From e4c8b1c66198e6c60f969e57197bd9cc5445102e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jcamilleri-scottlogic Date: Tue, 23 Jul 2024 11:51:44 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 01/22] SF-316 Updated footer to include legal info at the request of legal council. --- _includes/footer.html | 7 ++++++- 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/_includes/footer.html b/_includes/footer.html index 6d635a5..e25d3df 100644 --- a/_includes/footer.html +++ b/_includes/footer.html @@ -8,4 +8,9 @@
{% include creativeCommons.html %}
- \ No newline at end of file + +
+
+ Scott Logic Limited is a company registered in England and Wales (company number: 05377430) whose address is at 6th Floor The Lumen, St James Boulevard, Newcastle Helix, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5BZ. VAT No: 866105130 +
© 2024. Scott Logic Limited +
From 8fa12dc528f9f5ed9fe945ae69393f5a82e33d49 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jantoun-scottlogic <110816538+jantoun-scottlogic@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Wed, 24 Jul 2024 10:37:50 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 02/22] SFD-148: Improve the contrast of the sliders for dark mode view (#40) * Make slider light green in dark mode * Make sliders dark green in light mode * Refactor input CSS --- assets/css/main.css | 4 ++++ 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+) diff --git a/assets/css/main.css b/assets/css/main.css index 1ef3902..700adfc 100644 --- a/assets/css/main.css +++ b/assets/css/main.css @@ -19,6 +19,10 @@ @apply underline text-blue-600 hover:text-blue-800 focus:outline-none focus-visible:ring focus:ring-blue dark:text-blue-300 dark:hover:text-blue-100; } + input { + @apply accent-gunmetal-800 dark:accent-cambridge-300; + } + /* CATEGORY U */ .cat-u { @apply bg-blue dark:bg-blue-700 text-white; From bfa939360edfe75d775df5da5d8afe63d7ba504b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jantoun-scottlogic <110816538+jantoun-scottlogic@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Wed, 24 Jul 2024 10:38:40 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 03/22] SFD 81: Add links to GitHub (#39) * Add link to GitHub * Add GitHub icon * Move GitHub icon to end of header * Add github link to footer * Make header logo smaller * Refactor to remove 'important' margins * Move header link in slightly * Fix github icon closing symbol tag --- _includes/footer.html | 17 ++++++++++----- _includes/navigation.html | 46 ++++++++++++++++++++++----------------- assets/images/icons.svg | 5 ++++- 3 files changed, 41 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-) diff --git a/_includes/footer.html b/_includes/footer.html index e25d3df..7f07e68 100644 --- a/_includes/footer.html +++ b/_includes/footer.html @@ -1,9 +1,14 @@ -
-
- Contact us at: - - sustainability@scottlogic.com - +
+
+ + + +
+ Contact us at: + + sustainability@scottlogic.com + +
{% include creativeCommons.html %} diff --git a/_includes/navigation.html b/_includes/navigation.html index 166f180..4a84b2f 100644 --- a/_includes/navigation.html +++ b/_includes/navigation.html @@ -1,25 +1,31 @@ -
+
- +
+ + + + + + Technology Carbon Standard + + + +
- - - - Technology Carbon Standard + + - -
@@ -49,4 +55,4 @@ menuIcon.classList.toggle('hidden'); closeIcon.classList.toggle('hidden'); }); - \ No newline at end of file + diff --git a/assets/images/icons.svg b/assets/images/icons.svg index aa09d71..f8c6cc0 100644 --- a/assets/images/icons.svg +++ b/assets/images/icons.svg @@ -48,5 +48,8 @@ + + + - \ No newline at end of file + From 5c2cda8d9e961c1a9046e8972853b3c21f04d114 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jcamilleri-scottlogic Date: Fri, 26 Jul 2024 10:12:21 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 04/22] Cleaned up tailwind code as per feedback. --- _includes/footer.html | 3 +-- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/_includes/footer.html b/_includes/footer.html index 7f07e68..346f4ba 100644 --- a/_includes/footer.html +++ b/_includes/footer.html @@ -14,8 +14,7 @@ {% include creativeCommons.html %}
-
-
+
Scott Logic Limited is a company registered in England and Wales (company number: 05377430) whose address is at 6th Floor The Lumen, St James Boulevard, Newcastle Helix, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5BZ. VAT No: 866105130
© 2024. Scott Logic Limited
From d75d45b79ecad578129f19682498addbe3f64aa0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jcamilleri-scottlogic Date: Tue, 23 Jul 2024 11:29:27 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 05/22] SF-231 Added a clarification to the index page to clarify that the CC licence can be used by other businesses, provided they do not use it to generate revnue. --- index.html | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/index.html b/index.html index e1d1e81..e0d47df 100644 --- a/index.html +++ b/index.html @@ -25,6 +25,7 @@

Why a New Standard?

Note that the Tech Carbon Standard does not include other aspects of an organisation's carbon footprint. For example, People, Buildings and Travel (i.e. commuting) are not included in the standard.

This standard provides comprehensive coverage of an organisation's technology carbon footprint while clarifying the different sources of emissions. Improving quantification and transparency aims to spur more targeted, impactful efforts to reduce tech-related emissions.

+

Scott Logic Limited, as the rights holder, confirms that for the purposes of the Creative Commons licence it does not classify use of this website by a company for its internal business purposes as being “Commercial Use” provided that it is not generating revenue directly or indirectly from such usage.

From def6f4d0fb151b9cd2b6b7c6d823d001a88c42bd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jcamilleri-scottlogic Date: Mon, 29 Jul 2024 10:43:36 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 06/22] SF-231 Added emphasis to legal clarification. --- index.html | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/index.html b/index.html index e0d47df..69f91e4 100644 --- a/index.html +++ b/index.html @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@

Why a New Standard?

Note that the Tech Carbon Standard does not include other aspects of an organisation's carbon footprint. For example, People, Buildings and Travel (i.e. commuting) are not included in the standard.

This standard provides comprehensive coverage of an organisation's technology carbon footprint while clarifying the different sources of emissions. Improving quantification and transparency aims to spur more targeted, impactful efforts to reduce tech-related emissions.

-

Scott Logic Limited, as the rights holder, confirms that for the purposes of the Creative Commons licence it does not classify use of this website by a company for its internal business purposes as being “Commercial Use” provided that it is not generating revenue directly or indirectly from such usage.

+

Scott Logic Limited, as the rights holder, confirms that for the purposes of the Creative Commons licence it does not classify use of this website by a company for its internal business purposes as being “Commercial Use” provided that it is not generating revenue directly or indirectly from such usage.

From cf8901c276724bc5da4b6a77d67649a5d9fa5772 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: dkrees Date: Wed, 3 Apr 2024 17:34:57 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 07/22] Making item cats and labels standardised. The html components now rely on the yml data to populate the details such as the text, style and links. Some new parameters allow these can be overridden for use in overlay views. --- _data/categoryItems.yml | 153 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 153 insertions(+) create mode 100644 _data/categoryItems.yml diff --git a/_data/categoryItems.yml b/_data/categoryItems.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eb89087 --- /dev/null +++ b/_data/categoryItems.yml @@ -0,0 +1,153 @@ +# These are the default values for the technology category items used in the _includes/categoryItem.html template. +# Only the 'id', 'selected', 'description' and 'link' parameters can be overridden when using categoryItem template. +# All other vales are the default values, used EVERYWHERE, so please be aware when making any changes here. + +# The Category Items are mapped and accessible using thier item name. +# - id: is the id attribute applied to the categoryItem. This is useful for anchor links. Useful for linking from a infographic item to an in page category item (optional, but defaults to the name of the item). +# - category: is actually a css class that is passed through to set the colour of the item (background to the icon). There maybe other future oppourtunities to use this. +# - title: used as the main title/descriptor of the item (required and default). +# - icon: used as the icon of the item (required and default). Maps to the assets/images/icons.svg. +# - selected: when true, this highlights the item. Used for the contextual overlay views (false by default). +# - description: adds additional text under the title providing som context. Used for the contextual overlay views (optional). +# - link: Creates a link to another page (further details). These are setup by default to the relevant pages, but may be overridden for specific use cases, typically in the overlay views (optional, but defaults to a page). +# - noLink: Provides an overide to prevent any navigation to a page. Renders the component in a
instead of an . + +CatUSoftware: + id: CatUSoftware + category: cat-u + title: Off The Shelf including Open-Source Software + icon: web + selected: false + description: + link: /categories/upstream#software + noLink: false + +CatUEmployeeHardware: + id: CatUEmployeeHardware + category: cat-u + title: User Hardware (laptops, printers, etc.) + icon: devices + selected: false + description: + link: /categories/upstream#employee-hardware + noLink: false + +CatUNetworkHardware: + id: CatUNetworkHardware + category: cat-u + title: Networking and Infrastructure Hardware + icon: router + selected: false + description: + link: /categories/upstream#networking-hardware + noLink: false + +CatUServerHardware: + id: CatUServerHardware + category: cat-u + title: Servers and Storage Hardware + icon: storage + selected: false + description: + link: /categories/upstream#data-center-and-server-hardware + noLink: false + +CatOServers: + id: CatOServers + category: cat-o + title: Servers and Storage + icon: storage + selected: false + description: + link: /categories/operational#servers-and-storage + noLink: false + +CatONetworkDevices: + id: CatONetworkDevices + category: cat-o + title: Networking and Infrastructure + icon: router + selected: false + description: + link: /categories/operational#networking-devices + noLink: false + +CatOUserDevices: + id: CatOUserDevices + category: cat-o + title: User Devices + icon: devices + selected: false + description: + link: /categories/operational#employee-devices + noLink: false + +CatGGenerators: + id: CatGGenerators + category: cat-g + title: Generators + icon: bolt + selected: false + description: + link: /categories/operational#generators + noLink: false + +CatCCloud: + id: CatCCloud + category: cat-c + title: Cloud Services + icon: cloud + selected: false + description: + link: /categories/operational#cloud-services + noLink: false + +CatCSaas: + id: CatCSaas + category: cat-c + title: SaaS + icon: web + selected: false + description: + link: /categories/operational#saas + noLink: false + +CatCManaged: + id: CatCManaged + category: cat-c + title: Managed Services + icon: storage + selected: false + description: + link: /categories/operational#managed-services + noLink: false + +CatDEndUserDevices: + id: CatDEndUserDevices + category: cat-d + title: End-User Devices + icon: devices + selected: false + description: + link: /categories/downstream#end-user-devices + noLink: false + +CatDNetworkDataTransfer: + id: CatDNetworkDataTransfer + category: cat-d + title: Network Data Transfer + icon: cell-tower + selected: false + description: + link: /categories/downstream#network-data-transfer + noLink: false + +CatDInfrastructure: + id: CatDInfrastructure + category: cat-d + title: Downstream Infrastructure + icon: hub + selected: false + description: + link: /categories/downstream#infrastructure + noLink: false \ No newline at end of file From 926e420307601e4924e26a175d4c9b4a19a90c0d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: dkrees Date: Wed, 3 Apr 2024 17:41:24 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 08/22] Update categoryLabels.yml From d26ba9e4684da8c4b26767c041aec0f2caca216a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: dkrees Date: Wed, 3 Apr 2024 17:50:41 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 09/22] Update categoryItem.html From a6b99ba1de3310eca0830fcaccae5718c0166d30 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: dkrees Date: Wed, 3 Apr 2024 17:53:59 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 10/22] Update categoryItem.html From 229b4059bc8fe5f198b2ebef852e8ac5d944704d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: dkrees Date: Wed, 3 Apr 2024 18:06:12 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 11/22] Update icons.svg adding downstream infra icon From c2259b7039ee24977c6b1182edf5d09ee85b8f2e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: dkrees Date: Thu, 4 Apr 2024 10:13:09 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 12/22] Mapped the descriptive text for each category to data file. Renamed the categoryItems.yml to carbonStandard.yml to encapsulate all the things in the standard. --- _data/categoryItems.yml | 153 ---------------------------------------- 1 file changed, 153 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 _data/categoryItems.yml diff --git a/_data/categoryItems.yml b/_data/categoryItems.yml deleted file mode 100644 index eb89087..0000000 --- a/_data/categoryItems.yml +++ /dev/null @@ -1,153 +0,0 @@ -# These are the default values for the technology category items used in the _includes/categoryItem.html template. -# Only the 'id', 'selected', 'description' and 'link' parameters can be overridden when using categoryItem template. -# All other vales are the default values, used EVERYWHERE, so please be aware when making any changes here. - -# The Category Items are mapped and accessible using thier item name. -# - id: is the id attribute applied to the categoryItem. This is useful for anchor links. Useful for linking from a infographic item to an in page category item (optional, but defaults to the name of the item). -# - category: is actually a css class that is passed through to set the colour of the item (background to the icon). There maybe other future oppourtunities to use this. -# - title: used as the main title/descriptor of the item (required and default). -# - icon: used as the icon of the item (required and default). Maps to the assets/images/icons.svg. -# - selected: when true, this highlights the item. Used for the contextual overlay views (false by default). -# - description: adds additional text under the title providing som context. Used for the contextual overlay views (optional). -# - link: Creates a link to another page (further details). These are setup by default to the relevant pages, but may be overridden for specific use cases, typically in the overlay views (optional, but defaults to a page). -# - noLink: Provides an overide to prevent any navigation to a page. Renders the component in a
instead of an . - -CatUSoftware: - id: CatUSoftware - category: cat-u - title: Off The Shelf including Open-Source Software - icon: web - selected: false - description: - link: /categories/upstream#software - noLink: false - -CatUEmployeeHardware: - id: CatUEmployeeHardware - category: cat-u - title: User Hardware (laptops, printers, etc.) - icon: devices - selected: false - description: - link: /categories/upstream#employee-hardware - noLink: false - -CatUNetworkHardware: - id: CatUNetworkHardware - category: cat-u - title: Networking and Infrastructure Hardware - icon: router - selected: false - description: - link: /categories/upstream#networking-hardware - noLink: false - -CatUServerHardware: - id: CatUServerHardware - category: cat-u - title: Servers and Storage Hardware - icon: storage - selected: false - description: - link: /categories/upstream#data-center-and-server-hardware - noLink: false - -CatOServers: - id: CatOServers - category: cat-o - title: Servers and Storage - icon: storage - selected: false - description: - link: /categories/operational#servers-and-storage - noLink: false - -CatONetworkDevices: - id: CatONetworkDevices - category: cat-o - title: Networking and Infrastructure - icon: router - selected: false - description: - link: /categories/operational#networking-devices - noLink: false - -CatOUserDevices: - id: CatOUserDevices - category: cat-o - title: User Devices - icon: devices - selected: false - description: - link: /categories/operational#employee-devices - noLink: false - -CatGGenerators: - id: CatGGenerators - category: cat-g - title: Generators - icon: bolt - selected: false - description: - link: /categories/operational#generators - noLink: false - -CatCCloud: - id: CatCCloud - category: cat-c - title: Cloud Services - icon: cloud - selected: false - description: - link: /categories/operational#cloud-services - noLink: false - -CatCSaas: - id: CatCSaas - category: cat-c - title: SaaS - icon: web - selected: false - description: - link: /categories/operational#saas - noLink: false - -CatCManaged: - id: CatCManaged - category: cat-c - title: Managed Services - icon: storage - selected: false - description: - link: /categories/operational#managed-services - noLink: false - -CatDEndUserDevices: - id: CatDEndUserDevices - category: cat-d - title: End-User Devices - icon: devices - selected: false - description: - link: /categories/downstream#end-user-devices - noLink: false - -CatDNetworkDataTransfer: - id: CatDNetworkDataTransfer - category: cat-d - title: Network Data Transfer - icon: cell-tower - selected: false - description: - link: /categories/downstream#network-data-transfer - noLink: false - -CatDInfrastructure: - id: CatDInfrastructure - category: cat-d - title: Downstream Infrastructure - icon: hub - selected: false - description: - link: /categories/downstream#infrastructure - noLink: false \ No newline at end of file From 7a1e94d8e61cc263b09387c1323bf540645a0ca8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: dkrees Date: Thu, 4 Apr 2024 11:36:40 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 13/22] making the infographic reusable with a variant template From ec3761f50f8f0060f9d0b69c925de62541371382 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: dkrees Date: Thu, 4 Apr 2024 12:27:48 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 14/22] Adding TCS views From eae0a1dd4a03e89fa66318637c8ebb4c5dd6accb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: dkrees Date: Fri, 3 May 2024 15:20:40 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 15/22] Create template-view.yml Adding a template file for duplicating and using for overlay views. From d9e979955050895ff0783cd7b21f0e3e2a630460 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Angus Balkham Date: Mon, 13 May 2024 11:26:40 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 16/22] Add data overlay (copied from architecture). Added first pass of content for data page. --- _data/overlays/data.yml | 72 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ pages/views/roles/data.md | 77 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ pages/views/views.md | 1 + 3 files changed, 150 insertions(+) create mode 100644 _data/overlays/data.yml create mode 100644 pages/views/roles/data.md diff --git a/_data/overlays/data.yml b/_data/overlays/data.yml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d463218 --- /dev/null +++ b/_data/overlays/data.yml @@ -0,0 +1,72 @@ +# Optionally change the title of the infographic. Defaults to the carbonStandard.title otherwise. +title: + +CatUSoftware: + selected: false + description: false + noLink: true + +CatUEmployeeHardware: + selected: false + description: + noLink: true + +CatUNetworkHardware: + selected: false + description: + noLink: true + +CatUServerHardware: + selected: true + description: Drives for data at rest + link: '#ServerHardware' + +CatOServers: + selected: true + description: Organisation of data at rest + link: "#Servers" + +CatONetworkDevices: + selected: true + description: Data sent over networks + noLink: "#NetworkDevices" + +CatOUserDevices: + selected: false + description: + noLink: true + +CatGGenerators: + selected: false + description: + noLink: true + +CatCCloud: + selected: false + description: + noLink: true + +CatCSaas: + selected: true + description: Data use in hosted software + link: '#Saas' + +CatCManaged: + selected: true + description: Data hosted externally + link: '#Managed' + +CatDEndUserDevices: + selected: true + description: Data on end user devices + link: '#EndUserDevices' + +CatDNetworkDataTransfer: + selected: true + description: Data in transit + link: '#NetworkTransfer' + +CatDInfrastructure: + selected: true + description: + link: '#Infrastructure' \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/pages/views/roles/data.md b/pages/views/roles/data.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f69d821 --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/views/roles/data.md @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ +--- +layout: default +title: Data View +permalink: views/roles/data +--- + +# Data View + +{% include carbonStandard.html variant=site.data.overlays.data hideOutOfScope=true %} + +Every bit of data, at rest or in transit, incurs a carbon cost. +If a user minimises the amount of data they store, then, they can significantly reduce carbon emissions due to storage. Doing so is also likely to reduce monetary costs: hosted services generally charge by data use, while local storage will use less energy to read and write the data, and can use fewer or smaller storage options, reducing embedded carbon. + +## Upstream Emissions + +## Operational Emissions + +While upstream data has a carbon cost, it is operational emissions where a company can make the choices for the greatest effect. + +The first, and perhaps biggest choice, is where to store data: on local servers, or on the cloud (or some other hosted solution). + +In either case, though, costs scale with the amount of data stored (and, to a lesser extent, with the rate at which that data is written or read). Therefore, compressing the data is likely to reduce storage costs; however, it will incur extra emissions in computing for compression and decompression. + +### Direct +{% include categoryLabel.html label="CatO" %} +{% include categoryItem.html item="CatONetworkDevices" id="NetworkDevices" noLink=true %} + + +Transferring data over networks incurs an electricity cost, and therefore a carbon cost. + +{% include categoryItem.html item="CatOServers" id="Servers" noLink=true %} + +When hosting locally, the biggest factor in emissions is likely to be the embodied carbon of the servers. + +| Storage Type | Embedded Carbon (kgCO2e/TB) | Operating Power (W/TB) | +| ----------------------- | --------------------------: | ---------------------: | +| Hard Disk Drive (HDD) | 38 | 1 | +| Solid State Drive (SSD) | 316 | 2.5 | + +(These figures are for a 8 TB HDD and a 1 TB SSD. Of course, there are reasons for using SSDs over HDDs, such as faster read/write speed.) + +A HDD will therefore have roughly equal amortised embodied carbon and operating emissions over 10 years of constant operation (while a SSD would require 35 years!). Since most storage media have a typical use life of around 5 years, increasing the lifespan of storage media is likely to have a significant effect on average emissions. + +#### Multiple Copies and Backups + +Backups are commonly recommended for most data, and certainly all important data. Guidance like the 3-2-1 rule suggest keeping multiple copies, across multiple media and multiple sites. + + + +### Indirect + +{% include categoryLabel.html label="CatC" %} + +{% include categoryItem.html item="CatCManaged" id="Managed" noLink=true %} + +Much data is now stored on cloud storage - that is, storage managed by a cloud provider and accessed over the internet. Almost all cloud storage exists, ultimately, in HDD or SSD, and so while embedded carbon costs are hidden from the user, they are still incurred by the provider. + +Cloud storage provision also incurs a carbon cost from use, and this can be more visible to the end user. Some cloud providers allow users to examine estimated emissions from their services, but not all do; still, emissions can be estimated since they are roughly proportional to the amount of data stored. Storing one terabyte of data on a major cloud storage provider for one year uses around 35 kilowatt-hours of electricity. + +It should be noted that, by default, most cloud providers duplicate data, keeping three copies on three different machines (to ensure availability and insure against drive failure). + +#### Location and Legislation + +Since users can typically select different regions for their cloud service hosting, they can select regions with different carbon intensities and so different resultant emissions. However, there may be data localisation laws, which limit the sites at which personal data may be stored. + +## Downstream Emissions + +{% include categoryLabel.html label="CatD" %} + +{% include categoryItem.html item="CatDEndUserDevices" id="EndUserDevices" noLink=true %} + +The same arguments for storage on servers (see above) apply to user devices (though embodied carbon can no longer be measured). However, electricity use for storage can be estimated, using the knowledge of the type and size of data stored, and the likely storage medium. (For instance, smartphones store data in flash storage, while laptops and desktops may use SSDs or HDDs.) + +{% include categoryItem.html item="CatDNetworkDataTransfer" id="NetworkTransfer" noLink=true %} + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/pages/views/views.md b/pages/views/views.md index 34d7a8d..686a16b 100644 --- a/pages/views/views.md +++ b/pages/views/views.md @@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ Here, you can find some created views that look at the Tech Carbon Standard with Role views look at the Technology Carbon Standard from the perspective of a business role and the concerns that a role would most likely focus its efforts on. - [Architecture Views](/views/roles/architecture) - how to incorporate sustainability into strategy and into NFRs +- [Data View](/views/roles/data) ## Organisation Types From 5789cd51b2daf909abeb953d382ce1546e764844 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Angus Balkham Date: Fri, 7 Jun 2024 15:51:07 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 17/22] Added data on tape drives --- pages/views/roles/data.md | 21 ++++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) diff --git a/pages/views/roles/data.md b/pages/views/roles/data.md index f69d821..4d975a1 100644 --- a/pages/views/roles/data.md +++ b/pages/views/roles/data.md @@ -23,12 +23,11 @@ In either case, though, costs scale with the amount of data stored (and, to a le ### Direct {% include categoryLabel.html label="CatO" %} -{% include categoryItem.html item="CatONetworkDevices" id="NetworkDevices" noLink=true %} - +{% include categoryItem.html item="CatONetworkDevices" id="NetworkDevices" %} Transferring data over networks incurs an electricity cost, and therefore a carbon cost. -{% include categoryItem.html item="CatOServers" id="Servers" noLink=true %} +{% include categoryItem.html item="CatOServers" id="Servers" %} When hosting locally, the biggest factor in emissions is likely to be the embodied carbon of the servers. @@ -41,17 +40,21 @@ When hosting locally, the biggest factor in emissions is likely to be the embodi A HDD will therefore have roughly equal amortised embodied carbon and operating emissions over 10 years of constant operation (while a SSD would require 35 years!). Since most storage media have a typical use life of around 5 years, increasing the lifespan of storage media is likely to have a significant effect on average emissions. -#### Multiple Copies and Backups +#### Long-term Copies and Backups -Backups are commonly recommended for most data, and certainly all important data. Guidance like the 3-2-1 rule suggest keeping multiple copies, across multiple media and multiple sites. +Backups are commonly recommended for most data, and certainly all important data. Guidance like the 3-2-1 rule suggest keeping multiple copies, across multiple media and multiple sites. This will increase the carbon cost of storage accordingly, and should be accounted for. - +Removable media may also be considered for long-term storage. Their intermittent use makes it harder estimate energy use while active, though published data imply that energy use is significantly lower than that for fixed drives. Their embedded carbon may still be measured: + +| Storage Type | Embedded Carbon (kgCO2e) | Media Embedded Carbon (kgCO2e/TB) | +| ------------------ | -----------------------: | --------------------------------: | +| Tape Drive (LTO 8) | 46.6 | 0.62 | ### Indirect {% include categoryLabel.html label="CatC" %} -{% include categoryItem.html item="CatCManaged" id="Managed" noLink=true %} +{% include categoryItem.html item="CatCManaged" id="Managed" %} Much data is now stored on cloud storage - that is, storage managed by a cloud provider and accessed over the internet. Almost all cloud storage exists, ultimately, in HDD or SSD, and so while embedded carbon costs are hidden from the user, they are still incurred by the provider. @@ -67,11 +70,11 @@ Since users can typically select different regions for their cloud service hosti {% include categoryLabel.html label="CatD" %} -{% include categoryItem.html item="CatDEndUserDevices" id="EndUserDevices" noLink=true %} +{% include categoryItem.html item="CatDEndUserDevices" id="EndUserDevices" %} The same arguments for storage on servers (see above) apply to user devices (though embodied carbon can no longer be measured). However, electricity use for storage can be estimated, using the knowledge of the type and size of data stored, and the likely storage medium. (For instance, smartphones store data in flash storage, while laptops and desktops may use SSDs or HDDs.) -{% include categoryItem.html item="CatDNetworkDataTransfer" id="NetworkTransfer" noLink=true %} +{% include categoryItem.html item="CatDNetworkDataTransfer" id="NetworkTransfer" %} \ No newline at end of file From 5414ba326a92731c5cddd7ece3e69d9f4efd7ea8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Angus Balkham Date: Mon, 8 Jul 2024 09:01:35 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 18/22] More rework: feedback from review; section on ROT --- pages/views/roles/data.md | 65 ++++++++++++++++++++------------------- 1 file changed, 33 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-) diff --git a/pages/views/roles/data.md b/pages/views/roles/data.md index 4d975a1..3d9b693 100644 --- a/pages/views/roles/data.md +++ b/pages/views/roles/data.md @@ -9,46 +9,42 @@ permalink: views/roles/data {% include carbonStandard.html variant=site.data.overlays.data hideOutOfScope=true %} Every bit of data, at rest or in transit, incurs a carbon cost. -If a user minimises the amount of data they store, then, they can significantly reduce carbon emissions due to storage. Doing so is also likely to reduce monetary costs: hosted services generally charge by data use, while local storage will use less energy to read and write the data, and can use fewer or smaller storage options, reducing embedded carbon. +If a user minimises the amount of data they store, then they can significantly reduce carbon emissions due to storage. Doing so is also likely to reduce monetary costs: hosted services generally charge by data use, while local storage will use less energy to read and write the data, and can use fewer or smaller storage options, reducing embodied carbon. ## Upstream Emissions -## Operational Emissions - -While upstream data has a carbon cost, it is operational emissions where a company can make the choices for the greatest effect. +### Servers and Storage Hardware +{% include categoryItem.html item="CatUServerHardware" id="ServerHardware" %} -The first, and perhaps biggest choice, is where to store data: on local servers, or on the cloud (or some other hosted solution). +The first, and perhaps biggest choice, is where to store data: on local servers, or on the cloud (for which, see direct, below). -In either case, though, costs scale with the amount of data stored (and, to a lesser extent, with the rate at which that data is written or read). Therefore, compressing the data is likely to reduce storage costs; however, it will incur extra emissions in computing for compression and decompression. +The embodied costs of storage hardware will likely be a major contribution from on-premise storage: -### Direct -{% include categoryLabel.html label="CatO" %} -{% include categoryItem.html item="CatONetworkDevices" id="NetworkDevices" %} +| Storage Type | Embodied Carbon | +| ----------------------- | -------------------------: | +| Hard Disk Drive (HDD) | 20 kgCO2e/TB | +| Solid State Drive (SSD) | 160 kgCO2e/TB | +| Tape Drive (LTO 8) | 46 kgCO2e + 0.62 kgCO2e/TB | -Transferring data over networks incurs an electricity cost, and therefore a carbon cost. +(These embodied figures are average estmates from Tammu/Nair[^dirtysecret] and a tape data sheet[^tapedrive]. Of course, there are other considerations between media, such as faster read/write speed.) -{% include categoryItem.html item="CatOServers" id="Servers" %} - -When hosting locally, the biggest factor in emissions is likely to be the embodied carbon of the servers. +#### Long-term Copies and Backups -| Storage Type | Embedded Carbon (kgCO2e/TB) | Operating Power (W/TB) | -| ----------------------- | --------------------------: | ---------------------: | -| Hard Disk Drive (HDD) | 38 | 1 | -| Solid State Drive (SSD) | 316 | 2.5 | +Backups are commonly recommended for most data, and certainly all important data. Guidance like the 3-2-1 rule[^321rule] suggest keeping multiple copies, across multiple media and multiple sites. This will increase the carbon cost of storage accordingly, and should be accounted for. -(These figures are for a 8 TB HDD and a 1 TB SSD. Of course, there are reasons for using SSDs over HDDs, such as faster read/write speed.) +Removable media should also be considered for long-term storage. Their intermittent use makes it harder to estimate energy use while active, though published data imply that energy use is significantly lower than that for fixed drives. -A HDD will therefore have roughly equal amortised embodied carbon and operating emissions over 10 years of constant operation (while a SSD would require 35 years!). Since most storage media have a typical use life of around 5 years, increasing the lifespan of storage media is likely to have a significant effect on average emissions. +## Operational Emissions -#### Long-term Copies and Backups +### Direct +{% include categoryLabel.html label="CatO" %} +{% include categoryItem.html item="CatONetworkDevices" id="NetworkDevices" %} -Backups are commonly recommended for most data, and certainly all important data. Guidance like the 3-2-1 rule suggest keeping multiple copies, across multiple media and multiple sites. This will increase the carbon cost of storage accordingly, and should be accounted for. +Transferring data over networks incurs an electricity cost, and therefore a carbon cost. As with data at rest, these costs can be minimised by compression. -Removable media may also be considered for long-term storage. Their intermittent use makes it harder estimate energy use while active, though published data imply that energy use is significantly lower than that for fixed drives. Their embedded carbon may still be measured: +{% include categoryItem.html item="CatOServers" id="Servers" %} -| Storage Type | Embedded Carbon (kgCO2e) | Media Embedded Carbon (kgCO2e/TB) | -| ------------------ | -----------------------: | --------------------------------: | -| Tape Drive (LTO 8) | 46.6 | 0.62 | +Running the drives incurs a cost in electricity and therefore carbon. Most devices, regardless of type or size, run at a power of single-digit Watts when reading or writing; idle powers can vary more significantly, even within single media types. High-power drives in frequent use may therefore have yearly power consumptions of hundreds of kWh, and concomitantly high emissions. ### Indirect @@ -56,7 +52,7 @@ Removable media may also be considered for long-term storage. Their intermittent {% include categoryItem.html item="CatCManaged" id="Managed" %} -Much data is now stored on cloud storage - that is, storage managed by a cloud provider and accessed over the internet. Almost all cloud storage exists, ultimately, in HDD or SSD, and so while embedded carbon costs are hidden from the user, they are still incurred by the provider. +Much data is now stored on cloud storage - that is, storage managed by a cloud provider and accessed over the internet. Almost all cloud storage exists, ultimately, in HDD or SSD, and so while embodied carbon costs are hidden from the user, they are still incurred by the provider. Cloud storage provision also incurs a carbon cost from use, and this can be more visible to the end user. Some cloud providers allow users to examine estimated emissions from their services, but not all do; still, emissions can be estimated since they are roughly proportional to the amount of data stored. Storing one terabyte of data on a major cloud storage provider for one year uses around 35 kilowatt-hours of electricity. @@ -64,7 +60,11 @@ It should be noted that, by default, most cloud providers duplicate data, keepin #### Location and Legislation -Since users can typically select different regions for their cloud service hosting, they can select regions with different carbon intensities and so different resultant emissions. However, there may be data localisation laws, which limit the sites at which personal data may be stored. +Since users can typically select different regions for their cloud service hosting, they can select regions with different carbon intensities and so different resultant emissions. However, data localisation laws, which limit the sites at which personal data may be stored, may constrain this choice. + +#### ROT Data and auditing + +ROT (Redundant, Obsolete or Trivial) is a term used to describe useless data; surveys indicate that around 30% of data stored on the cloud is ROT[^ROTscale]. Since this data is still hosted, it will contribute to emissions as with useful data. It can be minimised with regular data audits, which analyse stored data to detect and remove ROT. ## Downstream Emissions @@ -72,9 +72,10 @@ Since users can typically select different regions for their cloud service hosti {% include categoryItem.html item="CatDEndUserDevices" id="EndUserDevices" %} -The same arguments for storage on servers (see above) apply to user devices (though embodied carbon can no longer be measured). However, electricity use for storage can be estimated, using the knowledge of the type and size of data stored, and the likely storage medium. (For instance, smartphones store data in flash storage, while laptops and desktops may use SSDs or HDDs.) - -{% include categoryItem.html item="CatDNetworkDataTransfer" id="NetworkTransfer" %} +The same arguments for storage on servers (see above) apply to user devices (though embodied carbon can no longer be measured directly, since it will depend upon users' choices). However, electricity use for storage can be estimated, using the knowledge of the type and size of data stored, and the likely storage medium. (For instance, smartphones store data in flash storage, while laptops and desktops may use SSDs or HDDs.) - - \ No newline at end of file +## References +[^321rule]: [US-CERT Data Backup Options](https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/publications/data_backup_options.pdf) +[^dirtysecret]: [Tannu/Nair 2023, The Dirty Secret of SSDs](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2207.10793). See also [Pure Storage on Embodied Carbon](https://blog.purestorage.com/perspectives/how-does-the-embodied-carbon-dioxide-equivalent-of-flash-compare-to-hdds/), a rebuttal (whose numbers do not include upstream emissions from e.g. mineral extraction). +[^tapedrive]: [IBM, Phyiscal Tape CO2, p. 6](https://www.ibm.com/downloads/cas/YE5WAQ0B) +[^ROTscale]: [Veritas Databerg Report, 2020](https://www.veritas.com/content/dam/www/en_us/documents/at-a-glance/AG_uk_databerg_report.pdf) \ No newline at end of file From 244a94196355efee7c5737132c3e9c2c4925c19a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Angus Balkham Date: Thu, 18 Jul 2024 14:48:49 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 19/22] Fixed links; added data reference. --- _data/carbonStandard.yml | 2 +- _data/overlays/data.yml | 16 ++++++++-------- pages/views/roles/data.md | 7 ++++--- 3 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-) diff --git a/_data/carbonStandard.yml b/_data/carbonStandard.yml index 123c5da..0903e92 100644 --- a/_data/carbonStandard.yml +++ b/_data/carbonStandard.yml @@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ CatUServerHardware: icon: storage selected: false description: - link: /categories/upstream#data-center-and-server-hardware + link: /categories/upstream#data-centre-and-server-hardware noLink: false OperationalEmissions: diff --git a/_data/overlays/data.yml b/_data/overlays/data.yml index d463218..dc1aa5e 100644 --- a/_data/overlays/data.yml +++ b/_data/overlays/data.yml @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ CatOServers: CatONetworkDevices: selected: true description: Data sent over networks - noLink: "#NetworkDevices" + link: "#NetworkDevices" CatOUserDevices: selected: false @@ -42,19 +42,19 @@ CatGGenerators: noLink: true CatCCloud: - selected: false - description: - noLink: true + selected: true + description: Data hosted on the cloud + link: '#Cloud' CatCSaas: selected: true description: Data use in hosted software - link: '#Saas' + noLink: true CatCManaged: - selected: true - description: Data hosted externally - link: '#Managed' + selected: false + description: + noLink: true CatDEndUserDevices: selected: true diff --git a/pages/views/roles/data.md b/pages/views/roles/data.md index 3d9b693..5d1f3c4 100644 --- a/pages/views/roles/data.md +++ b/pages/views/roles/data.md @@ -50,11 +50,11 @@ Running the drives incurs a cost in electricity and therefore carbon. Most devic {% include categoryLabel.html label="CatC" %} -{% include categoryItem.html item="CatCManaged" id="Managed" %} +{% include categoryItem.html item="CatCCloud" id="Cloud" %} Much data is now stored on cloud storage - that is, storage managed by a cloud provider and accessed over the internet. Almost all cloud storage exists, ultimately, in HDD or SSD, and so while embodied carbon costs are hidden from the user, they are still incurred by the provider. -Cloud storage provision also incurs a carbon cost from use, and this can be more visible to the end user. Some cloud providers allow users to examine estimated emissions from their services, but not all do; still, emissions can be estimated since they are roughly proportional to the amount of data stored. Storing one terabyte of data on a major cloud storage provider for one year uses around 35 kilowatt-hours of electricity. +Cloud storage provision also incurs a carbon cost from use, and this can be more visible to the end user. Some cloud providers allow users to examine estimated emissions from their services, but not all do; still, emissions can be estimated since they are roughly proportional to the amount of data stored. Storing one terabyte of data on a major cloud storage provider for one year uses around 32 kilowatt-hours of electricity[^CloudStorageRate]. It should be noted that, by default, most cloud providers duplicate data, keeping three copies on three different machines (to ensure availability and insure against drive failure). @@ -78,4 +78,5 @@ The same arguments for storage on servers (see above) apply to user devices (tho [^321rule]: [US-CERT Data Backup Options](https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/publications/data_backup_options.pdf) [^dirtysecret]: [Tannu/Nair 2023, The Dirty Secret of SSDs](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2207.10793). See also [Pure Storage on Embodied Carbon](https://blog.purestorage.com/perspectives/how-does-the-embodied-carbon-dioxide-equivalent-of-flash-compare-to-hdds/), a rebuttal (whose numbers do not include upstream emissions from e.g. mineral extraction). [^tapedrive]: [IBM, Phyiscal Tape CO2, p. 6](https://www.ibm.com/downloads/cas/YE5WAQ0B) -[^ROTscale]: [Veritas Databerg Report, 2020](https://www.veritas.com/content/dam/www/en_us/documents/at-a-glance/AG_uk_databerg_report.pdf) \ No newline at end of file +[^ROTscale]: [Veritas Databerg Report, 2020](https://www.veritas.com/content/dam/www/en_us/documents/at-a-glance/AG_uk_databerg_report.pdf) +[^CloudStorageRate]: [Cloud Carbon Footprint methodology](https://www.cloudcarbonfootprint.org/docs/methodology/#storage) \ No newline at end of file From 0ce1ca1d0897cf13455de811d5deee441f898f22 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Angus Balkham Date: Tue, 23 Jul 2024 16:29:25 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 20/22] Changed wording. --- pages/views/roles/data.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/pages/views/roles/data.md b/pages/views/roles/data.md index 5d1f3c4..587f7e8 100644 --- a/pages/views/roles/data.md +++ b/pages/views/roles/data.md @@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ ROT (Redundant, Obsolete or Trivial) is a term used to describe useless data; su {% include categoryItem.html item="CatDEndUserDevices" id="EndUserDevices" %} -The same arguments for storage on servers (see above) apply to user devices (though embodied carbon can no longer be measured directly, since it will depend upon users' choices). However, electricity use for storage can be estimated, using the knowledge of the type and size of data stored, and the likely storage medium. (For instance, smartphones store data in flash storage, while laptops and desktops may use SSDs or HDDs.) +The same arguments for storage on servers (see above) apply to user devices (though, depending upon the project, user devices' embodied carbon may be accounted for elsewhere). However, electricity use for storage can be estimated, using the knowledge of the type and size of data stored, and the likely storage medium. (For instance, smartphones store data in flash storage, while laptops and desktops may use SSDs or HDDs.) ## References [^321rule]: [US-CERT Data Backup Options](https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/publications/data_backup_options.pdf) From b19cc553b1b12c7d5ac43dfcce0b1623b06d9451 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Angus Balkham Date: Wed, 24 Jul 2024 10:38:08 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 21/22] Changes from David's feedback. --- pages/views/roles/data.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/pages/views/roles/data.md b/pages/views/roles/data.md index 587f7e8..5b69132 100644 --- a/pages/views/roles/data.md +++ b/pages/views/roles/data.md @@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ ROT (Redundant, Obsolete or Trivial) is a term used to describe useless data; su {% include categoryItem.html item="CatDEndUserDevices" id="EndUserDevices" %} -The same arguments for storage on servers (see above) apply to user devices (though, depending upon the project, user devices' embodied carbon may be accounted for elsewhere). However, electricity use for storage can be estimated, using the knowledge of the type and size of data stored, and the likely storage medium. (For instance, smartphones store data in flash storage, while laptops and desktops may use SSDs or HDDs.) +The same arguments for storage on servers (see above) apply to user devices (though embodied carbon can no longer be measured so confidently, since developers will typically not know the users' device choices). However, electricity use for storage can be estimated, using the knowledge of the type and size of data stored, and the likely storage medium. (For instance, smartphones store data in flash storage, while laptops and desktops may use SSDs or HDDs.) ## References [^321rule]: [US-CERT Data Backup Options](https://www.cisa.gov/sites/default/files/publications/data_backup_options.pdf) From 959552634887a724472357bde72b10811edf5241 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jcamilleri-scottlogic Date: Mon, 29 Jul 2024 11:09:43 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 22/22] SF-173 marked data overlay as unpublished until we can review the file and nav structure of overlays. --- pages/views/roles/data.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/pages/views/roles/data.md b/pages/views/roles/data.md index 5b69132..8c643fb 100644 --- a/pages/views/roles/data.md +++ b/pages/views/roles/data.md @@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ layout: default title: Data View permalink: views/roles/data +published: false --- # Data View @@ -79,4 +80,4 @@ The same arguments for storage on servers (see above) apply to user devices (tho [^dirtysecret]: [Tannu/Nair 2023, The Dirty Secret of SSDs](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2207.10793). See also [Pure Storage on Embodied Carbon](https://blog.purestorage.com/perspectives/how-does-the-embodied-carbon-dioxide-equivalent-of-flash-compare-to-hdds/), a rebuttal (whose numbers do not include upstream emissions from e.g. mineral extraction). [^tapedrive]: [IBM, Phyiscal Tape CO2, p. 6](https://www.ibm.com/downloads/cas/YE5WAQ0B) [^ROTscale]: [Veritas Databerg Report, 2020](https://www.veritas.com/content/dam/www/en_us/documents/at-a-glance/AG_uk_databerg_report.pdf) -[^CloudStorageRate]: [Cloud Carbon Footprint methodology](https://www.cloudcarbonfootprint.org/docs/methodology/#storage) \ No newline at end of file +[^CloudStorageRate]: [Cloud Carbon Footprint methodology](https://www.cloudcarbonfootprint.org/docs/methodology/#storage)