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+---
+RFC: RFC0044
+Author: Paul Higinbotham
+Status: Experimental-Accepted
+SupercededBy: N/A
+Version: 1.0
+Area: Engine
+Comments Due: July 18, 2019
+Plan to implement: Yes
+---
+
+# PowerShell ForEach-Object -Parallel Cmdlet
+
+This RFC proposes a new parameter set for the existing ForEach-Object cmdlet to parallelize script block executions, instead of running them sequentially as it does now.  
+
+## Motivation
+
+    As a PowerShell User,
+    I can execute foreach-object piped input in script blocks running in parallel threads, either synchronously or asynchronously, while limiting the number of threads running at a given time.
+
+## Specification
+
+A new `-Parallel` parameter set will be added to the existing ForEach-Object cmdlet that supports running piped input concurrently in a provided script block.  
+
+- `-Parallel` parameter takes a script block that is executed in parallel for each piped input variable
+
+- `-ThrottleLimit` parameter takes an integer value that determines the maximum number of script blocks running at the same time
+
+- `-TimeoutSeconds` parameter takes an integer that specifies the maximum time to wait for completion before the command is aborted
+
+- `-AsJob` parameter switch indicates that a job is returned, which represents the command running asynchronously
+
+The `ForEach-Object -Parallel` command will stream output to the console until all piped input has been processed.
+If the `-AsJob` switch is used then a job object is returned and remains in the running state while input is being processed.
+The returned job object can be used with all PowerShell cmdlets that manipulate jobs.
+
+### Implementation details
+
+Implementation will be similar to the ThreadJob module in that thread script block execution will be contained within a PSThreadChildJob object.
+The jobs will be run concurrently on separate runspaces/threads up to the ThrottleLimit value, and the remainder queued to wait for an available runspace/thread to run on.  
+Initial implementation will not attempt to reuse threads and runspaces when running queued items, due to concerns of stale state breaking script execution.
+For example, PowerShell uses thread local storage to store per thread default runspaces.
+And even though there is a runspace 'ResetRunspaceState' API method, it only resets session variables and debug/transaction managers.
+Imported modules and function definitions are not affected.
+A script that defines a constant function would fail if the function is already defined.  
+The initial assumption will be that runspace/thread creation time is insignificant compared to the time needed to execute the script block, either because of high compute needs or because of long wait times for results.
+If this assumption is not true then the user should consider batching the work load to each foreach-object iteration, or simply use the sequential/non-parallel form of the cmdlet.
+
+The 'TimeoutSeconds' parameter will attempt to halt all script block executions after the timeout time has passed, however it may not be immediately successful if the running script is calling a native command or API, in which case it needs for the call to return before it can halt the running script.
+
+### Variable passing
+
+ForEach-Object -Parallel will support the PowerShell `$_` current piped item variable within each script block.
+It will also support the `$using:` directive for passing variables from script scope into the parallel executed script block scope.  
+If the passed in variable is a value type, a copy of the value is passed to the script block.  
+If the passed in variable is a reference type, the reference is passed and each running script block can modify it.
+Since the script blocks are running in different threads, modifying a reference type that is not thread safe will result in undefined behavior.  
+
+ScriptBlock variables are a special case because they have runspace affinity, and cannot be safely passed to other runspace script blocks for parallel execution.
+Consequently, an error will be generated if a ScriptBlock object is directly passed through the input pipeline, or if passed to the parallel script block via the `$using:` directive.
+However, it is still possible to pass in a ScriptBlock object indirectly such as through an object method returning a ScriptBlock.
+This is not recommended and will result in undefined behavior.
+
+### Exceptions
+
+For critical exceptions, such as out of memory or stack overflow, the CLR will crash the process.
+Since all parallel running script blocks run in different threads in the same process, all running script blocks will terminate, and queued script blocks will never run.
+This is different from PowerShell jobs (Start-Job) where each job script runs in a separate child process, and therefore has better isolation to crashes.
+The lack of process isolation is one of the costs of better performance while using threads for parallelization.  
+
+For all other catchable exceptions, PowerShell will catch them from each thread and write them as non-terminating error records to the error data stream.
+If the `ErrorAction` parameter is set to 'Stop' then cmdlet will attempt to stop the parallel execution on any error.
+
+### Stop behavior
+
+Whenever a timeout, a terminating error (-ErrorAction Stop), or a stop command (Ctrl+C) occurs, a stop signal will be sent to all running script blocks, and any queued script block iterations will be dequeued.
+This does not guarantee that a running script will stop immediately, if that script is running a native command or making an API call.
+So it is possible for a stop command to be ineffective if one running thread is busy or hung.  
+
+We can consider including some kind of 'forcetimeout' parameter that would kill any threads that did not end in a specified time.  
+
+If a job object is returned (-AsJob) the child jobs that were dequeued by the stop command will be at 'NotStarted' state.
+
+### Data streams
+
+Warning, Error, Debug, Verbose data streams will be written to the cmdlet data streams as received from each running parallel script block.  
+Progress data streams will not be supported, but can be added later if desired.
+
+### Supported scenarios
+
+```powershell
+# Ensure needed module is installed on local system
+if (! (Get-Module -Name MyLogsModule -ListAvailable)) {
+    Install-Module -Name MyLogsModule -Force
+}
+```
+
+```powershell
+$computerNames = 'computer1','computer2','computer3','computer4','computer5'
+$logs = $computerNames | ForEach-Object -ThrottleLimit 10 -TimeoutSeconds 1800 -Parallel {
+    Get-Logs -ComputerName $_
+}
+```
+
+```powershell
+$computerNames = 'computer1','computer2','computer3','computer4','computer5'
+$job = ForEach-Object -ThrottleLimit 10 -InputObject $computerNames -TimeoutSeconds 1800 -AsJob -Parallel {
+    Get-Logs -ComputerName $_
+}
+$logs = $job | Wait-Job | Receive-Job
+```
+
+```powershell
+$computerNames = 'computer1','computer2','computer3','computer4','computer5'
+$logNames = 'System','SQL'
+$logs = ForEach-Object -InputObject $computerNames -Parallel {
+    Get-Logs -ComputerName $_ -LogNames $using:logNames
+}
+```
+
+```powershell
+$computerNames = 'computer1','computer2','computer3','computer4','computer5'
+$logNames = 'System','SQL','AD','IIS'
+$logResults = ForEach-Object -InputObject $computerNames -Parallel {
+    Get-Logs -ComputerName $_ -LogNames $using:logNames
+} | ForEach-Object -Parallel -ScriptBlock {
+    Process-Log $_
+}
+```
+
+```powershell
+$threadSafeDictionary = [System.Collections.Concurrent.ConcurrentDictionary[string,object]]::new()
+Get-Process | ForEach-Object -Parallel {
+    # This works because the passed in object is a concurrent dictionary that is thread safe
+    $dict = $using:threadSafeDictionary
+    $dict.TryAdd($_.ProcessName, $_)
+}
+```
+
+### Unsupported scenarios
+
+```powershell
+# Variables must be passed in via $using: keyword
+$LogNameToUse = "IISLogs"
+$computers | ForEach-Object -Parallel {
+    # This will fail because $LogNameToUse has not been defined in this scope
+    Get-Log -ComputerName $_ -LogName $LogNameToUse
+}
+```
+
+```powershell
+# Passed in reference variables should not be assigned to
+$MyLogs = @()
+$computers | ForEach-Object -Parallel {
+    # Throws error, cannot assign to using variable
+    $using:MyLogs += Get-Logs -ComputerName $_
+}
+At line:3 char:5
++     $using:MyLogs += Get-Logs -ComputerName $_
++     ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+The assignment expression is not valid. The input to an assignment operator must be an object that is able to accept assignments, such as a variable or a property.
++ CategoryInfo          : ParserError: (:) [], ParentContainsErrorRecordException
++ FullyQualifiedErrorId : InvalidLeftHandSide
+
+$dict = [System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary[string,object]]::New()
+$computers | ForEach-Object -Parallel {
+    $dict = $using:dict
+    $logs = Get-Logs -ComputerName $_
+    # Not thread safe, undefined behavior
+    $dict.Add($_, $logs)
+}
+```
+
+```powershell
+# Value types not passed by reference
+$count = 0
+$computers | ForEach-Object -Parallel {
+    # Can't assign to using variable
+    $using:count += 1
+    $logs = Get-Logs -ComputerName $_
+    return @{
+        ComputerName = $_
+        Count = $count
+        Logs = $logs        
+    }
+}
+```
+
+## Alternate Proposals and Considerations
+
+Another option (and a previous RFC proposal) is to resurrect the PowerShell Windows workflow script `foreach -parallel` keyword to be used in normal PowerShell script to perform parallel execution of foreach loop iterations.
+However, the majority of the community felt it would be more useful to update the existing ForeEach-Object cmdlet with a -parallel parameter set.
+We may want to eventually implement both solutions.
+
+There are currently other proposals to create a more general framework to support running arbitrary scripts and cmdlets in parallel, by marking them as able to support parallelism (see RFC #206).
+That is outside the scope of this RFC, which focuses on extending just the ForEach-Object cmdlet to support parallel execution, and is intended to allow users to do parallel script/command execution without having to resort to PowerShell APIs.