The deepest and earliest divergence was found between lineage 3 and lineages 1, 2 and 4, which probably accounts for the detection of lineage 3 in some earlier studies. The multiple lineages within Amazonia are partially congruent with previous mtDNA and ITS2 data, but were undetected in many earlier studies, probably because of their recent (Pleistocene) divergence and the differential mutation rates of the markers. The estimates for the five lineages, interpreted as recently evolved or incipient species, date to the Pleistocene and Pliocene. We hypothesize that the diversification in An. nuneztovari is the result of an interaction between the Miocene/Pliocene marine incursion and Pleistocene climatic changes leading to refugial isolation. The identification of cryptic lineages in An. nuneztovari could have a significant impact on local vector control measures.
18498609	38	43	white	Gene
18498609	104	125	Anopheles nuneztovari	Species
18498609	232	239	malaria	Disease	D008288
18498609	520	525	white	Gene
18498609	601	620	Neotropical malaria	Disease	D008288
18498609	629	647	Anopheles darlingi	Species	43151
18498609	657	672	An. nuneztovari	Species
18498609	1451	1462	Pleistocene	Chemical
18498609	1646	1654	Pliocene	Chemical
18498609	1700	1715	An. nuneztovari	Species
18498609	1900	1915	An. nuneztovari	Species

21181781|t|Isolation and expression analysis of a homolog of the 14-3-3 epsilon gene in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella.
21181781|a|A full-length 14-3-3 gene homolog (also referred to as the Px14-3-3 epsilon "  " or Px14-3-3   gene) was cloned from cDNA of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. The Px14-3-3 transcript is 789 nucleotides in length, and the predicted polypeptide is 263 amino acids in length, with a calculated molecular mass of 29.6   kDa. The Px14-3-3 gene contains the typical and predicted 14-3-3 domains and motifs. The amino acid sequence of the diamondback moth 14-3-3 gene is very similar to that of other insect epsilons (  ) but not to other insect zetas (  ). In particular, the protein sequence of the Px14-3-3 gene shows high identity to the Bombyx mori epsilon (96.2%). Western blot analysis using an antibody against Px14-3-3   verified the expression of 14-3-3   in the larval, pupal, and adult stages. The Px14-3-3   expression patterns in all the different tissue types were examined in the fourth instar larvae. Px14-3-3   was detected in every tissue examined, including the body fat, hemocytes, brain, gut, and cuticle.
21181781	54	68	14-3-3 epsilon	Gene	105388367
21181781	81	97	diamondback moth	Species	51655
21181781	99	118	Plutella xylostella	Species	51655
21181781	247	263	diamondback moth	Species	51655
21181781	265	284	Plutella xylostella	Species	51655
21181781	319	330	nucleotides	Chemical	D009711
21181781	379	390	amino acids	Chemical	CHEBI:33709
21181781	534	544	amino acid	Chemical	CHEBI:33704
21181781	558	574	diamondback moth	Species	51655
21181781	759	770	Bombyx mori	Species	7091

20417712|t|A caspase-like decoy molecule enhances the activity of a paralogous caspase in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti.
20417712|a|Caspases are cysteine proteases that play critical roles in apoptosis and other key cellular processes. A mechanism of caspase regulation that has been described in mammals and nematodes involves caspase-like decoy molecules, enzymatically inactive caspase homologs that have arisen by gene duplication and acquired the ability to regulate other caspases. Caspase-like decoy molecules are not found in Drosophila melanogaster, raising the question of whether this type of caspase regulation exists in insects. Phylogenomic analysis of caspase genes from twelve Drosophila and three mosquito species revealed several examples of duplicated caspase homologs lacking critical catalytic residues, making them candidate caspase-like decoy molecules. One of these, CASPS18 from the mosquito Aedes aegypti, is a homolog of the D. melanogaster caspase Decay and contains substitutions in two critical amino acid positions, including the catalytic cysteine residue. As expected, CASPS18 lacked caspase activity, but co-expression of CASPS18 with a paralogous caspase, CASPS19, in mosquito cells or co-incubation of CASPS18 and CASPS19 recombinant proteins resulted in greatly enhanced CASPS19 activity. The discovery of potential caspase-like decoy molecules in several insect species opens new avenues for investigating caspase regulation in insects, particularly in disease vectors such as mosquitoes.
20417712	2	14	caspase-like	Gene
20417712	68	75	caspase	Gene
20417712	83	104	yellow fever mosquito	Species	7159
20417712	106	119	Aedes aegypti	Species	7159
20417712	240	247	caspase	Gene
20417712	298	307	nematodes	Species	6239
20417712	317	324	caspase	Gene
20417712	370	377	caspase	Gene
20417712	477	484	Caspase	Gene
20417712	523	546	Drosophila melanogaster	Species	7227
20417712	593	600	caspase	Gene
20417712	656	663	caspase	Gene
20417712	760	767	caspase	Gene
20417712	836	843	caspase	Gene
20417712	880	887	CASPS18	Gene	5578112
20417712	906	919	Aedes aegypti	Species	7159
20417712	941	956	D. melanogaster	Species	7227
20417712	957	964	caspase	Gene
20417712	1014	1024	amino acid	Chemical	D000596
20417712	1091	1098	CASPS18	Gene	5578112
20417712	1106	1113	caspase	Gene
20417712	1145	1152	CASPS18	Gene	5578112
20417712	1171	1178	caspase	Gene
20417712	1180	1187	CASPS19	Gene	5578111
20417712	1227	1234	CASPS18	Gene	5578112
20417712	1239	1246	CASPS19	Gene	5578111
20417712	1297	1304	CASPS19	Gene	5578111
20417712	1342	1349	caspase	Gene
20417712	1433	1440	caspase	Gene

19782687|t|Heat shock proteins contribute to mosquito dehydration tolerance.
19782687|a|This study examines the responses of heat shock protein transcripts, Hsp70 and Hsp90, to dehydration stress in three mosquito species, Aedes aegypti, Anopheles gambiae and Culex pipiens. We first defined the water balance attributes of adult females of each species, monitored expression of the hsp transcripts in response to dehydration, and then knocked down expression of the transcripts using RNA interference (RNAi) to evaluate potential functions of the Hsps in maintenance of water balance. Fully hydrated females of all three species contained nearly the same amount of water (66-68%), but water loss rates differed among the species, with A. aegypti having the lowest water loss rate (2.6%/h), followed by C. pipiens (3.3%/h), and A. gambiae (5.1%/h). In all three species water could be replaced only by drinking water (or blood). Both A. aegypti and C. pipiens tolerated a loss of 36% of their body water, but A. gambiae was more vulnerable to water loss, tolerating a loss of only 29% of its body water. Dehydration elicited expression of hsp70 in all three species, but only C. pipiens continued to express this transcript during rehydration. Hsp90 was constitutively expressed and expression levels remained fairly constant during dehydration and rehydration, except expression was not noted during rehydration of C. pipiens. Injection of dsRNA to knock down expression of hsp70 (83% reduction) and hsp90 (46% reduction) in A. aegypti did not alter water content or water loss rates, but the dehydration tolerance was lower. Instead of surviving a 36% water loss, females were able to survive only a 28% water loss in response to RNAi directed against hsp70 and a 26% water loss when RNAi was directed against hsp90. These results indicate a critical function for these Hsps in mosquito dehydration tolerance.
19782687	43	64	dehydration tolerance	Disease	D003681
19782687	103	121	heat shock protein	Gene
19782687	135	140	Hsp70	Gene
19782687	145	150	Hsp90	Gene
19782687	155	173	dehydration stress	Disease	D003681
19782687	201	214	Aedes aegypti	Species	7159
19782687	216	233	Anopheles gambiae	Species	7165
19782687	238	251	Culex pipiens	Species	7175
19782687	392	403	dehydration	Disease	D003681
19782687	664	674	water loss	Disease	D003681
19782687	781	791	C. pipiens	Species	7175
19782687	927	937	C. pipiens	Species	7175
19782687	1117	1122	hsp70	Gene
19782687	1154	1164	C. pipiens	Species	7175
19782687	1222	1227	Hsp90	Gene
19782687	1311	1322	dehydration	Disease	D003681
19782687	1394	1404	C. pipiens	Species	7175
19782687	1453	1458	hsp70	Gene
19782687	1479	1484	hsp90	Gene
19782687	1572	1583	dehydration	Disease	D003681
19782687	1732	1737	hsp70	Gene
19782687	1748	1758	water loss	Disease	D003681
19782687	1790	1795	hsp90	Gene
19782687	1867	1888	dehydration tolerance	Disease	D003681