diff --git a/backend/package-lock.json b/backend/package-lock.json
index d212423180..ad89496a71 100644
--- a/backend/package-lock.json
+++ b/backend/package-lock.json
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
         "express-sanitizer": "^1.0.6",
         "helmet": "^4.6.0",
         "honeycomb-beeline": "^2.7.0",
+        "ioredis": "^5.4.1",
         "is-ci": "^3.0.0",
         "js-yaml": "^3.14.1",
         "jsonwebtoken": "^8.5.1",
@@ -55,7 +56,7 @@
         "pg": "^8.5.1",
         "pg-hstore": "^2.3.4",
         "pug": "^3.0.1",
-        "rate-limit-redis": "^2.1.0",
+        "rate-limit-redis": "^4.2.0",
         "request": "^2.88.2",
         "sequelize": "^6.29.0",
         "sequelize-cli": "^6.6.0",
@@ -878,6 +879,11 @@
       "integrity": "sha512-ZnQMnLV4e7hDlUvw8H+U8ASL02SS2Gn6+9Ac3wGGLIe7+je2AeAOxPY+izIPJDfFDb7eDjev0Us8MO1iFRN8hA==",
       "dev": true
     },
+    "node_modules/@ioredis/commands": {
+      "version": "1.2.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@ioredis/commands/-/commands-1.2.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-Sx1pU8EM64o2BrqNpEO1CNLtKQwyhuXuqyfH7oGKCk+1a33d2r5saW8zNwm3j6BTExtjrv2BxTgzzkMwts6vGg=="
+    },
     "node_modules/@isaacs/cliui": {
       "version": "8.0.2",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@isaacs/cliui/-/cliui-8.0.2.tgz",
@@ -4006,14 +4012,6 @@
         "node": ">=8"
       }
     },
-    "node_modules/clone": {
-      "version": "1.0.4",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/clone/-/clone-1.0.4.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-JQHZ2QMW6l3aH/j6xCqQThY/9OH4D/9ls34cgkUBiEeocRTU04tHfKPBsUK1PqZCUQM7GiA0IIXJSuXHI64Kbg==",
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">=0.8"
-      }
-    },
     "node_modules/clone-response": {
       "version": "1.0.3",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/clone-response/-/clone-response-1.0.3.tgz",
@@ -4026,6 +4024,14 @@
         "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/sindresorhus"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/cluster-key-slot": {
+      "version": "1.1.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/cluster-key-slot/-/cluster-key-slot-1.1.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-RMr0FhtfXemyinomL4hrWcYJxmX6deFdCxpJzhDttxgO1+bcCnkk+9drydLVDmAMG7NE6aN/fl4F7ucU/90gAA==",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=0.10.0"
+      }
+    },
     "node_modules/codelyzer": {
       "version": "6.0.2",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/codelyzer/-/codelyzer-6.0.2.tgz",
@@ -5110,17 +5116,6 @@
         "node": ">=8"
       }
     },
-    "node_modules/defaults": {
-      "version": "1.0.4",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/defaults/-/defaults-1.0.4.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-eFuaLoy/Rxalv2kr+lqMlUnrDWV+3j4pljOIJgLIhI058IQfWJ7vXhyEIHu+HtC738klGALYxOKDO0bQP3tg8A==",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "clone": "^1.0.2"
-      },
-      "funding": {
-        "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/sindresorhus"
-      }
-    },
     "node_modules/defer-to-connect": {
       "version": "1.1.3",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/defer-to-connect/-/defer-to-connect-1.1.3.tgz",
@@ -5239,9 +5234,9 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/denque": {
-      "version": "1.5.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/denque/-/denque-1.5.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-XwE+iZ4D6ZUB7mfYRMb5wByE8L74HCn30FBN7sWnXksWc1LO1bPDl67pBR9o/kC4z/xSNAwkMYcGgqDV3BE3Hw==",
+      "version": "2.1.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/denque/-/denque-2.1.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-HVQE3AAb/pxF8fQAoiqpvg9i3evqug3hoiwakOyZAwJm+6vZehbkYXZ0l4JxS+I3QxM97v5aaRNhj8v5oBhekw==",
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=0.10"
       }
@@ -8415,6 +8410,29 @@
       "integrity": "sha512-sNYPls1Q4fyN0EGLFVJ7TIuaMWln01LupLozfIBt69rHK0DHehghMSz6ejfnSklgRddnyQSEaQPIU6d9TCKH3w==",
       "dev": true
     },
+    "node_modules/ioredis": {
+      "version": "5.4.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ioredis/-/ioredis-5.4.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-2YZsvl7jopIa1gaePkeMtd9rAcSjOOjPtpcLlOeusyO+XH2SK5ZcT+UCrElPP+WVIInh2TzeI4XW9ENaSLVVHA==",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "@ioredis/commands": "^1.1.1",
+        "cluster-key-slot": "^1.1.0",
+        "debug": "^4.3.4",
+        "denque": "^2.1.0",
+        "lodash.defaults": "^4.2.0",
+        "lodash.isarguments": "^3.1.0",
+        "redis-errors": "^1.2.0",
+        "redis-parser": "^3.0.0",
+        "standard-as-callback": "^2.1.0"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=12.22.0"
+      },
+      "funding": {
+        "type": "opencollective",
+        "url": "https://opencollective.com/ioredis"
+      }
+    },
     "node_modules/ip": {
       "version": "1.1.5",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ip/-/ip-1.1.5.tgz",
@@ -10691,6 +10709,11 @@
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/lodash.includes/-/lodash.includes-4.3.0.tgz",
       "integrity": "sha512-W3Bx6mdkRTGtlJISOvVD/lbqjTlPPUDTMnlXZFnVwi9NKJ6tiAk6LVdlhZMm17VZisqhKcgzpO5Wz91PCt5b0w=="
     },
+    "node_modules/lodash.isarguments": {
+      "version": "3.1.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/lodash.isarguments/-/lodash.isarguments-3.1.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-chi4NHZlZqZD18a0imDHnZPrDeBbTtVN7GXMwuGdRH9qotxAjYs3aVLKc7zNOG9eddR5Ksd8rvFEBc9SsggPpg=="
+    },
     "node_modules/lodash.isboolean": {
       "version": "3.0.3",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/lodash.isboolean/-/lodash.isboolean-3.0.3.tgz",
@@ -16947,12 +16970,14 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/rate-limit-redis": {
-      "version": "2.1.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/rate-limit-redis/-/rate-limit-redis-2.1.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-6SAsTCzY0v6UCIKLOLLYqR2XzFmgdtF7jWXlSPq2FrNIZk8tZ7xwBvyGW7GFMCe5I4S9lYNdrSJ9E84rz3/CpA==",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "defaults": "^1.0.3",
-        "redis": "^3.0.2"
+      "version": "4.2.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/rate-limit-redis/-/rate-limit-redis-4.2.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-wV450NQyKC24NmPosJb2131RoczLdfIJdKCReNwtVpm5998U8SgKrAZrIHaN/NfQgqOHaan8Uq++B4sa5REwjA==",
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">= 16"
+      },
+      "peerDependencies": {
+        "express-rate-limit": ">= 6"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/raven": {
@@ -17161,29 +17186,6 @@
         "node": ">=8.10.0"
       }
     },
-    "node_modules/redis": {
-      "version": "3.1.2",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/redis/-/redis-3.1.2.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-grn5KoZLr/qrRQVwoSkmzdbw6pwF+/rwODtrOr6vuBRiR/f3rjSTGupbF90Zpqm2oenix8Do6RV7pYEkGwlKkw==",
-      "dependencies": {
-        "denque": "^1.5.0",
-        "redis-commands": "^1.7.0",
-        "redis-errors": "^1.2.0",
-        "redis-parser": "^3.0.0"
-      },
-      "engines": {
-        "node": ">=10"
-      },
-      "funding": {
-        "type": "opencollective",
-        "url": "https://opencollective.com/node-redis"
-      }
-    },
-    "node_modules/redis-commands": {
-      "version": "1.7.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/redis-commands/-/redis-commands-1.7.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-nJWqw3bTFy21hX/CPKHth6sfhZbdiHP6bTawSgQBlKOVRG7EZkfHbbHwQJnrE4vsQf0CMNE+3gJ4Fmm16vdVlQ=="
-    },
     "node_modules/redis-errors": {
       "version": "1.2.0",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/redis-errors/-/redis-errors-1.2.0.tgz",
@@ -18846,6 +18848,11 @@
         "node": "*"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/standard-as-callback": {
+      "version": "2.1.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/standard-as-callback/-/standard-as-callback-2.1.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-qoRRSyROncaz1z0mvYqIE4lCd9p2R90i6GxW3uZv5ucSu8tU7B5HXUP1gG8pVZsYNVaXjk8ClXHPttLyxAL48A=="
+    },
     "node_modules/statuses": {
       "version": "2.0.1",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/statuses/-/statuses-2.0.1.tgz",
@@ -22296,6 +22303,11 @@
       "integrity": "sha512-ZnQMnLV4e7hDlUvw8H+U8ASL02SS2Gn6+9Ac3wGGLIe7+je2AeAOxPY+izIPJDfFDb7eDjev0Us8MO1iFRN8hA==",
       "dev": true
     },
+    "@ioredis/commands": {
+      "version": "1.2.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@ioredis/commands/-/commands-1.2.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-Sx1pU8EM64o2BrqNpEO1CNLtKQwyhuXuqyfH7oGKCk+1a33d2r5saW8zNwm3j6BTExtjrv2BxTgzzkMwts6vGg=="
+    },
     "@isaacs/cliui": {
       "version": "8.0.2",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@isaacs/cliui/-/cliui-8.0.2.tgz",
@@ -24771,11 +24783,6 @@
         }
       }
     },
-    "clone": {
-      "version": "1.0.4",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/clone/-/clone-1.0.4.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-JQHZ2QMW6l3aH/j6xCqQThY/9OH4D/9ls34cgkUBiEeocRTU04tHfKPBsUK1PqZCUQM7GiA0IIXJSuXHI64Kbg=="
-    },
     "clone-response": {
       "version": "1.0.3",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/clone-response/-/clone-response-1.0.3.tgz",
@@ -24785,6 +24792,11 @@
         "mimic-response": "^1.0.0"
       }
     },
+    "cluster-key-slot": {
+      "version": "1.1.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/cluster-key-slot/-/cluster-key-slot-1.1.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-RMr0FhtfXemyinomL4hrWcYJxmX6deFdCxpJzhDttxgO1+bcCnkk+9drydLVDmAMG7NE6aN/fl4F7ucU/90gAA=="
+    },
     "codelyzer": {
       "version": "6.0.2",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/codelyzer/-/codelyzer-6.0.2.tgz",
@@ -25660,14 +25672,6 @@
         }
       }
     },
-    "defaults": {
-      "version": "1.0.4",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/defaults/-/defaults-1.0.4.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-eFuaLoy/Rxalv2kr+lqMlUnrDWV+3j4pljOIJgLIhI058IQfWJ7vXhyEIHu+HtC738klGALYxOKDO0bQP3tg8A==",
-      "requires": {
-        "clone": "^1.0.2"
-      }
-    },
     "defer-to-connect": {
       "version": "1.1.3",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/defer-to-connect/-/defer-to-connect-1.1.3.tgz",
@@ -25761,9 +25765,9 @@
       "integrity": "sha512-ZySD7Nf91aLB0RxL4KGrKHBXl7Eds1DAmEdcoVawXnLD7SDhpNgtuII2aAkg7a7QS41jxPSZ17p4VdGnMHk3MQ=="
     },
     "denque": {
-      "version": "1.5.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/denque/-/denque-1.5.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-XwE+iZ4D6ZUB7mfYRMb5wByE8L74HCn30FBN7sWnXksWc1LO1bPDl67pBR9o/kC4z/xSNAwkMYcGgqDV3BE3Hw=="
+      "version": "2.1.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/denque/-/denque-2.1.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-HVQE3AAb/pxF8fQAoiqpvg9i3evqug3hoiwakOyZAwJm+6vZehbkYXZ0l4JxS+I3QxM97v5aaRNhj8v5oBhekw=="
     },
     "depd": {
       "version": "2.0.0",
@@ -28276,6 +28280,22 @@
       "integrity": "sha512-sNYPls1Q4fyN0EGLFVJ7TIuaMWln01LupLozfIBt69rHK0DHehghMSz6ejfnSklgRddnyQSEaQPIU6d9TCKH3w==",
       "dev": true
     },
+    "ioredis": {
+      "version": "5.4.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ioredis/-/ioredis-5.4.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-2YZsvl7jopIa1gaePkeMtd9rAcSjOOjPtpcLlOeusyO+XH2SK5ZcT+UCrElPP+WVIInh2TzeI4XW9ENaSLVVHA==",
+      "requires": {
+        "@ioredis/commands": "^1.1.1",
+        "cluster-key-slot": "^1.1.0",
+        "debug": "^4.3.4",
+        "denque": "^2.1.0",
+        "lodash.defaults": "^4.2.0",
+        "lodash.isarguments": "^3.1.0",
+        "redis-errors": "^1.2.0",
+        "redis-parser": "^3.0.0",
+        "standard-as-callback": "^2.1.0"
+      }
+    },
     "ip": {
       "version": "1.1.5",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ip/-/ip-1.1.5.tgz",
@@ -30033,6 +30053,11 @@
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/lodash.includes/-/lodash.includes-4.3.0.tgz",
       "integrity": "sha512-W3Bx6mdkRTGtlJISOvVD/lbqjTlPPUDTMnlXZFnVwi9NKJ6tiAk6LVdlhZMm17VZisqhKcgzpO5Wz91PCt5b0w=="
     },
+    "lodash.isarguments": {
+      "version": "3.1.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/lodash.isarguments/-/lodash.isarguments-3.1.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-chi4NHZlZqZD18a0imDHnZPrDeBbTtVN7GXMwuGdRH9qotxAjYs3aVLKc7zNOG9eddR5Ksd8rvFEBc9SsggPpg=="
+    },
     "lodash.isboolean": {
       "version": "3.0.3",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/lodash.isboolean/-/lodash.isboolean-3.0.3.tgz",
@@ -34763,13 +34788,10 @@
       "integrity": "sha512-Hrgsx+orqoygnmhFbKaHE6c296J+HTAQXoxEF6gNupROmmGJRoyzfG3ccAveqCBrwr/2yxQ5BVd/GTl5agOwSg=="
     },
     "rate-limit-redis": {
-      "version": "2.1.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/rate-limit-redis/-/rate-limit-redis-2.1.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-6SAsTCzY0v6UCIKLOLLYqR2XzFmgdtF7jWXlSPq2FrNIZk8tZ7xwBvyGW7GFMCe5I4S9lYNdrSJ9E84rz3/CpA==",
-      "requires": {
-        "defaults": "^1.0.3",
-        "redis": "^3.0.2"
-      }
+      "version": "4.2.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/rate-limit-redis/-/rate-limit-redis-4.2.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-wV450NQyKC24NmPosJb2131RoczLdfIJdKCReNwtVpm5998U8SgKrAZrIHaN/NfQgqOHaan8Uq++B4sa5REwjA==",
+      "requires": {}
     },
     "raven": {
       "version": "2.6.4",
@@ -34939,22 +34961,6 @@
         "picomatch": "^2.2.1"
       }
     },
-    "redis": {
-      "version": "3.1.2",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/redis/-/redis-3.1.2.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-grn5KoZLr/qrRQVwoSkmzdbw6pwF+/rwODtrOr6vuBRiR/f3rjSTGupbF90Zpqm2oenix8Do6RV7pYEkGwlKkw==",
-      "requires": {
-        "denque": "^1.5.0",
-        "redis-commands": "^1.7.0",
-        "redis-errors": "^1.2.0",
-        "redis-parser": "^3.0.0"
-      }
-    },
-    "redis-commands": {
-      "version": "1.7.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/redis-commands/-/redis-commands-1.7.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-nJWqw3bTFy21hX/CPKHth6sfhZbdiHP6bTawSgQBlKOVRG7EZkfHbbHwQJnrE4vsQf0CMNE+3gJ4Fmm16vdVlQ=="
-    },
     "redis-errors": {
       "version": "1.2.0",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/redis-errors/-/redis-errors-1.2.0.tgz",
@@ -36256,6 +36262,11 @@
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/stack-trace/-/stack-trace-0.0.10.tgz",
       "integrity": "sha512-KGzahc7puUKkzyMt+IqAep+TVNbKP+k2Lmwhub39m1AsTSkaDutx56aDCo+HLDzf/D26BIHTJWNiTG1KAJiQCg=="
     },
+    "standard-as-callback": {
+      "version": "2.1.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/standard-as-callback/-/standard-as-callback-2.1.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-qoRRSyROncaz1z0mvYqIE4lCd9p2R90i6GxW3uZv5ucSu8tU7B5HXUP1gG8pVZsYNVaXjk8ClXHPttLyxAL48A=="
+    },
     "statuses": {
       "version": "2.0.1",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/statuses/-/statuses-2.0.1.tgz",
diff --git a/backend/package.json b/backend/package.json
index db656fa3cd..b3412a4cd9 100644
--- a/backend/package.json
+++ b/backend/package.json
@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@
     "express-sanitizer": "^1.0.6",
     "helmet": "^4.6.0",
     "honeycomb-beeline": "^2.7.0",
+    "ioredis": "^5.4.1",
     "is-ci": "^3.0.0",
     "js-yaml": "^3.14.1",
     "jsonwebtoken": "^8.5.1",
@@ -84,7 +85,7 @@
     "pg": "^8.5.1",
     "pg-hstore": "^2.3.4",
     "pug": "^3.0.1",
-    "rate-limit-redis": "^2.1.0",
+    "rate-limit-redis": "^4.2.0",
     "request": "^2.88.2",
     "sequelize": "^6.29.0",
     "sequelize-cli": "^6.6.0",
diff --git a/backend/server/utils/middleware/rateLimiting.js b/backend/server/utils/middleware/rateLimiting.js
index 47ada061f4..876229ba0a 100644
--- a/backend/server/utils/middleware/rateLimiting.js
+++ b/backend/server/utils/middleware/rateLimiting.js
@@ -1,16 +1,23 @@
 const config = require('../../config/config');
 const expressRateLimit = require('express-rate-limit');
-const RedisStore = require('rate-limit-redis');
+const { RedisStore } = require('rate-limit-redis');
+const RedisClient = require('ioredis');
 const isCI = require('is-ci');
 
-const store = isCI
+const redisClient = new RedisClient(config.get('redis.url'));
+const authStore = isCI
   ? undefined
   : new RedisStore({
-      redisURL: config.get('redis.url'),
+      sendCommand: (...args) => redisClient.call(...args),
+    });
+
+const dbStore = isCI
+  ? undefined
+  : new RedisStore({
+      sendCommand: (...args) => redisClient.call(...args),
     });
 
 const rateLimiterConfig = {
-  store,
   delayMs: 0, // disable delaying - full speed until the max limit is reached
   passIfNotConnected: true,
   windowMs: 5000,
@@ -22,6 +29,7 @@ const authLimiter = isCI
     }
   : expressRateLimit.rateLimit({
       ...rateLimiterConfig,
+      store: authStore,
       limit: 1000,
       prefix: 'auth:',
     });
@@ -32,6 +40,7 @@ const dbLimiter = isCI
     }
   : expressRateLimit.rateLimit({
       ...rateLimiterConfig,
+      store: dbStore,
       limit: 1000,
       prefix: 'db:',
     });
diff --git a/backend/server/utils/middleware/rateLimitingNHSBSAAPI.js b/backend/server/utils/middleware/rateLimitingNHSBSAAPI.js
index cec02edde3..52c0d783a2 100644
--- a/backend/server/utils/middleware/rateLimitingNHSBSAAPI.js
+++ b/backend/server/utils/middleware/rateLimitingNHSBSAAPI.js
@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
 const config = require('../../config/config');
 const expressRateLimit = require('express-rate-limit');
-const RedisStore = require('rate-limit-redis');
+const { RedisStore } = require('rate-limit-redis');
+const RedisClient = require('ioredis');
 const isCI = require('is-ci');
 
+const redisClient = new RedisClient(config.get('redis.url'));
 const store = isCI
   ? undefined
   : new RedisStore({
-      redisURL: config.get('redis.url'),
+      sendCommand: (...args) => redisClient.call(...args),
     });
 
 const rateLimiterConfig = {