From e9598c5f5be033cc841599a788f6fc0141d4cd7d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jcamilleri-scottlogic Date: Fri, 22 Mar 2024 17:17:04 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 01/11] SF-268 First draft of network information. --- pages/categories/downstream.md | 2 ++ pages/categories/operational.md | 18 +++++++++++++++++- pages/categories/upstream.md | 13 ++++++++++++- pages/information/networks/networks.md | 26 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 4 files changed, 57 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) create mode 100644 pages/information/networks/networks.md diff --git a/pages/categories/downstream.md b/pages/categories/downstream.md index 280d5a2..abe0c07 100644 --- a/pages/categories/downstream.md +++ b/pages/categories/downstream.md @@ -20,3 +20,5 @@ The [embodied carbon of end-user devices](/information/lifecycle/embodied) is no These emissions are associated with the infrastructure enabling data transmission, enabling end-users to access the products and services. Network emissions can be estimated based on the size of the data transferred, the distance transmitted, and the carbon intensity of the regions through which the data is transferred. +You should consider all four categories of network listed in [the information on networks](../information/networks/networks.md). + diff --git a/pages/categories/operational.md b/pages/categories/operational.md index 38a52e7..a8a96e7 100644 --- a/pages/categories/operational.md +++ b/pages/categories/operational.md @@ -31,7 +31,23 @@ The energy consumed by on-premise servers and data centres. {% include linkedHeading.html heading="Networking Devices" level=4 %} -The energy consumed by networking devices such as routers, switches, and Wi-Fi access points. +In [the information on networks](../information/networks/networks.md), you will see that networks are split into four categories - the operational network, the wired backbone internet, the wireless internet and your consumer's network. Of these, the first three need to be considered in Operational Emissions. + +Within your operation network, you need to consider the running cost of the devices that you use. Again these include, but are not limited to: +- routers +- switches +- bridges +- Wi-Fi access points +- firewalls +- modems +- hubs +- repeaters + +These devices will have a baseline load (i.e. the energy they consume for simply being switched on, regardless of the processing they do), a maximum load and a typical load. Most wired networking equipment, such as routers and switches, they will consume at least 60% of their maximum power as a baseline going up to 90% of their maximum power under a heavy load. If you want accurate numbers, power monitors on the power socket are an excellent way of gathering data as we do not normally care about attributing the power they use to a single application or source, since their power usage varies so little. + +Public wired and wireless internet usage only needs to be measured in the Direct Emission category if you are consuming data from an external API or SAAS product, within your network. For example, if you host a website that shows train times in Birmingham, and you rely on an externally provided API to get up to date train information, then you would measure the amount of data coming from the API to your services. Note, that you do not count the data sent from the web server to the end users here - that is accounted for in [the downstream emissions](./downstream.md). + +This is much harder to measure as we do not have access to data about the equipment used over the public internet and no control over what route it takes, even if we did. Therefore it is appropriate to use a proxy such as number of calls or payload size multiplied by a factor in order to get an estimate. {% include linkedHeading.html heading="Employee Devices" level=4 %} diff --git a/pages/categories/upstream.md b/pages/categories/upstream.md index a53c61e..a62eaa1 100644 --- a/pages/categories/upstream.md +++ b/pages/categories/upstream.md @@ -34,7 +34,18 @@ Laptops, desktops, mobiles, printers, and peripherals used by employees. {% include linkedHeading.html heading="Networking Hardware" level=3 %} -Network routers, switches, Wi-Fi access points installed. +When considering the upstream emissions of your network, you should consider the embodied carbon of any networking devices that are owned by your organisation. These include, but are not limited to: +- routers +- switches +- bridges +- Wi-Fi access points +- firewalls +- modems +- hubs +- repeaters +- cables + +Ideally, data sheets from the manufacturer should be used to gather this data. {% include linkedHeading.html heading="Data Centre and Server Hardware" level=3 %} diff --git a/pages/information/networks/networks.md b/pages/information/networks/networks.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f9654be --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/information/networks/networks.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +--- +layout: category +title: Networks Emissions +permalink: /information/networks +--- +# Network Emissions +Networks can be challenging when we consider carbon emissions for two reasons:- +- Networks are often shared. +- Network equipment can draw a constant amount of baseline power, regardless of its usage. + +There are several carbon estimators that calculate the carbon emissions of software my multiplying the payload size in megabytes by a number (such as 0.06) to obtain a value in kWh. This technique is based on previous white papers that looked at the wired backbone internet. It is a fine proxy to use initially when evaluating your IT estate to see where effort is best applied to reduce carbon emissions. It also works well as an attributional estimate, allowing the organisation to allocate responsibility of emissions to different parties. + +However, this kind of estimation should not be used in a consequential context. This means that we should not use a multiplier to determine that we have lowered the emissions of a system by simply reducing its page size. This is because routers are high availability devices that consume most of their power, regardless of their load. Under high load, a wired router will still consume more power, but not a great deal more than whe it is idle. Therefore, halving the size of its payload will not halve the power it consumes or the carbon emissions of the system. + +This does not mean that reducing the payload of a system transmitted by a network is without merit. By reducing page sizes and the number of network calls, we reduce the pressure our system contributes to both the public internet infrastructure and our clients networking hardware. This may allow our upstream dependencies and downstream dependents to run less networking infrastructure or renew their hardware with less frequency. + +## Network Categories +When considering measuring network hardware, it is useful to split it into four categories: +- _The Operational Network_: This is the network of the organisation that owns the system. It includes routers, switches, WiFi access points and the like. This hardware can be catalogued and data sheets or power supplies can be inspected to determine the maximum power draw of each device. From this data, you can measure the baseline power draw and power draw under load of each device to calculate the carbon emissions of the network. +- _Backbone Internet_: This includes the main infrastructure of the wired internet from your internet supplier, across all intermediate wired networks, to the closest it can get to your clients network or device. As this network carries traffic for all users of the internet, and cannot be measured, use an appropriate proxy, such as multiplying page size in Mb by 0.06 to gain an estimate in kWh. +- _Public Wireless Networks_: This includes all public wireless networks such as 4g and 5g that carries data from its source (likely the wired backbone internet), to the destination device to network. Again, measurements here are impossible, so estimation techniques and proxy measurements must be used. +- _The Client Network_: Finally, you should consider your clients network, if they are likely to have one. While client networks cannot be measure either, you can use analytics and marketing data to gain an understanding of the typical network layout of your customers. for example, a B2B business aimed at small to medium sized enterprises can assume a network topology of a certain size, and multiply that up by the number of customers. Meanwhile a system that is used in homes could assume the presence of a home WiFi router and perhaps home mesh network. + +By considering each part of the data journey from its origin system to the final device in these categories, a better estimation of the carbon emissions created by the IT system can be put together. Each category of network should have appropriate measurements and proxies used to best estimate total carbon cost of data transmission. + +Furthermore, when considering the Operational Network of your organization, pay attention to bother the baseline carbon cost of the network that it emits by just being switched on, and the additional carbon cost of using it under load. \ No newline at end of file From 4cec9a961bda259ce4fbeaf2398b038507e15918 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jcamilleri-scottlogic Date: Mon, 25 Mar 2024 10:46:08 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 02/11] SF-268 Updated networking info to be less personal. --- pages/categories/downstream.md | 3 ++- pages/categories/operational.md | 10 +++++----- pages/categories/upstream.md | 2 +- pages/information/networks/networks.md | 16 +++++++--------- 4 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-) diff --git a/pages/categories/downstream.md b/pages/categories/downstream.md index abe0c07..42822c8 100644 --- a/pages/categories/downstream.md +++ b/pages/categories/downstream.md @@ -20,5 +20,6 @@ The [embodied carbon of end-user devices](/information/lifecycle/embodied) is no These emissions are associated with the infrastructure enabling data transmission, enabling end-users to access the products and services. Network emissions can be estimated based on the size of the data transferred, the distance transmitted, and the carbon intensity of the regions through which the data is transferred. -You should consider all four categories of network listed in [the information on networks](../information/networks/networks.md). +All four categories of network listed in [the information on networks](../information/networks/networks.md) should be considered. Tools such as [co2.js](https://www.thegreenwebfoundation.org/co2-js/) and [Green Coding's Green Metrics Tool](https://www.green-coding.io/projects/green-metrics-tool/) can be used to gain insight and attributional metrics on the carbon emissions of data transfer. + diff --git a/pages/categories/operational.md b/pages/categories/operational.md index a8a96e7..a35e5cd 100644 --- a/pages/categories/operational.md +++ b/pages/categories/operational.md @@ -31,9 +31,9 @@ The energy consumed by on-premise servers and data centres. {% include linkedHeading.html heading="Networking Devices" level=4 %} -In [the information on networks](../information/networks/networks.md), you will see that networks are split into four categories - the operational network, the wired backbone internet, the wireless internet and your consumer's network. Of these, the first three need to be considered in Operational Emissions. +In [the information on networks](../information/networks/networks.md), networks are split into four categories - the operational network, the wired backbone internet, the wireless internet and your consumer's network. Of these, the first three need to be considered in Operational Emissions. -Within your operation network, you need to consider the running cost of the devices that you use. Again these include, but are not limited to: +Within the operational network, consider the running cost of the connected devices. These include, but are not limited to: - routers - switches - bridges @@ -43,11 +43,11 @@ Within your operation network, you need to consider the running cost of the devi - hubs - repeaters -These devices will have a baseline load (i.e. the energy they consume for simply being switched on, regardless of the processing they do), a maximum load and a typical load. Most wired networking equipment, such as routers and switches, they will consume at least 60% of their maximum power as a baseline going up to 90% of their maximum power under a heavy load. If you want accurate numbers, power monitors on the power socket are an excellent way of gathering data as we do not normally care about attributing the power they use to a single application or source, since their power usage varies so little. +These devices will have a baseline load (i.e. the energy they consume for simply being switched on, regardless of the processing they do), a maximum load and a typical load. Most wired networking equipment, such as routers and switches, will consume at least 60% of their maximum power as a baseline going up to 90% of their maximum power under a heavy load. For accurate numbers, power monitors on the power socket are an excellent way of gathering data. As the power usage of networking equipment has very little variance while it is running, attributing the power consumption to specific applications or processes is less important. -Public wired and wireless internet usage only needs to be measured in the Direct Emission category if you are consuming data from an external API or SAAS product, within your network. For example, if you host a website that shows train times in Birmingham, and you rely on an externally provided API to get up to date train information, then you would measure the amount of data coming from the API to your services. Note, that you do not count the data sent from the web server to the end users here - that is accounted for in [the downstream emissions](./downstream.md). +Public wired and wireless internet usage only needs to be measured in the Direct Emission category data from an external API or SAAS product is consumed within the network. Foe example, if the system under analysis consumes an external API to get up to date train information, then the data coming from the API into the service is measured. Note that data sent from the service to end users is not counted under direct emissions - that is accounted for in [the downstream emissions](./downstream.md). -This is much harder to measure as we do not have access to data about the equipment used over the public internet and no control over what route it takes, even if we did. Therefore it is appropriate to use a proxy such as number of calls or payload size multiplied by a factor in order to get an estimate. +Data that is consumed over the Internet is much harder to measure as about the equipment used over the public internet are not available. Even if that data was available, the system has no control over what route the data takes. Therefore it is appropriate to use a proxy such as number of calls or payload size multiplied by a factor in order to get an estimate. {% include linkedHeading.html heading="Employee Devices" level=4 %} diff --git a/pages/categories/upstream.md b/pages/categories/upstream.md index a62eaa1..56620ff 100644 --- a/pages/categories/upstream.md +++ b/pages/categories/upstream.md @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ Laptops, desktops, mobiles, printers, and peripherals used by employees. {% include linkedHeading.html heading="Networking Hardware" level=3 %} -When considering the upstream emissions of your network, you should consider the embodied carbon of any networking devices that are owned by your organisation. These include, but are not limited to: +When considering the upstream emissions of a network, consider the embodied carbon of any networking devices that are owned by the organisation. These include, but are not limited to: - routers - switches - bridges diff --git a/pages/information/networks/networks.md b/pages/information/networks/networks.md index f9654be..0931cc5 100644 --- a/pages/information/networks/networks.md +++ b/pages/information/networks/networks.md @@ -4,23 +4,21 @@ title: Networks Emissions permalink: /information/networks --- # Network Emissions -Networks can be challenging when we consider carbon emissions for two reasons:- +Networks can be challenging when considering carbon emissions for two reasons:- - Networks are often shared. - Network equipment can draw a constant amount of baseline power, regardless of its usage. -There are several carbon estimators that calculate the carbon emissions of software my multiplying the payload size in megabytes by a number (such as 0.06) to obtain a value in kWh. This technique is based on previous white papers that looked at the wired backbone internet. It is a fine proxy to use initially when evaluating your IT estate to see where effort is best applied to reduce carbon emissions. It also works well as an attributional estimate, allowing the organisation to allocate responsibility of emissions to different parties. +There are several carbon estimators that calculate the carbon emissions of software my multiplying the payload size in megabytes by a number (such as 0.06) to obtain a value in kWh. This technique is based on previous research that looked at the wired backbone internet. It is a fine proxy to use initially when evaluating an IT estate to see where effort is best applied to reduce carbon emissions. It also works well as an attributional estimate, allowing the organisation to allocate responsibility of emissions to different parties. -However, this kind of estimation should not be used in a consequential context. This means that we should not use a multiplier to determine that we have lowered the emissions of a system by simply reducing its page size. This is because routers are high availability devices that consume most of their power, regardless of their load. Under high load, a wired router will still consume more power, but not a great deal more than whe it is idle. Therefore, halving the size of its payload will not halve the power it consumes or the carbon emissions of the system. +However, this kind of estimation should not be used in a consequential context. This means that it should not use a multiplier to determine that carbon emissions have been lowered in a system by simply reducing its page size. This is because routers are high availability devices that consume most of their power, regardless of their load. Under high load, a wired router will still consume more power, but not a great deal more than whe it is idle. Therefore, halving the size of its payload will not halve the power it consumes or the carbon emissions of the system. -This does not mean that reducing the payload of a system transmitted by a network is without merit. By reducing page sizes and the number of network calls, we reduce the pressure our system contributes to both the public internet infrastructure and our clients networking hardware. This may allow our upstream dependencies and downstream dependents to run less networking infrastructure or renew their hardware with less frequency. +This does not mean that reducing the payload of a system transmitted by a network is without merit. By reducing page sizes and the number of network calls, the pressure the system contributes to both the public internet infrastructure and the clients networking hardware is reduced. This may allow upstream dependencies and downstream dependents to run less networking infrastructure or renew their hardware with less frequency. ## Network Categories When considering measuring network hardware, it is useful to split it into four categories: - _The Operational Network_: This is the network of the organisation that owns the system. It includes routers, switches, WiFi access points and the like. This hardware can be catalogued and data sheets or power supplies can be inspected to determine the maximum power draw of each device. From this data, you can measure the baseline power draw and power draw under load of each device to calculate the carbon emissions of the network. -- _Backbone Internet_: This includes the main infrastructure of the wired internet from your internet supplier, across all intermediate wired networks, to the closest it can get to your clients network or device. As this network carries traffic for all users of the internet, and cannot be measured, use an appropriate proxy, such as multiplying page size in Mb by 0.06 to gain an estimate in kWh. +- _Backbone Internet_: This includes the main infrastructure of the wired internet from an internet supplier, across all intermediate wired networks, to the closest it can get to the destination client's network or device. As this network carries traffic for all users of the internet, and cannot be measured, an appropriate proxy can be used, such as multiplying page size in Mb by 0.06 to gain an estimate in kWh. - _Public Wireless Networks_: This includes all public wireless networks such as 4g and 5g that carries data from its source (likely the wired backbone internet), to the destination device to network. Again, measurements here are impossible, so estimation techniques and proxy measurements must be used. -- _The Client Network_: Finally, you should consider your clients network, if they are likely to have one. While client networks cannot be measure either, you can use analytics and marketing data to gain an understanding of the typical network layout of your customers. for example, a B2B business aimed at small to medium sized enterprises can assume a network topology of a certain size, and multiply that up by the number of customers. Meanwhile a system that is used in homes could assume the presence of a home WiFi router and perhaps home mesh network. +- _The Client Network_: Finally, the destination client's network should be considered, if they are likely to have one. While client networks cannot be measure either, analytics and marketing data can be used to gain an understanding of the typical network layout of a typical customer's network. For example, a B2B system aimed at small to medium sized enterprises can assume a network topology of a certain size, and multiply that up by the number of customers. Meanwhile a system that is used in homes could assume the presence of a home WiFi router and perhaps home mesh network. -By considering each part of the data journey from its origin system to the final device in these categories, a better estimation of the carbon emissions created by the IT system can be put together. Each category of network should have appropriate measurements and proxies used to best estimate total carbon cost of data transmission. - -Furthermore, when considering the Operational Network of your organization, pay attention to bother the baseline carbon cost of the network that it emits by just being switched on, and the additional carbon cost of using it under load. \ No newline at end of file +By considering each part of the data journey from its origin system to the final device in these categories, a better estimation of the carbon emissions created by the IT system can be put together. Each category of network should have appropriate measurements and proxies used to best estimate the total carbon cost of data transmission. \ No newline at end of file From 1c784a18018349d6ca7b58504718d95d7a9aa571 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jcamilleri-scottlogic Date: Mon, 25 Mar 2024 11:08:06 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 03/11] SF-268 Cleaned up links --- _data/information.yml | 2 ++ pages/categories/downstream.md | 2 +- pages/categories/operational.md | 2 +- 3 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/_data/information.yml b/_data/information.yml index ecfd89f..249009a 100644 --- a/_data/information.yml +++ b/_data/information.yml @@ -13,3 +13,5 @@ link: /information/lifecycle/example/employee - name: Server Hardware link: /information/lifecycle/example/server +- name: Networks + link: /information/networks \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/pages/categories/downstream.md b/pages/categories/downstream.md index 42822c8..08b6c5b 100644 --- a/pages/categories/downstream.md +++ b/pages/categories/downstream.md @@ -20,6 +20,6 @@ The [embodied carbon of end-user devices](/information/lifecycle/embodied) is no These emissions are associated with the infrastructure enabling data transmission, enabling end-users to access the products and services. Network emissions can be estimated based on the size of the data transferred, the distance transmitted, and the carbon intensity of the regions through which the data is transferred. -All four categories of network listed in [the information on networks](../information/networks/networks.md) should be considered. Tools such as [co2.js](https://www.thegreenwebfoundation.org/co2-js/) and [Green Coding's Green Metrics Tool](https://www.green-coding.io/projects/green-metrics-tool/) can be used to gain insight and attributional metrics on the carbon emissions of data transfer. +All four categories of network listed in [the information on networks](/information/networks/networks) should be considered. Tools such as [co2.js](https://www.thegreenwebfoundation.org/co2-js/) and [Green Coding's Green Metrics Tool](https://www.green-coding.io/projects/green-metrics-tool/) can be used to gain insight and attributional metrics on the carbon emissions of data transfer. diff --git a/pages/categories/operational.md b/pages/categories/operational.md index a35e5cd..8d8aa6e 100644 --- a/pages/categories/operational.md +++ b/pages/categories/operational.md @@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ The energy consumed by on-premise servers and data centres. {% include linkedHeading.html heading="Networking Devices" level=4 %} -In [the information on networks](../information/networks/networks.md), networks are split into four categories - the operational network, the wired backbone internet, the wireless internet and your consumer's network. Of these, the first three need to be considered in Operational Emissions. +In [the information on networks](/information/networks/networks), networks are split into four categories - the operational network, the wired backbone internet, the wireless internet and your consumer's network. Of these, the first three need to be considered in Operational Emissions. Within the operational network, consider the running cost of the connected devices. These include, but are not limited to: - routers From b8d717331f5442121c33f7bec0d28eecfc9056d0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jcamilleri-scottlogic Date: Wed, 27 Mar 2024 16:00:45 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 04/11] SF-268 - Minor corrections, clarifications and rewording of networking info. --- pages/categories/downstream.md | 6 +++++- pages/categories/operational.md | 4 +--- pages/information/networks/networks.md | 10 +++++----- 3 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) diff --git a/pages/categories/downstream.md b/pages/categories/downstream.md index 08b6c5b..a77aeba 100644 --- a/pages/categories/downstream.md +++ b/pages/categories/downstream.md @@ -18,7 +18,11 @@ The [embodied carbon of end-user devices](/information/lifecycle/embodied) is no {% include linkedHeading.html heading="Network Data Transfer" level=2 %} -These emissions are associated with the infrastructure enabling data transmission, enabling end-users to access the products and services. Network emissions can be estimated based on the size of the data transferred, the distance transmitted, and the carbon intensity of the regions through which the data is transferred. +These emissions are associated with the infrastructure enabling data transmission, enabling end-users to access the products and services. Data that is consumed over the Internet is hard to measure as the specifications of the equipment used over the public internet are not available. Even if that data was available, the system has no control over what route the data takes. Therefore it is appropriate to use a proxy such as: +- number of calls +- payload size +- the distance transmitted +- the carbon intensity of the regions through which the data is transferred All four categories of network listed in [the information on networks](/information/networks/networks) should be considered. Tools such as [co2.js](https://www.thegreenwebfoundation.org/co2-js/) and [Green Coding's Green Metrics Tool](https://www.green-coding.io/projects/green-metrics-tool/) can be used to gain insight and attributional metrics on the carbon emissions of data transfer. diff --git a/pages/categories/operational.md b/pages/categories/operational.md index 8d8aa6e..9665b50 100644 --- a/pages/categories/operational.md +++ b/pages/categories/operational.md @@ -45,9 +45,7 @@ Within the operational network, consider the running cost of the connected devic These devices will have a baseline load (i.e. the energy they consume for simply being switched on, regardless of the processing they do), a maximum load and a typical load. Most wired networking equipment, such as routers and switches, will consume at least 60% of their maximum power as a baseline going up to 90% of their maximum power under a heavy load. For accurate numbers, power monitors on the power socket are an excellent way of gathering data. As the power usage of networking equipment has very little variance while it is running, attributing the power consumption to specific applications or processes is less important. -Public wired and wireless internet usage only needs to be measured in the Direct Emission category data from an external API or SAAS product is consumed within the network. Foe example, if the system under analysis consumes an external API to get up to date train information, then the data coming from the API into the service is measured. Note that data sent from the service to end users is not counted under direct emissions - that is accounted for in [the downstream emissions](./downstream.md). - -Data that is consumed over the Internet is much harder to measure as about the equipment used over the public internet are not available. Even if that data was available, the system has no control over what route the data takes. Therefore it is appropriate to use a proxy such as number of calls or payload size multiplied by a factor in order to get an estimate. +Public wired and wireless internet usage does not needs to be measured in the Direct Emission category. Data consumed from a supplier's API, that is external to your organisation, is accounted for in the indirect category. Data sent from the service to end users is accounted for in [the downstream emissions](./downstream.md) category. {% include linkedHeading.html heading="Employee Devices" level=4 %} diff --git a/pages/information/networks/networks.md b/pages/information/networks/networks.md index 0931cc5..576b0a5 100644 --- a/pages/information/networks/networks.md +++ b/pages/information/networks/networks.md @@ -8,17 +8,17 @@ Networks can be challenging when considering carbon emissions for two reasons:- - Networks are often shared. - Network equipment can draw a constant amount of baseline power, regardless of its usage. -There are several carbon estimators that calculate the carbon emissions of software my multiplying the payload size in megabytes by a number (such as 0.06) to obtain a value in kWh. This technique is based on previous research that looked at the wired backbone internet. It is a fine proxy to use initially when evaluating an IT estate to see where effort is best applied to reduce carbon emissions. It also works well as an attributional estimate, allowing the organisation to allocate responsibility of emissions to different parties. +There are several carbon estimators that calculate the carbon emissions of software my multiplying the payload size in megabytes by a number (such as 0.06) to obtain a value in KWh. This technique is based on previous research that looked at the wired backbone internet. It is a fine proxy to use initially when evaluating an IT estate to see where effort is best applied to reduce carbon emissions. It also works well as an attributional estimate, allowing the organisation to allocate responsibility of emissions to different parties. -However, this kind of estimation should not be used in a consequential context. This means that it should not use a multiplier to determine that carbon emissions have been lowered in a system by simply reducing its page size. This is because routers are high availability devices that consume most of their power, regardless of their load. Under high load, a wired router will still consume more power, but not a great deal more than whe it is idle. Therefore, halving the size of its payload will not halve the power it consumes or the carbon emissions of the system. +However, this kind of estimation should not be used in a consequential context. This means that it should not use a multiplier to determine that carbon emissions have been lowered in a system by simply reducing its page size. This is because routers are high availability devices that consume most of their power, regardless of their load. Under high load, a wired router will still consume more power, but not a great deal more than when it is idle. Therefore, halving the size of its payload will not halve the power it consumes or the carbon emissions of the system. This does not mean that reducing the payload of a system transmitted by a network is without merit. By reducing page sizes and the number of network calls, the pressure the system contributes to both the public internet infrastructure and the clients networking hardware is reduced. This may allow upstream dependencies and downstream dependents to run less networking infrastructure or renew their hardware with less frequency. ## Network Categories When considering measuring network hardware, it is useful to split it into four categories: - _The Operational Network_: This is the network of the organisation that owns the system. It includes routers, switches, WiFi access points and the like. This hardware can be catalogued and data sheets or power supplies can be inspected to determine the maximum power draw of each device. From this data, you can measure the baseline power draw and power draw under load of each device to calculate the carbon emissions of the network. -- _Backbone Internet_: This includes the main infrastructure of the wired internet from an internet supplier, across all intermediate wired networks, to the closest it can get to the destination client's network or device. As this network carries traffic for all users of the internet, and cannot be measured, an appropriate proxy can be used, such as multiplying page size in Mb by 0.06 to gain an estimate in kWh. -- _Public Wireless Networks_: This includes all public wireless networks such as 4g and 5g that carries data from its source (likely the wired backbone internet), to the destination device to network. Again, measurements here are impossible, so estimation techniques and proxy measurements must be used. -- _The Client Network_: Finally, the destination client's network should be considered, if they are likely to have one. While client networks cannot be measure either, analytics and marketing data can be used to gain an understanding of the typical network layout of a typical customer's network. For example, a B2B system aimed at small to medium sized enterprises can assume a network topology of a certain size, and multiply that up by the number of customers. Meanwhile a system that is used in homes could assume the presence of a home WiFi router and perhaps home mesh network. +- _Backbone Internet_: This includes the main infrastructure of the wired internet from an internet supplier, across all intermediate wired networks, to the closest it can get to the destination client's network or device. As this network carries traffic for all users of the internet, and cannot be measured, an appropriate proxy can be used, such as multiplying page size in MB by 0.06 to gain an estimate in kWh. +- _Public Wireless Networks_: This includes all public wireless networks such as 4g and 5g that carries data from its source (likely the wired backbone internet), to the destination device or network. Again, measurements here are impossible, so estimation techniques and proxy measurements must be used. +- _The Client Network_: Finally, the destination client's network should be considered, if they are likely to have one. While client networks cannot be measured either, analytics and marketing data can provide insight into the standard network configuration found in a customer's network environment. For example, a B2B system aimed at small to medium sized enterprises can assume a network topology of a certain size, and multiply that up by the number of customers. Meanwhile a system that is used in homes could assume the presence of a home WiFi router and perhaps home mesh network. By considering each part of the data journey from its origin system to the final device in these categories, a better estimation of the carbon emissions created by the IT system can be put together. Each category of network should have appropriate measurements and proxies used to best estimate the total carbon cost of data transmission. \ No newline at end of file From a644530cd767248c4e2860c433ff96670947164a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jcamilleri-scottlogic Date: Thu, 28 Mar 2024 17:11:17 +0000 Subject: [PATCH 05/11] SF-268 Added references and clarified a few points --- pages/categories/operational.md | 5 ++++- pages/information/networks/networks.md | 5 +++-- 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/pages/categories/operational.md b/pages/categories/operational.md index 9665b50..1677fcf 100644 --- a/pages/categories/operational.md +++ b/pages/categories/operational.md @@ -43,10 +43,13 @@ Within the operational network, consider the running cost of the connected devic - hubs - repeaters -These devices will have a baseline load (i.e. the energy they consume for simply being switched on, regardless of the processing they do), a maximum load and a typical load. Most wired networking equipment, such as routers and switches, will consume at least 60% of their maximum power as a baseline going up to 90% of their maximum power under a heavy load. For accurate numbers, power monitors on the power socket are an excellent way of gathering data. As the power usage of networking equipment has very little variance while it is running, attributing the power consumption to specific applications or processes is less important. +Research[^1] [^2] has shown that not all networking equipment will use power in line with the data it is transmitted over it. These devices will have a baseline load (i.e. the energy they consume for simply being switched on, regardless of the processing they do), a maximum load and a typical load. Most wired networking equipment, such as routers and switches, will consume at least 60% of their maximum power as a baseline going up to 90% of their maximum power under a heavy load. For accurate numbers, power monitors on the power socket are an excellent way of gathering data. As the power usage of networking equipment has very little variance while it is running, attributing the power consumption to specific applications or processes is less important. Public wired and wireless internet usage does not needs to be measured in the Direct Emission category. Data consumed from a supplier's API, that is external to your organisation, is accounted for in the indirect category. Data sent from the service to end users is accounted for in [the downstream emissions](./downstream.md) category. +[^1]: [Beyond network standby: A policy framework and action plan for low energy networks](https://nachhaltigwirtschaften.at/resources/iea_pdf/reports/iea_4e_network_standby_final_report.pdf) +[^2] [Equipment power consumption in optical multilayer networks – source data](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272819245_Equipment_power_consumption_in_optical_multilayer_networks_-_source_data) + {% include linkedHeading.html heading="Employee Devices" level=4 %} The energy consumed by computers (desktops, laptops), monitors, printers, and other devices used by employees. diff --git a/pages/information/networks/networks.md b/pages/information/networks/networks.md index 576b0a5..41c72b6 100644 --- a/pages/information/networks/networks.md +++ b/pages/information/networks/networks.md @@ -14,11 +14,12 @@ However, this kind of estimation should not be used in a consequential context. This does not mean that reducing the payload of a system transmitted by a network is without merit. By reducing page sizes and the number of network calls, the pressure the system contributes to both the public internet infrastructure and the clients networking hardware is reduced. This may allow upstream dependencies and downstream dependents to run less networking infrastructure or renew their hardware with less frequency. -## Network Categories +{% include linkedHeading.html heading="Network Categories" level=2 %} + When considering measuring network hardware, it is useful to split it into four categories: - _The Operational Network_: This is the network of the organisation that owns the system. It includes routers, switches, WiFi access points and the like. This hardware can be catalogued and data sheets or power supplies can be inspected to determine the maximum power draw of each device. From this data, you can measure the baseline power draw and power draw under load of each device to calculate the carbon emissions of the network. - _Backbone Internet_: This includes the main infrastructure of the wired internet from an internet supplier, across all intermediate wired networks, to the closest it can get to the destination client's network or device. As this network carries traffic for all users of the internet, and cannot be measured, an appropriate proxy can be used, such as multiplying page size in MB by 0.06 to gain an estimate in kWh. - _Public Wireless Networks_: This includes all public wireless networks such as 4g and 5g that carries data from its source (likely the wired backbone internet), to the destination device or network. Again, measurements here are impossible, so estimation techniques and proxy measurements must be used. -- _The Client Network_: Finally, the destination client's network should be considered, if they are likely to have one. While client networks cannot be measured either, analytics and marketing data can provide insight into the standard network configuration found in a customer's network environment. For example, a B2B system aimed at small to medium sized enterprises can assume a network topology of a certain size, and multiply that up by the number of customers. Meanwhile a system that is used in homes could assume the presence of a home WiFi router and perhaps home mesh network. +- _The Client Network_: Finally, the destination client's network should be considered, if they are likely to have one. While client networks cannot be measured either, analytics and marketing data can provide insight into the kinds of customer who are using your system. This could be used to extrapolate an assumed network configuration for each segment of customers. For example, a B2B system aimed at small to medium sized enterprises can assume a network topology of a certain size, and multiply that up by the number of customers. Meanwhile a system that is used in homes could assume the presence of a home WiFi router and perhaps home mesh network. By considering each part of the data journey from its origin system to the final device in these categories, a better estimation of the carbon emissions created by the IT system can be put together. Each category of network should have appropriate measurements and proxies used to best estimate the total carbon cost of data transmission. \ No newline at end of file From 0659884a30b6e602fb66ff60b015855923bd5a25 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jcamilleri-scottlogic Date: Mon, 8 Apr 2024 13:39:00 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 06/11] Capitalised 4G and 5G --- pages/information/networks/networks.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/pages/information/networks/networks.md b/pages/information/networks/networks.md index 41c72b6..df1316a 100644 --- a/pages/information/networks/networks.md +++ b/pages/information/networks/networks.md @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ This does not mean that reducing the payload of a system transmitted by a networ When considering measuring network hardware, it is useful to split it into four categories: - _The Operational Network_: This is the network of the organisation that owns the system. It includes routers, switches, WiFi access points and the like. This hardware can be catalogued and data sheets or power supplies can be inspected to determine the maximum power draw of each device. From this data, you can measure the baseline power draw and power draw under load of each device to calculate the carbon emissions of the network. - _Backbone Internet_: This includes the main infrastructure of the wired internet from an internet supplier, across all intermediate wired networks, to the closest it can get to the destination client's network or device. As this network carries traffic for all users of the internet, and cannot be measured, an appropriate proxy can be used, such as multiplying page size in MB by 0.06 to gain an estimate in kWh. -- _Public Wireless Networks_: This includes all public wireless networks such as 4g and 5g that carries data from its source (likely the wired backbone internet), to the destination device or network. Again, measurements here are impossible, so estimation techniques and proxy measurements must be used. +- _Public Wireless Networks_: This includes all public wireless networks such as 4G and 5G that carries data from its source (likely the wired backbone internet), to the destination device or network. Again, measurements here are impossible, so estimation techniques and proxy measurements must be used. - _The Client Network_: Finally, the destination client's network should be considered, if they are likely to have one. While client networks cannot be measured either, analytics and marketing data can provide insight into the kinds of customer who are using your system. This could be used to extrapolate an assumed network configuration for each segment of customers. For example, a B2B system aimed at small to medium sized enterprises can assume a network topology of a certain size, and multiply that up by the number of customers. Meanwhile a system that is used in homes could assume the presence of a home WiFi router and perhaps home mesh network. By considering each part of the data journey from its origin system to the final device in these categories, a better estimation of the carbon emissions created by the IT system can be put together. Each category of network should have appropriate measurements and proxies used to best estimate the total carbon cost of data transmission. \ No newline at end of file From 6ffd2dc99eb70b5ae8d9972b9914e9699ae6066d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jcamilleri-scottlogic Date: Mon, 8 Apr 2024 13:48:50 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 07/11] Moved 2nd research note to its proper context. --- pages/categories/operational.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/pages/categories/operational.md b/pages/categories/operational.md index 1677fcf..7eb32f7 100644 --- a/pages/categories/operational.md +++ b/pages/categories/operational.md @@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ Within the operational network, consider the running cost of the connected devic - hubs - repeaters -Research[^1] [^2] has shown that not all networking equipment will use power in line with the data it is transmitted over it. These devices will have a baseline load (i.e. the energy they consume for simply being switched on, regardless of the processing they do), a maximum load and a typical load. Most wired networking equipment, such as routers and switches, will consume at least 60% of their maximum power as a baseline going up to 90% of their maximum power under a heavy load. For accurate numbers, power monitors on the power socket are an excellent way of gathering data. As the power usage of networking equipment has very little variance while it is running, attributing the power consumption to specific applications or processes is less important. +Research[^1] has shown that not all networking equipment will use power in line with the data it is transmitted over it. These devices will have a baseline load (i.e. the energy they consume for simply being switched on, regardless of the processing they do), a maximum load and a typical load. Most wired networking equipment, such as routers and switches, will consume at least 60% of their maximum power as a baseline going up to 90% of their maximum power under a heavy load[^2]. For accurate numbers, power monitors on the power socket are an excellent way of gathering data. As the power usage of networking equipment has very little variance while it is running, attributing the power consumption to specific applications or processes is less important. Public wired and wireless internet usage does not needs to be measured in the Direct Emission category. Data consumed from a supplier's API, that is external to your organisation, is accounted for in the indirect category. Data sent from the service to end users is accounted for in [the downstream emissions](./downstream.md) category. From ace7a1d538e79d3f58f67f8ddc92250215a3d2be Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jcamilleri-scottlogic Date: Mon, 8 Apr 2024 13:55:56 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 08/11] Reworded info on where to measure network emissions. --- pages/categories/operational.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/pages/categories/operational.md b/pages/categories/operational.md index 7eb32f7..3cbd5a5 100644 --- a/pages/categories/operational.md +++ b/pages/categories/operational.md @@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ Within the operational network, consider the running cost of the connected devic Research[^1] has shown that not all networking equipment will use power in line with the data it is transmitted over it. These devices will have a baseline load (i.e. the energy they consume for simply being switched on, regardless of the processing they do), a maximum load and a typical load. Most wired networking equipment, such as routers and switches, will consume at least 60% of their maximum power as a baseline going up to 90% of their maximum power under a heavy load[^2]. For accurate numbers, power monitors on the power socket are an excellent way of gathering data. As the power usage of networking equipment has very little variance while it is running, attributing the power consumption to specific applications or processes is less important. -Public wired and wireless internet usage does not needs to be measured in the Direct Emission category. Data consumed from a supplier's API, that is external to your organisation, is accounted for in the indirect category. Data sent from the service to end users is accounted for in [the downstream emissions](./downstream.md) category. +Data consumed from a supplier's API, that is external to your organisation, is accounted for in the indirect category. Public wired and wireless internet usage does not need to be measured in the Direct Emission category. Data sent from the service to end users is accounted for in [the downstream emissions](./downstream.md) category. [^1]: [Beyond network standby: A policy framework and action plan for low energy networks](https://nachhaltigwirtschaften.at/resources/iea_pdf/reports/iea_4e_network_standby_final_report.pdf) [^2] [Equipment power consumption in optical multilayer networks – source data](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272819245_Equipment_power_consumption_in_optical_multilayer_networks_-_source_data) From be1a8f950475e4ab94806677005355a3ee4d00b8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jcamilleri-scottlogic Date: Mon, 8 Apr 2024 14:07:15 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 09/11] Added a title to the refs section to separate it from Managed Services. --- pages/categories/operational.md | 10 ++++++---- 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/pages/categories/operational.md b/pages/categories/operational.md index 3cbd5a5..ee778d1 100644 --- a/pages/categories/operational.md +++ b/pages/categories/operational.md @@ -47,9 +47,6 @@ Research[^1] has shown that not all networking equipment will use power in line Data consumed from a supplier's API, that is external to your organisation, is accounted for in the indirect category. Public wired and wireless internet usage does not need to be measured in the Direct Emission category. Data sent from the service to end users is accounted for in [the downstream emissions](./downstream.md) category. -[^1]: [Beyond network standby: A policy framework and action plan for low energy networks](https://nachhaltigwirtschaften.at/resources/iea_pdf/reports/iea_4e_network_standby_final_report.pdf) -[^2] [Equipment power consumption in optical multilayer networks – source data](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272819245_Equipment_power_consumption_in_optical_multilayer_networks_-_source_data) - {% include linkedHeading.html heading="Employee Devices" level=4 %} The energy consumed by computers (desktops, laptops), monitors, printers, and other devices used by employees. @@ -79,4 +76,9 @@ The emissions associated with cloud platform services like compute, storage, and Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) applications. {% include linkedHeading.html heading="Managed Services" level=3 %} -Managed Security Operations, IT support and data backup services. \ No newline at end of file +Managed Security Operations, IT support and data backup services. + +## References + +[^1]: [Beyond network standby: A policy framework and action plan for low energy networks](https://nachhaltigwirtschaften.at/resources/iea_pdf/reports/iea_4e_network_standby_final_report.pdf) +[^2] [Equipment power consumption in optical multilayer networks – source data](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272819245_Equipment_power_consumption_in_optical_multilayer_networks_-_source_data) \ No newline at end of file From b2a4474287b0e229b757189a776c68d5a2d55dbd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jcamilleri-scottlogic Date: Mon, 8 Apr 2024 14:16:58 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 10/11] Corrected reference 2 --- pages/categories/operational.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/pages/categories/operational.md b/pages/categories/operational.md index ee778d1..96b0269 100644 --- a/pages/categories/operational.md +++ b/pages/categories/operational.md @@ -81,4 +81,4 @@ Managed Security Operations, IT support and data backup services. ## References [^1]: [Beyond network standby: A policy framework and action plan for low energy networks](https://nachhaltigwirtschaften.at/resources/iea_pdf/reports/iea_4e_network_standby_final_report.pdf) -[^2] [Equipment power consumption in optical multilayer networks – source data](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272819245_Equipment_power_consumption_in_optical_multilayer_networks_-_source_data) \ No newline at end of file +[^2]: [Equipment power consumption in optical multilayer networks – source data](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272819245_Equipment_power_consumption_in_optical_multilayer_networks_-_source_data) \ No newline at end of file From 62b3d324543856fd0d633060affbd927650adc53 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jcamilleri-scottlogic Date: Mon, 8 Apr 2024 14:18:35 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 11/11] Fixed link from operational to downstream. --- pages/categories/operational.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/pages/categories/operational.md b/pages/categories/operational.md index 96b0269..8f13495 100644 --- a/pages/categories/operational.md +++ b/pages/categories/operational.md @@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ Within the operational network, consider the running cost of the connected devic Research[^1] has shown that not all networking equipment will use power in line with the data it is transmitted over it. These devices will have a baseline load (i.e. the energy they consume for simply being switched on, regardless of the processing they do), a maximum load and a typical load. Most wired networking equipment, such as routers and switches, will consume at least 60% of their maximum power as a baseline going up to 90% of their maximum power under a heavy load[^2]. For accurate numbers, power monitors on the power socket are an excellent way of gathering data. As the power usage of networking equipment has very little variance while it is running, attributing the power consumption to specific applications or processes is less important. -Data consumed from a supplier's API, that is external to your organisation, is accounted for in the indirect category. Public wired and wireless internet usage does not need to be measured in the Direct Emission category. Data sent from the service to end users is accounted for in [the downstream emissions](./downstream.md) category. +Data consumed from a supplier's API, that is external to your organisation, is accounted for in the indirect category. Public wired and wireless internet usage does not need to be measured in the Direct Emission category. Data sent from the service to end users is accounted for in [the downstream emissions](./downstream) category. {% include linkedHeading.html heading="Employee Devices" level=4 %}