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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
<title>Scrollytelling Test</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="scrollymaps/styles.css" />
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href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Gelasio:400,700&display=swap"
rel="stylesheet"
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rel="stylesheet"
href="https://unpkg.com/[email protected]/dist/leaflet.css"
integrity="sha512-xwE/Az9zrjBIphAcBb3F6JVqxf46+CDLwfLMHloNu6KEQCAWi6HcDUbeOfBIptF7tcCzusKFjFw2yuvEpDL9wQ=="
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crossorigin=""
></script>
<!-- shared data parsing functions -->
<script src="shared/parseData.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
<main>
<section id="intro">
<h1>How Reliable Are Air Quality Measurements?</h1>
<!-- <h2>
The <i>WHYs</i> and <i>WHATs</i> of air quality and its quantification
</h2> -->
<p>
Air is essentially one of the most important resources for our body
and rightly so, air quality has been a target for today’s media. The
air we breathe can carry some harmful particles called PM or
Particulate Matter. They are broadly categorised into PM10 and PM 2.5
corresponding to particulate matter smaller than 10 micrometers and
2.5 micrometers respectively. To put it in numbers, an average human
being breaths around 12-16 times per minute during normal activity.
This corresponds to approximately 13 kg of air daily. Out of the
recommended standard for PM inhalation by World Health Organization
(WHO), we reach about 75% of that limit daily and this number will
continue to grow with more urbanization and industrialization. This
also affects indoor air quality.Unfortunately, these particles have
major effects on our health A 2013 report by
<a href="https://www.who.int/airpollution/ambient/health-impacts/en/"
>WHO</a
>
states, a poor ambient air quality can cause cancer, inflammation to
premature deaths.
</p>
<br />
<p>
We are notified about the air quality around us through measurement
instruments deployed in various parts of our cities. But the
measurements reported have some uncertainties or errors associated
with them. These can be broadly divided into three categories:
</p>
<br />
<div id="sectionList">
<a class="colourSectionA" href="#headingA">
<b>Measurement (hardware-based) uncertainty</b> <br />
The capability and accuracy of the instrument varies with its
hardware quality. A cheaper instrument may give flawed measurements.
</a>
<a class="colourSectionB" href="#headingB">
<b>Temporal (time-based) uncertainty</b> <br />
A calculated average of all values of measurements over one hour or
a day does not really reflect the true measurement at a point in
time. An hourly average can be misleading.
</a>
<a class="colourSectionC" href="#headingC">
<b>Spatial (distance-based) uncertainty</b> <br />
A fixed instrument at a location might not be able to accurately
measure air quality at the other end of the city. One value for an
entire city can be misleading as well.
</a>
<br />
</div>
</section>
<div class="colourSectionA sectionContainer">
<h2 id="headingA">Measurement Uncertainty</h2>
<section id="scrollyA" class="scrolly">
<!-- individual text boxes on the left -->
<article>
<div class="step" data-step="1">
<p>
Measurement instruments like this have been deployed all over
Europe to assess and control the quality of air. But the fact
that these instruments are neither cheap nor small prohibits
easy and widespread deployment. As is with all machines, the
accuracy of these measurements varies.
</p>
<br />
<p>
For the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, you can see an overview
of the hourly updated measured values of various components on
the
<a
href="https://www.lanuv.nrw.de/umwelt/luft/immissionen/aktuelle-luftqualitaet/partikel-pm25-feinstaub"
>LANUV</a
>
website and a calculated air quality index on
<a href="https://www.aqicn.org/map/germany/">aqicn.org</a>.
</p>
<br />
<p>
But that’s not all.
</p>
</div>
<div class="step" data-step="2">
<p>
The Institute of Geoinformatics at University of Muenster has
their citizen science project called
<a href="https://sensebox.github.io/en/">SenseBox</a>, where
they provide Do-It-Yourself air quality measurement kits.It is
capable of measuring PM10 and PM2.5 with a wide range of sensors
configurations.
</p>
<p>
The data can be shared using their
<a href="https://opensensemap.org/">openSenseMap</a>. It is a
publicly affordable version of the LANUV stations. But the
qualty of hardware introduces some uncertainty and can be less
accurate than a full-powered LANUV station.
</p>
<br />
<p>
Along with such initiatives, there are researchers working on
measuring air quality.
</p>
</div>
<div class="step" data-step="3">
<p>
An example would be the Landscape ecology group at the
University of Muenster and their mobile air quality measurement
instrument. They have retrofitted a bicycle with an air quality
measurement unit measuring different kinds of particles.
</p>
<p>
This bike can be ridden around the city and can measure air
quality. As the bike is capable of carrying a larger load, the
sensors fitted are of a better quality than the sensebox but
still not as powerful as the LANUV.
</p>
</div>
<div class="step" data-step="4">
<p>
All in all, three levels of measurement instruments can be
identified. Sensebox as the most affordable and therefore easily
deployable providing a large network of sensors, The bike as
more of a research oriented but a mobile sensor and LANUV as the
industrial sensor used for official purposes.
</p>
<p>
Together they can make up a reliable network of air quality
measurement instruments but other uncertainties still prevail.
Temporal uncertainties can stem from mathematical processing of
the raw data as seen below
</p>
</div>
</article>
<!-- this is the block on the right -->
<figure>
<!-- <p> -->
<img src="img/lanuv.jpg" alt="test pic" />
<!-- </p> -->
</figure>
</section>
</div>
<div class="colourSectionB sectionContainer">
<h2 id="headingB">Temporal (time-based) Uncertainty</h2>
<section id="scrollyB" class="scrolly">
<!-- individual text boxes on the left -->
<article>
<div class="step" data-step="1">
<p>
Official LANUV stations publish an hourly update, meaning they
calculate averages oo all values in an hour providinag 24 values
for a single day. But it just so happens that the air quality
around you can be disrupted by ,for example, the vehicles
driving around you. Waiting at a signal with a lot of vehicles
during rush hour can introduce lots of particles in the
immidiate environment. A measurement station at the other end of
the city is incapable of informing you about this.
</p>
<p>
The map shows two stations in Muenster with the values of PM10
throughout the day represented by the dots of a single colour
corrosponding to one value for an hour.
</p>
<p>
The stations in Muenster do not measure PM2.5 at all.
</p>
</div>
<div class="step" data-step="2">
<p>
Therefore, We used the bike to cover the area around one of the
stations (Muenster-Geist) to understand how reliable the
measurement of LANUV can be. We rode around smaller and larger
streets, parks and some traffic-dense areas starting from the
Schloss for about an hour and half. The bike has a power
limitation since it is a mobile device and relies on Lithium
batteries for powering the sensors.
</p>
<p>
We found a considerable rise and fall in PM10 values for streets
around the station. Some anomalies were introduced by cars
passing by corrosponding to the high values on map. Officially,
we have just a single value of PM10 for the entire bike ride to
compare to. You can see how much the values vary.
</p>
</div>
<div class="step" data-step="3">
<p>
For a more consistant compairision, we also used a sensebox at a
fixed location next to the LANUV station. The sensebox measures
PM10 every second making it a closly comparable source of
information to the bike. As seen here, the PM10 values measured
by sensebox , represented by the smaller dots inside the LANUV
data, also vary a lot in one hour as seen by the changes in the
colour.
</p>
</div>
<div class="step" data-step="4">
<p>
Through out study, We were able to confer that the bike can
provide a consistant measurement for large areas and a much
shorter temporal range giving 'close-to-real-life' PM10 values.
But it's not possible for the bike to be driven through out the
day, throughout the year. A sensebox can be a consistant source
of information if enough of them are deployed. The LANUV, in
this case, can be used for validating the measurements from the
sensebox and the bike.
</p>
</div>
</article>
<!-- this is the block on the right -->
<figure>
<div id="mapB"></div>
<div id="timeB"></div>
<div id="legendB"></div>
</figure>
</section>
</div>
<div class="colourSectionC sectionContainer">
<h2 id="headingC">Spatial (distance-based) Uncertainty</h2>
<section id="scrollyC" class="scrolly">
<!-- individual text boxes on the left -->
<article>
<div class="step" data-step="1">
<p>
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</p>
</div>
<div class="step" data-step="2">
<p>
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</p>
</div>
<div class="step" data-step="3">
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</p>
</div>
<div class="step" data-step="4">
<p>
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</p>
</div>
</article>
<!-- this is the block on the right -->
<figure>
<!-- <p> -->
<img src="img/lanuv.jpg" alt="test pic" />
<!-- </p> -->
</figure>
</section>
</div>
<section id="outro">
<a href="AR" id="arbutton">See Air Quality in AR</a>
</section>
</main>
<script type="text/javascript" src="scrollymaps/script.js"></script>
</body>
</html>