introduction_to_postgresql.md

Introduction to PostgreSQL

Key Features of PostgreSQL:
- Free to download
- Compatible with Data Integrity
- Compatible with multiple data types
- Highly extensible
- Secure
- Highly Reliable

JOINS

- The CROSS JOIN
- The INNER JOIN
- The LEFT OUTER JOIN
- The RIGHT OUTER JOIN
- The FULL OUTER JOIN

The CROSS JOIN
   A CROSS JOIN matches every row of the first table with every row of the second table
   SELECT ... FROM table1 CROSS JOIN table2 …
   SELECT EMP_ID, NAME, DEPT FROM COMPANY CROSS JOIN DEPARTMENT;
    
The INNER JOIN
   A INNER JOIN creates a new result table by combining column values of two tables (table1 and table2) based upon the join-predicate. The query compares each row of table1 with each row of table2 to find all pairs of rows, which satisfy the join-predicate. When the join-predicate is satisfied, column values for each matched pair of rows of table1 and table2 are combined into a result row.
   SELECT table1.column1, table2.column2...
   FROM table1
   INNER JOIN table2
   ON table1.common_filed = table2.common_field;
    
   SELECT EMP_ID, NAME, DEPT FROM COMPANY INNER JOIN DEPARTMENT ON COMPANY.ID = DEPARTMENT.EMP_ID;
    
The LEFT OUTER JOIN
   The OUTER JOIN is an extension of the INNER JOIN. SQL standard defines three types of OUTER JOINs: LEFT, RIGHT, and FULL and PostgreSQL supports all of these.
   In case of LEFT OUTER JOIN, an inner join is performed first. Then, for each row in table T1 that does not satisfy the join condition with any row in table T2, a joined row is added with null values in columns of T2. Thus, the joined table always has at least one row for each row in T1.
    
   SELECT ... FROM table1 LEFT OUTER JOIN table2 ON conditional_expression ...
    
   SELECT EMP_ID, NAME, DEPT FROM COMPANY LEFT OUTER JOIN DEPARTMENT
   ON COMPANY.ID = DEPARTMENT.EMP_ID;
    
The RIGHT OUTER JOIN
   First, an inner join is performed. Then, for each row in table T2 that does not satisfy the join condition with any row in table T1, a joined row is added with null values in columns of T1. This is the converse of a left join; the result table will always have a row for each row in T2.
   SELECT ... FROM table1 RIGHT OUTER JOIN table2 ON conditional_expression ...
    
   SELECT EMP_ID, NAME, DEPT FROM COMPANY RIGHT OUTER JOIN DEPARTMENT  ON COMPANY.ID = DEPARTMENT.EMP_ID;

The FULL OUTER JOIN
   First, an inner join is performed. Then, for each row in table T1 that does not satisfy the join condition with any row in table T2, a joined row is added with null values in columns of T2. In addition, for each row of T2 that does not satisfy the join condition with any row in T1, a joined row with null values in the columns of T1 is added.
   The following is the syntax of FULL OUTER JOIN −
       SELECT ... FROM table1 FULL OUTER JOIN table2 ON conditional_expression ...
   Based on the above tables, we can write an inner join as follows −
       SELECT EMP_ID, NAME, DEPT FROM COMPANY FULL OUTER JOIN DEPARTMENT   ON COMPANY.ID = DEPARTMENT.EMP_ID;

Things to Note
- You can do select with limit 
- You are able to do group by, order by ,having clauses, etc.
- Your not able to limit delete and update directly. You need to use inner query
 > delete from  student where sid in (select id from table limit 10)
 > update from  student set city=”mangalore”where sid in (select id from table limit 10)

Create PostgresSql docker container

Note: Add below container in existing docker-compose.yml file

  psql-db:
    image: 'postgres:14'
    container_name: psql-db
    environment:
      - PGPASSWORD=123456
      - POSTGRES_USER=postgres
      - POSTGRES_PASSWORD=123456
    ports:
      - '5434:5432'

Get the containers up.
     docker-compose up -d

Login to the container.
     docker exec -it psql-db bash

Login to postgres database
     psql -U postgres

Example

• Create database demo

  CREATE DATABASE demo;
  \c demo
  

• Create table zoo_1 and zoo_2

  CREATE TABLE zoo_1 (
      id INT PRIMARY KEY,
      animal VARCHAR (100) NOT NULL
  );
  CREATE TABLE zoo_2 (
      id INT PRIMARY KEY,
      animal VARCHAR (100) NOT NULL
  );
  

• Insert row

  INSERT INTO zoo_1(id, animal)
  VALUES
  (1, 'Lion'),
  (2, 'Tiger'),
  (3, 'Wolf'),
  (4, 'Fox');
  
  INSERT INTO zoo_2(id, animal)
  VALUES
  (1, 'Tiger'),
  (2, 'Lion'),
  (3, 'Rhino'),
  (4, 'Panther');
  

• Run following queries
  • Inner Join

    SELECT
        zoo_1.id id_a,
        zoo_1.animal animal_a,
        zoo_2.id id_b,
        zoo_2.animal animal_b
    FROM
        zoo_1 
    INNER JOIN zoo_2 ON zoo_1.animal = zoo_2.animal;
    

  • Left Join

    SELECT
        zoo_1.id,
        zoo_1.animal,
        zoo_2.id,
        zoo_2.animal
    FROM
        zoo_1
    LEFT JOIN zoo_2 ON zoo_1.animal = zoo_2.animal;
    

  • Right Join

    SELECT
        zoo_1.id,
        zoo_1.animal,
        zoo_2.id,
        zoo_2.animal
    FROM
        zoo_1
    RIGHT JOIN zoo_2 ON zoo_1.animal = zoo_2.animal;
    

Write a query for RIGHT OUTER JOIN and FULL OUTER JOIN.