对于每种抽象数据类型并不存在什么法则来告诉我们必须要有哪些操作，这是一个设计决策--《数据结构与算法分析》
package java.util;
//和函数式编程有关的包
import java.util.function.Consumer;
import java.util.function.Predicate;
import java.util.function.UnaryOperator;
public class ArrayList<E> extends AbstractList<E>
implements List<E>, RandomAccess, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable {1.观察1，支持泛型，继承了AbstractList，实现了List接口，为什么还要再次实现接口？（其父类已经实现此接口部分方法：AbstractList实现List接口中除size(),get(int index)之外的所有函数）。 抽象类实现接口，可以不真正实现所有方法（可以抽象实现）。 我认为这里再次实现List接口没有实际的意义。  下面是三个标识类接口 RandomAccess 用来表明其支持快速（通常是固定时间）随机访问。 Cloneable 可以调用Object.clone方法返回该对象的浅拷贝。 Serializable 此类可被序列化 继承AbstractList到的一个重要属性modCount是干什么的？ 在使用迭代器（ListIterator，Iterator）遍历的时候，用来检查列表中的元素是否发生结构性变化（列表元素数量发生改变）了，主要在多线程环境下需要使用，防止一个线程正在迭代遍历，另一个线程修改了这个列表的结构。ArrayList是非线程安全的，线程错误会抛出异常。writeObject（序列化时），也可能会抛出此异常。
2.观察2静态变量 serialVersionUID 简单来说，Java的序列化机制是通过在运行时判断类的serialVersionUID来验证版本一致性的。在进行反序列化时，JVM会把传来的字节流中的serialVersionUID与本地相应实体（类）的serialVersionUID进行比较，如果相同就认为是一致的，可以进行反序列化，否则就会出现序列化版本不一致的异常。(InvalidCastException)
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serialVersionUID有两种显示的生成方式： 一个是默认的L类型数字，比如：private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L; 一个是根据类名、接口名、成员方法及属性等来生成一个64位的哈希字段。
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当实现java.io.Serializable接口的实体（类）没有显式地定义一个名为serialVersionUID，类型为long的变量时，Java序列化机制会根据编译的class(它通过类名，方法名等诸多因素经过计算而得，理论上是一一映射的关系，也就是唯一的)自动生成一个serialVersionUID作序列化版本比较用，这种情况下，如果class文件(类名,方法明等)没有发生变化(增加空格,换行,增加注释,等等),就算再编译多次,serialVersionUID也不会变化的.
如果我们不希望通过编译来强制划分软件版本，即实现序列化接口的实体能够兼容先前版本，未作更改的类，就需要显式地定义一个名为serialVersionUID，类型为long的变量，不修改这个变量值的序列化实体都可以相互进行串行化和反串行化。
默认的容量是10， 空实例内容是空字符串{}而不是null。
private static final long serialVersionUID = 8683452581122892189L;
private static final int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 10;
private static final Object[] EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA = {};
private static final Object[] DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA = {};3.观察3两个重要属性 关键字 transient（瞬态） 被标记为transient的属性在对象被序列化的时候不会被保存。 why? 假如elementData的长度为10，而其中只有5个元素，那么在序列化的时候只需要存储5个元素，而数组中后面5个元素是不需要存储的。于是将elementData定义为transient，避免了Java自带的序列化机制，并定义了两个方法，实现了自己可控制的序列化操作。
transient Object[] elementData; // non-private to simplify nested class access
private int size;4.观察4构造方法 ArrayList提供了三个构造方法： 第一个构造方法使用提供的initialCapacity来初始化elementData数组的大小。 第二个构造方法只是将元素初始化，并没有进行扩容操作。 第三个构造方法则将提供的集合转成数组返回给elementData（返回若不是Object[]将调用Arrays.copyOf方法将其转为Object[]）。
public ArrayList(int initialCapacity) {
if (initialCapacity > 0) {
this.elementData = new Object[initialCapacity];
} else if (initialCapacity == 0) {
this.elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
} else {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Capacity: "+
initialCapacity);
}
}
public ArrayList() {
this.elementData = DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
}
public ArrayList(Collection<? extends E> c) {
elementData = c.toArray();
if ((size = elementData.length) != 0) {
// c.toArray might (incorrectly) not return Object[] (see 6260652)
if (elementData.getClass() != Object[].class)
elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size, Object[].class);
} else {
// replace with empty array.
this.elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
}
}5.观察5ArrayList的方法 方法之增加
public boolean add(E e) {
ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1); // Increments modCount!!
elementData[size++] = e;
return true;
}
public void add(int index, E element) {
rangeCheckForAdd(index);
ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1); // Increments modCount!!
System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + 1,
size - index);
elementData[index] = element;
size++;
}
public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) {
Object[] a = c.toArray();
int numNew = a.length;
ensureCapacityInternal(size + numNew); // Increments modCount
System.arraycopy(a, 0, elementData, size, numNew);
size += numNew;
return numNew != 0;
}
public boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c) {
rangeCheckForAdd(index);
Object[] a = c.toArray();
int numNew = a.length;
ensureCapacityInternal(size + numNew); // Increments modCount
int numMoved = size - index;
if (numMoved > 0)
System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + numNew,
numMoved);
System.arraycopy(a, 0, elementData, index, numNew);
size += numNew;
return numNew != 0;
}增加时免不了扩容，ArrayList可是自动扩容的数组哦！看看是怎么实现的？ ArrayList在扩展容量时，如果你指定扩展的容量达不到原容量的1.5倍，那么会按照原容量的1.5倍进行扩容。如果超出1.5倍，那么会按照你指定的容量进行扩容。Q：小数怎么办？
//供外部调用,必要时可以直接调用，减少扩容
public void ensureCapacity(int minCapacity) {
int minExpand = (elementData != DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA)
// any size if not default element table
? 0
// larger than default for default empty table. It's already
// supposed to be at default size.
: DEFAULT_CAPACITY;
if (minCapacity > minExpand) {
ensureExplicitCapacity(minCapacity);
}
}
//内部使用
private void ensureCapacityInternal(int minCapacity) {
if (elementData == DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA) {
minCapacity = Math.max(DEFAULT_CAPACITY, minCapacity);
}
ensureExplicitCapacity(minCapacity);
}
private void ensureExplicitCapacity(int minCapacity) {
modCount++;
// overflow-conscious code
if (minCapacity - elementData.length > 0)
grow(minCapacity);
}
private static final int MAX_ARRAY_SIZE = Integer.MAX_VALUE - 8;
private void grow(int minCapacity) {
// overflow-conscious code
保证数不溢出int
int oldCapacity = elementData.length;
int newCapacity = oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1);//新容量是原容量的1.5倍
if (newCapacity - minCapacity < 0)
newCapacity = minCapacity;
if (newCapacity - MAX_ARRAY_SIZE > 0)
newCapacity = hugeCapacity(minCapacity);
//取最大容量值和指定值之间较小的一个作为新容量
// minCapacity is usually close to size, so this is a win:
elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, newCapacity);
}
private static int hugeCapacity(int minCapacity) {
if (minCapacity < 0) // overflow
throw new OutOfMemoryError();
return (minCapacity > MAX_ARRAY_SIZE) ?
Integer.MAX_VALUE :
MAX_ARRAY_SIZE;
}
方法之删除
public E remove(int index) {
rangeCheck(index);
modCount++;
E oldValue = elementData(index);
int numMoved = size - index - 1;
if (numMoved > 0)
System.arraycopy(elementData, index+1, elementData, index,
numMoved);
elementData[--size] = null; // clear to let GC do its work
return oldValue;
}
public boolean remove(Object o) {
if (o == null) {
for (int index = 0; index < size; index++)
if (elementData[index] == null) {
fastRemove(index);
return true;
}
} else {
for (int index = 0; index < size; index++)
if (o.equals(elementData[index])) {
fastRemove(index);
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
//快速删除
private void fastRemove(int index) {
modCount++;
int numMoved = size - index - 1;
if (numMoved > 0)
System.arraycopy(elementData, index+1, elementData, index,
numMoved);
elementData[--size] = null; // clear to let GC do its work
}
public void trimToSize() {
modCount++;
if (size < elementData.length) {
elementData = (size == 0)
? EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA
: Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size);
}
}
//更新
public E set(int index, E element) {
rangeCheck(index);
E oldValue = elementData(index);
elementData[index] = element;
return oldValue;
}
//查找
public E get(int index) {
rangeCheck(index);
return elementData(index);
}
//是否包含
public boolean contains(Object o) {
return indexOf(o) >= 0;
}
public int indexOf(Object o) {
if (o == null) {
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
if (elementData[i]==null)
return i;
} else {
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
if (o.equals(elementData[i]))
return i;
}
return -1;
}
//反向查找
public int lastIndexOf(Object o) {
if (o == null) {
for (int i = size-1; i >= 0; i--)
if (elementData[i]==null)
return i;
} else {
for (int i = size-1; i >= 0; i--)
if (o.equals(elementData[i]))
return i;
}
return -1;
}
//容量判断
public int size() {
return size;
}
public boolean isEmpty() {
return size == 0;
}1.浅克隆（shallow clone）
被复制对象的所有基础类型变量（byte,short,int,long,char,boolean,float,double）与原有对象中变量具有相同的值，修改其值不会影响原对象；而复制对象中引用类型（数组，类对象等）还是指向原来对象，修改其值会影响原对象。
2.深克隆（deep clone）
被复制对象的所有基础类型变量（byte,short,int,long,char,boolean,float,double）与原有对象中变量具有相同的值，修改其值不会影响原对象；并且复制对象中引用类型（数组，类对象等）指向被复制过的新对象，修改其值不会影响原对象。
public Object clone() {
try {
ArrayList<?> v = (ArrayList<?>) super.clone();
v.elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size);
v.modCount = 0;
return v;
} catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
// this shouldn't happen, since we are Cloneable
throw new InternalError(e);
}
}
public Object[] toArray() {
return Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size);
}
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a) {
if (a.length < size)
// Make a new array of a's runtime type, but my contents:
return (T[]) Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size, a.getClass());
System.arraycopy(elementData, 0, a, 0, size);
if (a.length > size)
a[size] = null;
return a;
}
// Positional Access Operations
//得到指定索引处的元素
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
E elementData(int index) {
return (E) elementData[index];
}
//清空
public void clear() {
modCount++;
// clear to let GC do its work
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
elementData[i] = null;
size = 0;
}
protected void removeRange(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
modCount++;
int numMoved = size - toIndex;
System.arraycopy(elementData, toIndex, elementData, fromIndex,
numMoved);
// clear to let GC do its work
int newSize = size - (toIndex-fromIndex);
for (int i = newSize; i < size; i++) {
elementData[i] = null;
}
size = newSize;
}
//检查数否超出数组长度 用于添加元素时
private void rangeCheck(int index) {
if (index >= size)
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index));
}
//检查是否溢出
private void rangeCheckForAdd(int index) {
if (index > size || index < 0)
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index));
}
private String outOfBoundsMsg(int index) {
return "Index: "+index+", Size: "+size;
}
//删除指定集合的元素
public boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c) {
Objects.requireNonNull(c);
return batchRemove(c, false);
}
//仅保留指定集合的元素
public boolean retainAll(Collection<?> c) {
Objects.requireNonNull(c);
return batchRemove(c, true);
}
* @param complement true时从数组保留指定集合中元素的值，为false时从数组删除指定集合中元素的值。
* @return 数组中重复的元素都会被删除(而不是仅删除一次或几次)，有任何删除操作都会返回true
private boolean batchRemove(Collection<?> c, boolean complement) {
final Object[] elementData = this.elementData;
int r = 0, w = 0;
boolean modified = false;
try {
for (; r < size; r++)
if (c.contains(elementData[r]) == complement)
elementData[w++] = elementData[r];
} finally {
// Preserve behavioral compatibility with AbstractCollection,
// even if c.contains() throws.
if (r != size) {
System.arraycopy(elementData, r,
elementData, w,
size - r);
w += size - r;
}
if (w != size) {
// clear to let GC do its work
for (int i = w; i < size; i++)
elementData[i] = null;
modCount += size - w;
size = w;
modified = true;
}
}
return modified;
}
//保存数组实例的状态到一个流（即它序列化）。写入过程数组被更改会抛出异常
private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s)
throws java.io.IOException{
// Write out element count, and any hidden stuff
int expectedModCount = modCount;
s.defaultWriteObject();
// Write out size as capacity for behavioural compatibility with clone()
s.writeInt(size);
// Write out all elements in the proper order.
for (int i=0; i<size; i++) {
s.writeObject(elementData[i]);
}
if (modCount != expectedModCount) {
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
}
//上面是写，这个就是读了。
private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s)
throws java.io.IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA;
// Read in size, and any hidden stuff
s.defaultReadObject();
// Read in capacity
s.readInt(); // ignored
if (size > 0) {
// be like clone(), allocate array based upon size not capacity
ensureCapacityInternal(size);
Object[] a = elementData;
// Read in all elements in the proper order.
for (int i=0; i<size; i++) {
a[i] = s.readObject();
}
}
}
public ListIterator<E> listIterator(int index) {
if (index < 0 || index > size)
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("Index: "+index);
return new ListItr(index);
}
实现Iterable
public ListIterator<E> listIterator() {
return new ListItr(0);
}
实现Iterable
public Iterator<E> iterator() {
return new Itr();
}//通用的迭代器实现 迭代器（Iterator）模式
private class Itr implements Iterator<E> {
int cursor; // index of next element to return
int lastRet = -1; // index of last element returned; -1 if no such
int expectedModCount = modCount;
public boolean hasNext() {
return cursor != size;
}
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public E next() {
checkForComodification();
int i = cursor;
if (i >= size)
throw new NoSuchElementException();
Object[] elementData = ArrayList.this.elementData;
if (i >= elementData.length)
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
cursor = i + 1;
return (E) elementData[lastRet = i];
}
public void remove() {
if (lastRet < 0)
throw new IllegalStateException();
checkForComodification();
try {
ArrayList.this.remove(lastRet);
cursor = lastRet;
lastRet = -1;
expectedModCount = modCount;
} catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
}
@Override
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public void forEachRemaining(Consumer<? super E> consumer) {
Objects.requireNonNull(consumer);
final int size = ArrayList.this.size;
int i = cursor;
if (i >= size) {
return;
}
final Object[] elementData = ArrayList.this.elementData;
if (i >= elementData.length) {
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
while (i != size && modCount == expectedModCount) {
consumer.accept((E) elementData[i++]);
}
// update once at end of iteration to reduce heap write traffic
cursor = i;
lastRet = i - 1;
checkForComodification();
}
final void checkForComodification() {
if (modCount != expectedModCount)
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
}其中的ListItr继承Itr，实现了ListIterator接口，同时重写了hasPrevious()，nextIndex()， previousIndex()，previous()，set(E e)，add(E e)等方法，所以这也可以看出了Iterator和ListIterator的区别，就是ListIterator在Iterator的基础上增加了添加对象，修改对象，逆向遍历等方法，这些是Iterator不能实现的。
private class ListItr extends Itr implements ListIterator<E> {
ListItr(int index) {
super();
cursor = index;
}
public boolean hasPrevious() {
return cursor != 0;
}
public int nextIndex() {
return cursor;
}
public int previousIndex() {
return cursor - 1;
}
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public E previous() {
checkForComodification();
int i = cursor - 1;
if (i < 0)
throw new NoSuchElementException();
Object[] elementData = ArrayList.this.elementData;
if (i >= elementData.length)
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
cursor = i;
return (E) elementData[lastRet = i];
}
public void set(E e) {
if (lastRet < 0)
throw new IllegalStateException();
checkForComodification();
try {
ArrayList.this.set(lastRet, e);
} catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
}
public void add(E e) {
checkForComodification();
try {
int i = cursor;
ArrayList.this.add(i, e);
cursor = i + 1;
lastRet = -1;
expectedModCount = modCount;
} catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
}
}
//返回指定范围的子数组
public List<E> subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
subListRangeCheck(fromIndex, toIndex, size);
return new SubList(this, 0, fromIndex, toIndex);
}
static void subListRangeCheck(int fromIndex, int toIndex, int size) {
if (fromIndex < 0)
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("fromIndex = " + fromIndex);
if (toIndex > size)
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("toIndex = " + toIndex);
if (fromIndex > toIndex)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("fromIndex(" + fromIndex +
") > toIndex(" + toIndex + ")");
}//子数组实现 其中的SubList继承AbstractList，实现了RandmAccess接口，类内部实现了对子序列的增删改查等方法，但它同时也充分利用了内部类的优点，就是共享ArrayList的全局变量，例如检查器变量modCount，数组elementData等，所以SubList进行的增删改查操作都是对ArrayList的数组进行的，并没有创建新的数组(不浪费内存资源)。
private class SubList extends AbstractList<E> implements RandomAccess {
private final AbstractList<E> parent;
private final int parentOffset;
private final int offset;
int size;
SubList(AbstractList<E> parent,
int offset, int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
this.parent = parent;
this.parentOffset = fromIndex;
this.offset = offset + fromIndex;
this.size = toIndex - fromIndex;
this.modCount = ArrayList.this.modCount;
}
public E set(int index, E e) {
rangeCheck(index);
checkForComodification();
E oldValue = ArrayList.this.elementData(offset + index);
ArrayList.this.elementData[offset + index] = e;
return oldValue;
}
public E get(int index) {
rangeCheck(index);
checkForComodification();
return ArrayList.this.elementData(offset + index);
}
public int size() {
checkForComodification();
return this.size;
}
public void add(int index, E e) {
rangeCheckForAdd(index);
checkForComodification();
parent.add(parentOffset + index, e);
this.modCount = parent.modCount;
this.size++;
}
public E remove(int index) {
rangeCheck(index);
checkForComodification();
E result = parent.remove(parentOffset + index);
this.modCount = parent.modCount;
this.size--;
return result;
}
protected void removeRange(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
checkForComodification();
parent.removeRange(parentOffset + fromIndex,
parentOffset + toIndex);
this.modCount = parent.modCount;
this.size -= toIndex - fromIndex;
}
public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) {
return addAll(this.size, c);
}
public boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c) {
rangeCheckForAdd(index);
int cSize = c.size();
if (cSize==0)
return false;
checkForComodification();
parent.addAll(parentOffset + index, c);
this.modCount = parent.modCount;
this.size += cSize;
return true;
}
public Iterator<E> iterator() {
return listIterator();
}
public ListIterator<E> listIterator(final int index) {
checkForComodification();
rangeCheckForAdd(index);
final int offset = this.offset;
return new ListIterator<E>() {
int cursor = index;
int lastRet = -1;
int expectedModCount = ArrayList.this.modCount;
public boolean hasNext() {
return cursor != SubList.this.size;
}
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public E next() {
checkForComodification();
int i = cursor;
if (i >= SubList.this.size)
throw new NoSuchElementException();
Object[] elementData = ArrayList.this.elementData;
if (offset + i >= elementData.length)
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
cursor = i + 1;
return (E) elementData[offset + (lastRet = i)];
}
public boolean hasPrevious() {
return cursor != 0;
}
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public E previous() {
checkForComodification();
int i = cursor - 1;
if (i < 0)
throw new NoSuchElementException();
Object[] elementData = ArrayList.this.elementData;
if (offset + i >= elementData.length)
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
cursor = i;
return (E) elementData[offset + (lastRet = i)];
}
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public void forEachRemaining(Consumer<? super E> consumer) {
Objects.requireNonNull(consumer);
final int size = SubList.this.size;
int i = cursor;
if (i >= size) {
return;
}
final Object[] elementData = ArrayList.this.elementData;
if (offset + i >= elementData.length) {
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
while (i != size && modCount == expectedModCount) {
consumer.accept((E) elementData[offset + (i++)]);
}
// update once at end of iteration to reduce heap write traffic
lastRet = cursor = i;
checkForComodification();
}
public int nextIndex() {
return cursor;
}
public int previousIndex() {
return cursor - 1;
}
public void remove() {
if (lastRet < 0)
throw new IllegalStateException();
checkForComodification();
try {
SubList.this.remove(lastRet);
cursor = lastRet;
lastRet = -1;
expectedModCount = ArrayList.this.modCount;
} catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
}
public void set(E e) {
if (lastRet < 0)
throw new IllegalStateException();
checkForComodification();
try {
ArrayList.this.set(offset + lastRet, e);
} catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
}
public void add(E e) {
checkForComodification();
try {
int i = cursor;
SubList.this.add(i, e);
cursor = i + 1;
lastRet = -1;
expectedModCount = ArrayList.this.modCount;
} catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
}
final void checkForComodification() {
if (expectedModCount != ArrayList.this.modCount)
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
};
}
public List<E> subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
subListRangeCheck(fromIndex, toIndex, size);
return new SubList(this, offset, fromIndex, toIndex);
}
private void rangeCheck(int index) {
if (index < 0 || index >= this.size)
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index));
}
private void rangeCheckForAdd(int index) {
if (index < 0 || index > this.size)
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index));
}
private String outOfBoundsMsg(int index) {
return "Index: "+index+", Size: "+this.size;
}
private void checkForComodification() {
if (ArrayList.this.modCount != this.modCount)
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
public Spliterator<E> spliterator() {
checkForComodification();
return new ArrayListSpliterator<E>(ArrayList.this, offset,
offset + this.size, this.modCount);
}
} //按照比较器的判断逻辑进行排序
@Override
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public void sort(Comparator<? super E> c) {
final int expectedModCount = modCount;
Arrays.sort((E[]) elementData, 0, size, c);
if (modCount != expectedModCount) {
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
modCount++;
}
以下基于 1.8，和函数式编程相关的方法
@Override
public void forEach(Consumer<? super E> action) {
Objects.requireNonNull(action);
final int expectedModCount = modCount;
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
final E[] elementData = (E[]) this.elementData;
final int size = this.size;
for (int i=0; modCount == expectedModCount && i < size; i++) {
action.accept(elementData[i]);
}
if (modCount != expectedModCount) {
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
}
@Override
public Spliterator<E> spliterator() {
return new ArrayListSpliterator<>(this, 0, -1, 0);
}
static final class ArrayListSpliterator<E> implements Spliterator<E> {
private final ArrayList<E> list;
private int index; // current index, modified on advance/split
private int fence; // -1 until used; then one past last index
private int expectedModCount; // initialized when fence set
/** Create new spliterator covering the given range */
ArrayListSpliterator(ArrayList<E> list, int origin, int fence,
int expectedModCount) {
this.list = list; // OK if null unless traversed
this.index = origin;
this.fence = fence;
this.expectedModCount = expectedModCount;
}
private int getFence() { // initialize fence to size on first use
int hi; // (a specialized variant appears in method forEach)
ArrayList<E> lst;
if ((hi = fence) < 0) {
if ((lst = list) == null)
hi = fence = 0;
else {
expectedModCount = lst.modCount;
hi = fence = lst.size;
}
}
return hi;
}
public ArrayListSpliterator<E> trySplit() {
int hi = getFence(), lo = index, mid = (lo + hi) >>> 1;
return (lo >= mid) ? null : // divide range in half unless too small
new ArrayListSpliterator<E>(list, lo, index = mid,
expectedModCount);
}
public boolean tryAdvance(Consumer<? super E> action) {
if (action == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
int hi = getFence(), i = index;
if (i < hi) {
index = i + 1;
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked") E e = (E)list.elementData[i];
action.accept(e);
if (list.modCount != expectedModCount)
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
return true;
}
return false;
}
public void forEachRemaining(Consumer<? super E> action) {
int i, hi, mc; // hoist accesses and checks from loop
ArrayList<E> lst; Object[] a;
if (action == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
if ((lst = list) != null && (a = lst.elementData) != null) {
if ((hi = fence) < 0) {
mc = lst.modCount;
hi = lst.size;
}
else
mc = expectedModCount;
if ((i = index) >= 0 && (index = hi) <= a.length) {
for (; i < hi; ++i) {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked") E e = (E) a[i];
action.accept(e);
}
if (lst.modCount == mc)
return;
}
}
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
public long estimateSize() {
return (long) (getFence() - index);
}
public int characteristics() {
return Spliterator.ORDERED | Spliterator.SIZED | Spliterator.SUBSIZED;
}
}
@Override
public boolean removeIf(Predicate<? super E> filter) {
Objects.requireNonNull(filter);
// figure out which elements are to be removed
// any exception thrown from the filter predicate at this stage
// will leave the collection unmodified
int removeCount = 0;
final BitSet removeSet = new BitSet(size);
final int expectedModCount = modCount;
final int size = this.size;
for (int i=0; modCount == expectedModCount && i < size; i++) {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
final E element = (E) elementData[i];
if (filter.test(element)) {
removeSet.set(i);
removeCount++;
}
}
if (modCount != expectedModCount) {
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
// shift surviving elements left over the spaces left by removed elements
final boolean anyToRemove = removeCount > 0;
if (anyToRemove) {
final int newSize = size - removeCount;
for (int i=0, j=0; (i < size) && (j < newSize); i++, j++) {
i = removeSet.nextClearBit(i);
elementData[j] = elementData[i];
}
for (int k=newSize; k < size; k++) {
elementData[k] = null; // Let gc do its work
}
this.size = newSize;
if (modCount != expectedModCount) {
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
modCount++;
}
return anyToRemove;
}
@Override
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public void replaceAll(UnaryOperator<E> operator) {
Objects.requireNonNull(operator);
final int expectedModCount = modCount;
final int size = this.size;
for (int i=0; modCount == expectedModCount && i < size; i++) {
elementData[i] = operator.apply((E) elementData[i]);
}
if (modCount != expectedModCount) {
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
modCount++;
}
}总结， List接口可调整大小的数组实现。实现所有可选的List操作，并允许所有元素，包括null，元素可重复。 除了列表接口外，该类提供了一种方法来操作该数组的大小来存储该列表中的数组的大小。
时间复杂度： 方法size、isEmpty、get、set、iterator和listIterator的调用是常数时间的。 添加删除的时间复杂度为O(N)。其他所有操作也都是线性时间复杂度。
容量： 每个ArrayList都有容量，容量大小至少为List元素的长度，默认初始化为10。 容量可以自动增长。 如果提前知道数组元素较多，可以在添加元素前通过调用ensureCapacity()方法提前增加容量以减小后期容量自动增长的开销。 也可以通过带初始容量的构造器初始化这个容量。
线程不安全： ArrayList不是线程安全的。 如果需要应用到多线程中，需要在外部做同步。 **指导意义** 那种遍历性能更优？应该使用哪种遍历方式？ 《编写高质量代码：改善Java程序的151个建议》一书认为使用传统的下标遍历是优于增强型for循环的，而《Effective Java中文版 第2版》推荐的是增强型for循环，说for-each循环没有性能损失。何解？ 在ArrayList大小为十万之前，五种遍历方式时间消耗几乎一样 即便在千万大小的ArrayList中，几种遍历方式相差也不过50ms左右（for-each循环较大），且在常用的十万左右时间几乎相等，考虑foreach简洁的优点，我们大可选用foreach这种简便方式进行遍历。
这是对ArrayList效率影响比较大的一个因素。 每当执行Add等添加元素的方法，都会检查内部数组的容量是否不够了，如果是，它就会以当前容量 的 1.5 倍来重新构建一个数组，将旧元素Copy到新数组中，然后丢弃旧数组，在这个临界点的扩容操作，应该来说是比较影响效率的。 正确的预估可能的元素，是提高ArrayList使用效率的重要途径。
-
Java 中有很多标识类的接口。这些表示类有什么意义？是否在 Java 虚拟机中对其进行了特殊处理？
-
在实现
java.io.Serializable时，如果不声明serialVersionUID变量时，是否会生成这个值？默认的值是什么？在序列化时，是如何保存这个值？在反序列化时，如何从对象的字节码中获取这个值？比较后，如果不同又怎么处理的？ -
在
ArrayList中有writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s)和readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s)方法。在单例模式中，为了解决反序列化的问题，会添加readResolve()方法。这三个方法有什么用？什么时候被什么调用？被什么调用？设置断点调试一下，看 调用栈。 -
ArrayList 在扩容时，使用的是
oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1)，这里oldCapacity >> 1就是直接移位将 oldCapacity 的值减半，取到的值就是 oldCapacity/2 后的最大正整数。 -
ArrayList 中有
rangeCheck(int index)和rangeCheckForAdd(int index)，区别就是前者没有做负数检查。为什么会有这种区别？为什么不检查负数？再为什么不检查负数为什么还能抛出ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException异常？（文档中） -
《数据结构与算法分析》 中提到
Iterator和ListIterator的区别以及ListIterator中一个特殊的使用。再次看书来确认一下。 -
通过指令来对比 Iterat or 和 foreach 之间的性能差异。