dacledit.py

#!/usr/bin/env python3
# Impacket - Collection of Python classes for working with network protocols.
#
# Copyright (C) 2024 Fortra. All rights reserved.
#
# This software is provided under a slightly modified version
# of the Apache Software License. See the accompanying LICENSE file
# for more information.
#
# Description:
#   Python script to read and manage the Discretionary Access Control List of an object
#
# Authors:
#   Charlie BROMBERG (@_nwodtuhs)
#   Guillaume DAUMAS (@BlWasp_)
#   Lucien DOUSTALY (@Wlayzz)
#

import argparse
import binascii
import codecs
import json
import logging
import os
import sys
import traceback
import datetime

import ldap3
import ssl
import ldapdomaindump
from binascii import unhexlify
from enum import Enum
from ldap3.protocol.formatters.formatters import format_sid

from impacket import version
from impacket.examples import logger, utils
from impacket.ldap import ldaptypes
from impacket.msada_guids import SCHEMA_OBJECTS, EXTENDED_RIGHTS
from impacket.smbconnection import SMBConnection
from impacket.spnego import SPNEGO_NegTokenInit, TypesMech
from ldap3.utils.conv import escape_filter_chars
from ldap3.protocol.microsoft import security_descriptor_control
from impacket.uuid import string_to_bin, bin_to_string

OBJECT_TYPES_GUID = {}
OBJECT_TYPES_GUID.update(SCHEMA_OBJECTS)
OBJECT_TYPES_GUID.update(EXTENDED_RIGHTS)

# Universal SIDs
WELL_KNOWN_SIDS = {
    'S-1-0': 'Null Authority',
    'S-1-0-0': 'Nobody',
    'S-1-1': 'World Authority',
    'S-1-1-0': 'Everyone',
    'S-1-2': 'Local Authority',
    'S-1-2-0': 'Local',
    'S-1-2-1': 'Console Logon',
    'S-1-3': 'Creator Authority',
    'S-1-3-0': 'Creator Owner',
    'S-1-3-1': 'Creator Group',
    'S-1-3-2': 'Creator Owner Server',
    'S-1-3-3': 'Creator Group Server',
    'S-1-3-4': 'Owner Rights',
    'S-1-5-80-0': 'All Services',
    'S-1-4': 'Non-unique Authority',
    'S-1-5': 'NT Authority',
    'S-1-5-1': 'Dialup',
    'S-1-5-2': 'Network',
    'S-1-5-3': 'Batch',
    'S-1-5-4': 'Interactive',
    'S-1-5-6': 'Service',
    'S-1-5-7': 'Anonymous',
    'S-1-5-8': 'Proxy',
    'S-1-5-9': 'Enterprise Domain Controllers',
    'S-1-5-10': 'Principal Self',
    'S-1-5-11': 'Authenticated Users',
    'S-1-5-12': 'Restricted Code',
    'S-1-5-13': 'Terminal Server Users',
    'S-1-5-14': 'Remote Interactive Logon',
    'S-1-5-15': 'This Organization',
    'S-1-5-17': 'This Organization',
    'S-1-5-18': 'Local System',
    'S-1-5-19': 'NT Authority',
    'S-1-5-20': 'NT Authority',
    'S-1-5-32-544': 'Administrators',
    'S-1-5-32-545': 'Users',
    'S-1-5-32-546': 'Guests',
    'S-1-5-32-547': 'Power Users',
    'S-1-5-32-548': 'Account Operators',
    'S-1-5-32-549': 'Server Operators',
    'S-1-5-32-550': 'Print Operators',
    'S-1-5-32-551': 'Backup Operators',
    'S-1-5-32-552': 'Replicators',
    'S-1-5-64-10': 'NTLM Authentication',
    'S-1-5-64-14': 'SChannel Authentication',
    'S-1-5-64-21': 'Digest Authority',
    'S-1-5-80': 'NT Service',
    'S-1-5-83-0': 'NT VIRTUAL MACHINE\Virtual Machines',
    'S-1-16-0': 'Untrusted Mandatory Level',
    'S-1-16-4096': 'Low Mandatory Level',
    'S-1-16-8192': 'Medium Mandatory Level',
    'S-1-16-8448': 'Medium Plus Mandatory Level',
    'S-1-16-12288': 'High Mandatory Level',
    'S-1-16-16384': 'System Mandatory Level',
    'S-1-16-20480': 'Protected Process Mandatory Level',
    'S-1-16-28672': 'Secure Process Mandatory Level',
    'S-1-5-32-554': 'BUILTIN\Pre-Windows 2000 Compatible Access',
    'S-1-5-32-555': 'BUILTIN\Remote Desktop Users',
    'S-1-5-32-557': 'BUILTIN\Incoming Forest Trust Builders',
    'S-1-5-32-556': 'BUILTIN\\Network Configuration Operators',
    'S-1-5-32-558': 'BUILTIN\Performance Monitor Users',
    'S-1-5-32-559': 'BUILTIN\Performance Log Users',
    'S-1-5-32-560': 'BUILTIN\Windows Authorization Access Group',
    'S-1-5-32-561': 'BUILTIN\Terminal Server License Servers',
    'S-1-5-32-562': 'BUILTIN\Distributed COM Users',
    'S-1-5-32-569': 'BUILTIN\Cryptographic Operators',
    'S-1-5-32-573': 'BUILTIN\Event Log Readers',
    'S-1-5-32-574': 'BUILTIN\Certificate Service DCOM Access',
    'S-1-5-32-575': 'BUILTIN\RDS Remote Access Servers',
    'S-1-5-32-576': 'BUILTIN\RDS Endpoint Servers',
    'S-1-5-32-577': 'BUILTIN\RDS Management Servers',
    'S-1-5-32-578': 'BUILTIN\Hyper-V Administrators',
    'S-1-5-32-579': 'BUILTIN\Access Control Assistance Operators',
    'S-1-5-32-580': 'BUILTIN\Remote Management Users',
}


# GUID rights enum
# GUID thats permits to identify extended rights in an ACE
# https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/adschema/a-rightsguid
class RIGHTS_GUID(Enum):
    WriteMembers = "bf9679c0-0de6-11d0-a285-00aa003049e2"
    ResetPassword = "00299570-246d-11d0-a768-00aa006e0529"
    DS_Replication_Get_Changes = "1131f6aa-9c07-11d1-f79f-00c04fc2dcd2"
    DS_Replication_Get_Changes_All = "1131f6ad-9c07-11d1-f79f-00c04fc2dcd2"


# ACE flags enum
# New ACE at the end of SACL for inheritance and access return system-audit
# https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/securitybaseapi/nf-securitybaseapi-addauditaccessobjectace
class ACE_FLAGS(Enum):
    CONTAINER_INHERIT_ACE = ldaptypes.ACE.CONTAINER_INHERIT_ACE
    FAILED_ACCESS_ACE_FLAG = ldaptypes.ACE.FAILED_ACCESS_ACE_FLAG
    INHERIT_ONLY_ACE = ldaptypes.ACE.INHERIT_ONLY_ACE
    INHERITED_ACE = ldaptypes.ACE.INHERITED_ACE
    NO_PROPAGATE_INHERIT_ACE = ldaptypes.ACE.NO_PROPAGATE_INHERIT_ACE
    OBJECT_INHERIT_ACE = ldaptypes.ACE.OBJECT_INHERIT_ACE
    SUCCESSFUL_ACCESS_ACE_FLAG = ldaptypes.ACE.SUCCESSFUL_ACCESS_ACE_FLAG


# ACE flags enum
# For an ACE, flags that indicate if the ObjectType and the InheritedObjecType are set with a GUID
# Since these two flags are the same for Allowed and Denied access, the same class will be used from 'ldaptypes'
# https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/winnt/ns-winnt-access_allowed_object_ace
class OBJECT_ACE_FLAGS(Enum):
    ACE_OBJECT_TYPE_PRESENT = ldaptypes.ACCESS_ALLOWED_OBJECT_ACE.ACE_OBJECT_TYPE_PRESENT
    ACE_INHERITED_OBJECT_TYPE_PRESENT = ldaptypes.ACCESS_ALLOWED_OBJECT_ACE.ACE_INHERITED_OBJECT_TYPE_PRESENT


# Access Mask enum
# Access mask permits to encode principal's rights to an object. This is the rights the principal behind the specified SID has
# https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/openspecs/windows_protocols/ms-dtyp/7a53f60e-e730-4dfe-bbe9-b21b62eb790b
# https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/iads/ne-iads-ads_rights_enum?redirectedfrom=MSDN
class ACCESS_MASK(Enum):
    # Generic Rights
    GenericRead = 0x80000000 # ADS_RIGHT_GENERIC_READ
    GenericWrite = 0x40000000 # ADS_RIGHT_GENERIC_WRITE
    GenericExecute = 0x20000000 # ADS_RIGHT_GENERIC_EXECUTE
    GenericAll = 0x10000000 # ADS_RIGHT_GENERIC_ALL

    # Maximum Allowed access type
    MaximumAllowed = 0x02000000

    # Access System Acl access type
    AccessSystemSecurity = 0x01000000 # ADS_RIGHT_ACCESS_SYSTEM_SECURITY

    # Standard access types
    Synchronize = 0x00100000 # ADS_RIGHT_SYNCHRONIZE
    WriteOwner = 0x00080000 # ADS_RIGHT_WRITE_OWNER
    WriteDACL = 0x00040000 # ADS_RIGHT_WRITE_DAC
    ReadControl = 0x00020000 # ADS_RIGHT_READ_CONTROL
    Delete = 0x00010000 # ADS_RIGHT_DELETE

    # Specific rights
    AllExtendedRights = 0x00000100 # ADS_RIGHT_DS_CONTROL_ACCESS
    ListObject = 0x00000080 # ADS_RIGHT_DS_LIST_OBJECT
    DeleteTree = 0x00000040 # ADS_RIGHT_DS_DELETE_TREE
    WriteProperties = 0x00000020 # ADS_RIGHT_DS_WRITE_PROP
    ReadProperties = 0x00000010 # ADS_RIGHT_DS_READ_PROP
    Self = 0x00000008 # ADS_RIGHT_DS_SELF
    ListChildObjects = 0x00000004 # ADS_RIGHT_ACTRL_DS_LIST
    DeleteChild = 0x00000002 # ADS_RIGHT_DS_DELETE_CHILD
    CreateChild = 0x00000001 # ADS_RIGHT_DS_CREATE_CHILD


# Simple permissions enum
# Simple permissions are combinaisons of extended permissions
# https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-server-2003/cc783530(v=ws.10)?redirectedfrom=MSDN
class SIMPLE_PERMISSIONS(Enum):
    FullControl = 0xf01ff
    Modify = 0x0301bf
    ReadAndExecute = 0x0200a9
    ReadAndWrite = 0x02019f
    Read = 0x20094
    Write = 0x200bc


# Mask ObjectType field enum
# Possible values for the Mask field in object-specific ACE (permitting to specify extended rights in the ObjectType field for example)
# Since these flags are the same for Allowed and Denied access, the same class will be used from 'ldaptypes'
# https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/openspecs/windows_protocols/ms-dtyp/c79a383c-2b3f-4655-abe7-dcbb7ce0cfbe
class ALLOWED_OBJECT_ACE_MASK_FLAGS(Enum):
    ControlAccess = ldaptypes.ACCESS_ALLOWED_OBJECT_ACE.ADS_RIGHT_DS_CONTROL_ACCESS
    CreateChild = ldaptypes.ACCESS_ALLOWED_OBJECT_ACE.ADS_RIGHT_DS_CREATE_CHILD
    DeleteChild = ldaptypes.ACCESS_ALLOWED_OBJECT_ACE.ADS_RIGHT_DS_DELETE_CHILD
    ReadProperty = ldaptypes.ACCESS_ALLOWED_OBJECT_ACE.ADS_RIGHT_DS_READ_PROP
    WriteProperty = ldaptypes.ACCESS_ALLOWED_OBJECT_ACE.ADS_RIGHT_DS_WRITE_PROP
    Self = ldaptypes.ACCESS_ALLOWED_OBJECT_ACE.ADS_RIGHT_DS_SELF


class DACLedit(object):
    """docstring for setrbcd"""

    def __init__(self, ldap_server, ldap_session, args):
        super(DACLedit, self).__init__()
        self.ldap_server = ldap_server
        self.ldap_session = ldap_session

        self.target_sAMAccountName = args.target_sAMAccountName
        self.target_SID = args.target_SID
        self.target_DN = args.target_DN

        self.principal_sAMAccountName = args.principal_sAMAccountName
        self.principal_SID = args.principal_SID
        self.principal_DN = args.principal_DN

        self.ace_type = args.ace_type
        self.rights = args.rights
        self.rights_guid = args.rights_guid
        self.filename = args.filename
        self.inheritance = args.inheritance
        if self.inheritance:
            logging.info("NB: objects with adminCount=1 will no inherit ACEs from their parent container/OU")

        logging.debug('Initializing domainDumper()')
        cnf = ldapdomaindump.domainDumpConfig()
        cnf.basepath = None
        self.domain_dumper = ldapdomaindump.domainDumper(self.ldap_server, self.ldap_session, cnf)

        if self.target_sAMAccountName or self.target_SID or self.target_DN:
            # Searching for target account with its security descriptor
            self.search_target_principal_security_descriptor()
            # Extract security descriptor data
            self.principal_raw_security_descriptor = self.target_principal['nTSecurityDescriptor'].raw_values[0]
            self.principal_security_descriptor = ldaptypes.SR_SECURITY_DESCRIPTOR(data=self.principal_raw_security_descriptor)

        # Searching for the principal SID if any principal argument was given and principal_SID wasn't
        if self.principal_SID is None and self.principal_sAMAccountName is not None or self.principal_DN is not None:
            _lookedup_principal = ""
            if self.principal_sAMAccountName is not None:
                _lookedup_principal = self.principal_sAMAccountName
                self.ldap_session.search(self.domain_dumper.root, '(sAMAccountName=%s)' % escape_filter_chars(_lookedup_principal), attributes=['objectSid'])
            elif self.principal_DN is not None:
                _lookedup_principal = self.principal_DN
                self.ldap_session.search(self.domain_dumper.root, '(distinguishedName=%s)' % _lookedup_principal, attributes=['objectSid'])
            try:
                self.principal_SID = format_sid(self.ldap_session.entries[0]['objectSid'].raw_values[0])
                logging.debug("Found principal SID: %s" % self.principal_SID)
            except IndexError:
                logging.error('Principal SID not found in LDAP (%s)' % _lookedup_principal)
                exit(1)


    # Main read funtion
    # Prints the parsed DACL
    def read(self):
        parsed_dacl = self.parseDACL(self.principal_security_descriptor['Dacl'])
        self.printparsedDACL(parsed_dacl)
        return


    # Main write function
    # Attempts to add a new ACE to a DACL
    def write(self):
        # Creates ACEs with the specified GUIDs and the SID, or FullControl if no GUID is specified
        # Append the ACEs in the DACL locally
        if self.rights == "FullControl" and self.rights_guid is None:
            logging.debug("Appending ACE (%s --(FullControl)--> %s)" % (self.principal_SID, format_sid(self.target_SID)))
            self.principal_security_descriptor['Dacl'].aces.append(self.create_ace(SIMPLE_PERMISSIONS.FullControl.value, self.principal_SID, self.ace_type))
        else:
            for rights_guid in self.build_guids_for_rights():
                logging.debug("Appending ACE (%s --(%s)--> %s)" % (self.principal_SID, rights_guid, format_sid(self.target_SID)))
                self.principal_security_descriptor['Dacl'].aces.append(self.create_object_ace(rights_guid, self.principal_SID, self.ace_type))
        # Backups current DACL before add the new one
        self.backup()
        # Effectively push the DACL with the new ACE
        self.modify_secDesc_for_dn(self.target_principal.entry_dn, self.principal_security_descriptor)
        return


    # Attempts to remove an ACE from the DACL
    # To do it, a new DACL is built locally with all the ACEs that must NOT BE removed, and this new DACL is pushed on the server
    def remove(self):
        compare_aces = []
        # Creates ACEs with the specified GUIDs and the SID, or FullControl if no GUID is specified
        # These ACEs will be used as comparison templates
        if self.rights == "FullControl" and self.rights_guid is None:
            compare_aces.append(self.create_ace(SIMPLE_PERMISSIONS.FullControl.value, self.principal_SID, self.ace_type))
        else:
            for rights_guid in self.build_guids_for_rights():
                compare_aces.append(self.create_object_ace(rights_guid, self.principal_SID, self.ace_type))
        new_dacl = []
        i = 0
        dacl_must_be_replaced = False
        for ace in self.principal_security_descriptor['Dacl'].aces:
            ace_must_be_removed = False
            for compare_ace in compare_aces:
                # To be sure the good ACEs are removed, multiple fields are compared between the templates and the ACEs in the DACL
                #   - ACE type
                #   - ACE flags
                #   - Access masks
                #   - Revision
                #   - SubAuthorityCount
                #   - SubAuthority
                #   - IdentifierAuthority value
                if ace['AceType'] == compare_ace['AceType'] \
                    and ace['AceFlags'] == compare_ace['AceFlags']\
                    and ace['Ace']['Mask']['Mask'] == compare_ace['Ace']['Mask']['Mask']\
                    and ace['Ace']['Sid']['Revision'] == compare_ace['Ace']['Sid']['Revision']\
                    and ace['Ace']['Sid']['SubAuthorityCount'] == compare_ace['Ace']['Sid']['SubAuthorityCount']\
                    and ace['Ace']['Sid']['SubAuthority'] == compare_ace['Ace']['Sid']['SubAuthority']\
                    and ace['Ace']['Sid']['IdentifierAuthority']['Value'] == compare_ace['Ace']['Sid']['IdentifierAuthority']['Value']:
                    # If the ACE has an ObjectType, the GUIDs must match
                    if 'ObjectType' in ace['Ace'].fields.keys() and 'ObjectType' in compare_ace['Ace'].fields.keys():
                        if ace['Ace']['ObjectType'] == compare_ace['Ace']['ObjectType']:
                            ace_must_be_removed = True
                            dacl_must_be_replaced = True
                    else:
                        ace_must_be_removed = True
                        dacl_must_be_replaced = True
            # If the ACE doesn't match any ACEs from the template list, it is added to the DACL that will be pushed
            if not ace_must_be_removed:
                new_dacl.append(ace)
            elif logging.getLogger().level == logging.DEBUG:
                logging.debug("This ACE will be removed")
                self.printparsedACE(self.parseACE(ace))
            i += 1
        # If at least one ACE must been removed
        if dacl_must_be_replaced:
            self.principal_security_descriptor['Dacl'].aces = new_dacl
            self.backup()
            self.modify_secDesc_for_dn(self.target_principal.entry_dn, self.principal_security_descriptor)
        else:
            logging.info("Nothing to remove...")

    
    # Permits to backup a DACL before a modification
    # This function is called before any writing action (write, remove or restore)
    def backup(self):
        backup = {}
        backup["sd"] = binascii.hexlify(self.principal_raw_security_descriptor).decode('utf-8')
        backup["dn"] = self.target_principal.entry_dn
        if not self.filename:
            self.filename = 'dacledit-%s.bak' % datetime.datetime.now().strftime("%Y%m%d-%H%M%S")
        else:
            if os.path.exists(self.filename):
                logging.info("File %s already exists, I'm refusing to overwrite it, setting another filename" % self.filename)
                self.filename = 'dacledit-%s.bak' % datetime.datetime.now().strftime("%Y%m%d-%H%M%S")
        with codecs.open(self.filename, 'w', 'utf-8') as outfile:
            json.dump(backup, outfile)
        logging.info('DACL backed up to %s', self.filename)

    
    # Permits to restore a saved DACL
    def restore(self):
        # Opens and load the file where the DACL has been saved
        with codecs.open(self.filename, 'r', 'utf-8') as infile:
            restore = json.load(infile)
            assert "sd" in restore.keys()
            assert "dn" in restore.keys()
        # Extracts the Security Descriptor and converts it to the good ldaptypes format
        new_raw_security_descriptor = binascii.unhexlify(restore["sd"].encode('utf-8'))
        new_security_descriptor = ldaptypes.SR_SECURITY_DESCRIPTOR(data=new_raw_security_descriptor)

        self.target_DN = restore["dn"]
        # Searching for target account with its security descriptor
        self.search_target_principal_security_descriptor()
        # Extract security descriptor data
        self.principal_raw_security_descriptor = self.target_principal['nTSecurityDescriptor'].raw_values[0]
        self.principal_security_descriptor = ldaptypes.SR_SECURITY_DESCRIPTOR(data=self.principal_raw_security_descriptor)

        # Do a backup of the actual DACL and push the restoration
        self.backup()
        logging.info('Restoring DACL')
        self.modify_secDesc_for_dn(self.target_DN, new_security_descriptor)
    
    # Attempts to retrieve the DACL in the Security Descriptor of the specified target
    def search_target_principal_security_descriptor(self):
        _lookedup_principal = ""
        # Set SD flags to only query for DACL
        controls = security_descriptor_control(sdflags=0x04)
        if self.target_sAMAccountName is not None:
            _lookedup_principal = self.target_sAMAccountName
            self.ldap_session.search(self.domain_dumper.root, '(sAMAccountName=%s)' % escape_filter_chars(_lookedup_principal), attributes=['nTSecurityDescriptor'], controls=controls)
        elif self.target_SID is not None:
            _lookedup_principal = self.target_SID
            self.ldap_session.search(self.domain_dumper.root, '(objectSid=%s)' % _lookedup_principal, attributes=['nTSecurityDescriptor'], controls=controls)
        elif self.target_DN is not None:
            _lookedup_principal = self.target_DN
            self.ldap_session.search(self.domain_dumper.root, '(distinguishedName=%s)' % _lookedup_principal, attributes=['nTSecurityDescriptor'], controls=controls)
        try:
            self.target_principal = self.ldap_session.entries[0]
            logging.debug('Target principal found in LDAP (%s)' % _lookedup_principal)
        except IndexError:
            logging.error('Target principal not found in LDAP (%s)' % _lookedup_principal)
            exit(0)

    
    # Attempts to retieve the SID and Distinguisehd Name from the sAMAccountName
    # Not used for the moment
    #   - samname : a sAMAccountName
    def get_user_info(self, samname):
        self.ldap_session.search(self.domain_dumper.root, '(sAMAccountName=%s)' % escape_filter_chars(samname), attributes=['objectSid'])
        try:
            dn = self.ldap_session.entries[0].entry_dn
            sid = format_sid(self.ldap_session.entries[0]['objectSid'].raw_values[0])
            return dn, sid
        except IndexError:
            logging.error('User not found in LDAP: %s' % samname)
            return False

    
    # Attempts to resolve a SID and return the corresponding samaccountname
    #   - sid : the SID to resolve
    def resolveSID(self, sid):
        # Tries to resolve the SID from the well known SIDs
        if sid in WELL_KNOWN_SIDS.keys():
            return WELL_KNOWN_SIDS[sid]
        # Tries to resolve the SID from the LDAP domain dump
        else:
            self.ldap_session.search(self.domain_dumper.root, '(objectSid=%s)' % sid, attributes=['samaccountname'])
            try:
                dn = self.ldap_session.entries[0].entry_dn
                samname = self.ldap_session.entries[0]['samaccountname']
                return samname
            except IndexError:
                logging.debug('SID not found in LDAP: %s' % sid)
                return ""

    
    # Parses a full DACL
    #   - dacl : the DACL to parse, submitted in a Security Desciptor format
    def parseDACL(self, dacl):
        parsed_dacl = []
        logging.info("Parsing DACL")
        i = 0
        for ace in dacl['Data']:
            parsed_ace = self.parseACE(ace)
            parsed_dacl.append(parsed_ace)
            i += 1
        return parsed_dacl

    
    # Parses an access mask to extract the different values from a simple permission
    # https://stackoverflow.com/questions/28029872/retrieving-security-descriptor-and-getting-number-for-filesystemrights
    #   - fsr : the access mask to parse
    def parsePerms(self, fsr):
        _perms = []
        for PERM in SIMPLE_PERMISSIONS:
            if (fsr & PERM.value) == PERM.value:
                _perms.append(PERM.name)
                fsr = fsr & (not PERM.value)
        for PERM in ACCESS_MASK:
            if fsr & PERM.value:
                _perms.append(PERM.name)
        return _perms

    
    # Parses a specified ACE and extract the different values (Flags, Access Mask, Trustee, ObjectType, InheritedObjectType)
    #   - ace : the ACE to parse
    def parseACE(self, ace):
        # For the moment, only the Allowed and Denied Access ACE are supported
        if ace['TypeName'] in [ "ACCESS_ALLOWED_ACE", "ACCESS_ALLOWED_OBJECT_ACE", "ACCESS_DENIED_ACE", "ACCESS_DENIED_OBJECT_ACE" ]:
            parsed_ace = {}
            parsed_ace['ACE Type'] = ace['TypeName']
            # Retrieves ACE's flags
            _ace_flags = []
            for FLAG in ACE_FLAGS:
                if ace.hasFlag(FLAG.value):
                    _ace_flags.append(FLAG.name)
            parsed_ace['ACE flags'] = ", ".join(_ace_flags) or "None"

            # For standard ACE
            # Extracts the access mask (by parsing the simple permissions) and the principal's SID
            if ace['TypeName'] in [ "ACCESS_ALLOWED_ACE", "ACCESS_DENIED_ACE" ]:
                parsed_ace['Access mask'] = "%s (0x%x)" % (", ".join(self.parsePerms(ace['Ace']['Mask']['Mask'])), ace['Ace']['Mask']['Mask'])
                parsed_ace['Trustee (SID)'] = "%s (%s)" % (self.resolveSID(ace['Ace']['Sid'].formatCanonical()) or "UNKNOWN", ace['Ace']['Sid'].formatCanonical())

            # For object-specific ACE
            elif ace['TypeName'] in [ "ACCESS_ALLOWED_OBJECT_ACE", "ACCESS_DENIED_OBJECT_ACE" ]:
                # Extracts the mask values. These values will indicate the ObjectType purpose
                _access_mask_flags = []
                for FLAG in ALLOWED_OBJECT_ACE_MASK_FLAGS:
                    if ace['Ace']['Mask'].hasPriv(FLAG.value):
                        _access_mask_flags.append(FLAG.name)
                parsed_ace['Access mask'] = ", ".join(_access_mask_flags)
                # Extracts the ACE flag values and the trusted SID
                _object_flags = []
                for FLAG in OBJECT_ACE_FLAGS:
                    if ace['Ace'].hasFlag(FLAG.value):
                        _object_flags.append(FLAG.name)
                parsed_ace['Flags'] = ", ".join(_object_flags) or "None"
                # Extracts the ObjectType GUID values
                if ace['Ace']['ObjectTypeLen'] != 0:
                    obj_type = bin_to_string(ace['Ace']['ObjectType']).lower()
                    try:
                        parsed_ace['Object type (GUID)'] = "%s (%s)" % (OBJECT_TYPES_GUID[obj_type], obj_type)
                    except KeyError:
                        parsed_ace['Object type (GUID)'] = "UNKNOWN (%s)" % obj_type
                # Extracts the InheritedObjectType GUID values
                if ace['Ace']['InheritedObjectTypeLen'] != 0:
                    inh_obj_type = bin_to_string(ace['Ace']['InheritedObjectType']).lower()
                    try:
                        parsed_ace['Inherited type (GUID)'] = "%s (%s)" % (OBJECT_TYPES_GUID[inh_obj_type], inh_obj_type)
                    except KeyError:
                        parsed_ace['Inherited type (GUID)'] = "UNKNOWN (%s)" % inh_obj_type
                # Extract the Trustee SID (the object that has the right over the DACL bearer)
                parsed_ace['Trustee (SID)'] = "%s (%s)" % (self.resolveSID(ace['Ace']['Sid'].formatCanonical()) or "UNKNOWN", ace['Ace']['Sid'].formatCanonical())

        else:
            # If the ACE is not an access allowed
            logging.debug("ACE Type (%s) unsupported for parsing yet, feel free to contribute" % ace['TypeName'])
            parsed_ace = {}
            parsed_ace['ACE type'] = ace['TypeName']
            _ace_flags = []
            for FLAG in ACE_FLAGS:
                if ace.hasFlag(FLAG.value):
                    _ace_flags.append(FLAG.name)
            parsed_ace['ACE flags'] = ", ".join(_ace_flags) or "None"
            parsed_ace['DEBUG'] = "ACE type not supported for parsing by dacleditor.py, feel free to contribute"
        return parsed_ace


    # Prints a full DACL by printing each parsed ACE
    #   - parsed_dacl : a parsed DACL from parseDACL()
    def printparsedDACL(self, parsed_dacl):
        # Attempts to retrieve the principal's SID if it's a write action
        if self.principal_SID is None and self.principal_sAMAccountName or self.principal_DN:
            if self.principal_sAMAccountName is not None:
                _lookedup_principal = self.principal_sAMAccountName
                self.ldap_session.search(self.domain_dumper.root, '(sAMAccountName=%s)' % escape_filter_chars(_lookedup_principal), attributes=['objectSid'])
            elif self.principal_DN is not None:
                _lookedup_principal = self.principal_DN
                self.ldap_session.search(self.domain_dumper.root, '(distinguishedName=%s)' % _lookedup_principal, attributes=['objectSid'])
            try:
                self.principal_SID = format_sid(self.ldap_session.entries[0]['objectSid'].raw_values[0])
            except IndexError:
                logging.error('Principal not found in LDAP (%s)' % _lookedup_principal)
                return False
            logging.debug("Found principal SID to write in ACE(s): %s" % self.principal_SID)

        logging.info("Printing parsed DACL")
        i = 0
        # If a principal has been specified, only the ACE where he is the trustee will be printed
        if self.principal_SID is not None:
            logging.info("Filtering results for SID (%s)" % self.principal_SID)
        for parsed_ace in parsed_dacl:
            print_ace = True
            if self.principal_SID is not None:
                try:
                    if self.principal_SID not in parsed_ace['Trustee (SID)']:
                        print_ace = False
                except Exception as e:
                    logging.error("Error filtering ACE, probably because of ACE type unsupported for parsing yet (%s)" % e)
            if print_ace:
                logging.info("  %-28s" % "ACE[%d] info" % i)
                self.printparsedACE(parsed_ace)
            i += 1


    # Prints properly a parsed ACE
    #   - parsed_ace : a parsed ACE from parseACE()
    def printparsedACE(self, parsed_ace):
        elements_name = list(parsed_ace.keys())
        for attribute in elements_name:
            logging.info("    %-26s: %s" % (attribute, parsed_ace[attribute]))


    # Retrieves the GUIDs for the specified rights
    def build_guids_for_rights(self):
        _rights_guids = []
        if self.rights_guid is not None:
            _rights_guids = [self.rights_guid]
        elif self.rights == "WriteMembers":
            _rights_guids = [RIGHTS_GUID.WriteMembers.value]
        elif self.rights == "ResetPassword":
            _rights_guids = [RIGHTS_GUID.ResetPassword.value]
        elif self.rights == "DCSync":
            _rights_guids = [RIGHTS_GUID.DS_Replication_Get_Changes.value, RIGHTS_GUID.DS_Replication_Get_Changes_All.value]
        logging.debug('Built GUID: %s', _rights_guids)
        return _rights_guids


    # Attempts to push the locally built DACL to the remote server into the security descriptor of the specified principal
    # The target principal is specified with its Distinguished Name
    #   - dn : the principal's Distinguished Name to modify
    #   - secDesc : the Security Descriptor with the new DACL to push
    def modify_secDesc_for_dn(self, dn, secDesc):
        data = secDesc.getData()
        controls = security_descriptor_control(sdflags=0x04)
        logging.debug('Attempts to modify the Security Descriptor.')
        self.ldap_session.modify(dn, {'nTSecurityDescriptor': (ldap3.MODIFY_REPLACE, [data])}, controls=controls)
        if self.ldap_session.result['result'] == 0:
            logging.info('DACL modified successfully!')
        else:
            if self.ldap_session.result['result'] == 50:
                logging.error('Could not modify object, the server reports insufficient rights: %s',
                              self.ldap_session.result['message'])
            elif self.ldap_session.result['result'] == 19:
                logging.error('Could not modify object, the server reports a constrained violation: %s',
                              self.ldap_session.result['message'])
            else:
                logging.error('The server returned an error: %s', self.ldap_session.result['message'])


    # Builds a standard ACE for a specified access mask (rights) and a specified SID (the principal who obtains the right)
    # https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/openspecs/windows_protocols/ms-dtyp/72e7c7ea-bc02-4c74-a619-818a16bf6adb
    #   - access_mask : the allowed access mask
    #   - sid : the principal's SID
    #   - ace_type : the ACE type (allowed or denied)
    def create_ace(self, access_mask, sid, ace_type):
        nace = ldaptypes.ACE()
        if ace_type == "allowed":
            nace['AceType'] = ldaptypes.ACCESS_ALLOWED_ACE.ACE_TYPE
            acedata = ldaptypes.ACCESS_ALLOWED_ACE()
        else:
            nace['AceType'] = ldaptypes.ACCESS_DENIED_ACE.ACE_TYPE
            acedata = ldaptypes.ACCESS_DENIED_ACE()
        if self.inheritance:
            nace['AceFlags'] = ldaptypes.ACE.OBJECT_INHERIT_ACE + ldaptypes.ACE.CONTAINER_INHERIT_ACE
        else:
            nace['AceFlags'] = 0x00
        acedata['Mask'] = ldaptypes.ACCESS_MASK()
        acedata['Mask']['Mask'] = access_mask
        acedata['Sid'] = ldaptypes.LDAP_SID()
        acedata['Sid'].fromCanonical(sid)
        nace['Ace'] = acedata
        logging.debug('ACE created.')
        return nace


    # Builds an object-specific for a specified ObjectType (an extended right, a property, etc, to add) for a specified SID (the principal who obtains the right)
    # The Mask is "ADS_RIGHT_DS_CONTROL_ACCESS" (the ObjectType GUID will identify an extended access right)
    # https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/openspecs/windows_protocols/ms-dtyp/c79a383c-2b3f-4655-abe7-dcbb7ce0cfbe
    #   - privguid : the ObjectType (an Extended Right here)
    #   - sid : the principal's SID
    #   - ace_type : the ACE type (allowed or denied)
    def create_object_ace(self, privguid, sid, ace_type):
        nace = ldaptypes.ACE()
        if ace_type == "allowed":
            nace['AceType'] = ldaptypes.ACCESS_ALLOWED_OBJECT_ACE.ACE_TYPE
            acedata = ldaptypes.ACCESS_ALLOWED_OBJECT_ACE()
        else:
            nace['AceType'] = ldaptypes.ACCESS_DENIED_OBJECT_ACE.ACE_TYPE
            acedata = ldaptypes.ACCESS_DENIED_OBJECT_ACE()           
        if self.inheritance:
            nace['AceFlags'] = ldaptypes.ACE.OBJECT_INHERIT_ACE + ldaptypes.ACE.CONTAINER_INHERIT_ACE
        else:
            nace['AceFlags'] = 0x00
        acedata['Mask'] = ldaptypes.ACCESS_MASK()
        # WriteMembers not an extended right, we need read and write mask on the attribute (https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/openspecs/windows_protocols/ms-dtyp/c79a383c-2b3f-4655-abe7-dcbb7ce0cfbe)
        if privguid == RIGHTS_GUID.WriteMembers.value:
            acedata['Mask'][
                'Mask'] = ldaptypes.ACCESS_ALLOWED_OBJECT_ACE.ADS_RIGHT_DS_READ_PROP + ldaptypes.ACCESS_ALLOWED_OBJECT_ACE.ADS_RIGHT_DS_WRITE_PROP
        # Other rights in this script are extended rights and need the DS_CONTROL_ACCESS mask
        else:
            acedata['Mask']['Mask'] = ldaptypes.ACCESS_ALLOWED_OBJECT_ACE.ADS_RIGHT_DS_CONTROL_ACCESS
        acedata['ObjectType'] = string_to_bin(privguid)
        acedata['InheritedObjectType'] = b''
        acedata['Sid'] = ldaptypes.LDAP_SID()
        acedata['Sid'].fromCanonical(sid)
        assert sid == acedata['Sid'].formatCanonical()
        # This ACE flag verifes if the ObjectType is valid
        acedata['Flags'] = ldaptypes.ACCESS_ALLOWED_OBJECT_ACE.ACE_OBJECT_TYPE_PRESENT
        nace['Ace'] = acedata
        logging.debug('Object-specific ACE created.')
        return nace




def parse_args():
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(add_help=True, description='Python editor for a principal\'s DACL.')
    parser.add_argument('identity', action='store', help='domain.local/username[:password]')
    parser.add_argument('-use-ldaps', action='store_true', help='Use LDAPS instead of LDAP')
    parser.add_argument('-ts', action='store_true', help='Adds timestamp to every logging output')
    parser.add_argument('-debug', action='store_true', help='Turn DEBUG output ON')

    auth_con = parser.add_argument_group('authentication & connection')
    auth_con.add_argument('-hashes', action="store", metavar="LMHASH:NTHASH", help='NTLM hashes, format is LMHASH:NTHASH')
    auth_con.add_argument('-no-pass', action="store_true", help='don\'t ask for password (useful for -k)')
    auth_con.add_argument('-k', action="store_true", help='Use Kerberos authentication. Grabs credentials from ccache file (KRB5CCNAME) based on target parameters. If valid credentials cannot be found, it will use the ones specified in the command line')
    auth_con.add_argument('-aesKey', action="store", metavar="hex key", help='AES key to use for Kerberos Authentication (128 or 256 bits)')
    auth_con.add_argument('-dc-ip', action='store', metavar="ip address", help='IP Address of the domain controller or KDC (Key Distribution Center) for Kerberos. If omitted it will use the domain part (FQDN) specified in the identity parameter')

    principal_parser = parser.add_argument_group("principal", description="Object, controlled by the attacker, to reference in the ACE to create or to filter when printing a DACL")
    principal_parser.add_argument("-principal", dest="principal_sAMAccountName", metavar="NAME", type=str, required=False, help="sAMAccountName")
    principal_parser.add_argument("-principal-sid", dest="principal_SID", metavar="SID", type=str, required=False, help="Security IDentifier")
    principal_parser.add_argument("-principal-dn", dest="principal_DN", metavar="DN", type=str, required=False, help="Distinguished Name")

    target_parser = parser.add_argument_group("target", description="Principal object to read/edit the DACL of")
    target_parser.add_argument("-target", dest="target_sAMAccountName", metavar="NAME", type=str, required=False, help="sAMAccountName")
    target_parser.add_argument("-target-sid", dest="target_SID", metavar="SID", type=str, required=False, help="Security IDentifier")
    target_parser.add_argument("-target-dn", dest="target_DN", metavar="DN", type=str, required=False, help="Distinguished Name")

    dacl_parser = parser.add_argument_group("dacl editor")
    dacl_parser.add_argument('-action', choices=['read', 'write', 'remove', 'backup', 'restore'], nargs='?', default='read', help='Action to operate on the DACL')
    dacl_parser.add_argument('-file', dest="filename", type=str, help='Filename/path (optional for -action backup, required for -restore))')
    dacl_parser.add_argument('-ace-type', choices=['allowed', 'denied'], nargs='?', default='allowed', help='The ACE Type (access allowed or denied) that must be added or removed (default: allowed)')
    dacl_parser.add_argument('-rights', choices=['FullControl', 'ResetPassword', 'WriteMembers', 'DCSync'], nargs='?', default='FullControl', help='Rights to write/remove in the target DACL (default: FullControl)')
    dacl_parser.add_argument('-rights-guid', type=str, help='Manual GUID representing the right to write/remove')
    dacl_parser.add_argument('-inheritance', action="store_true", help='Enable the inheritance in the ACE flag with CONTAINER_INHERIT_ACE and OBJECT_INHERIT_ACE. Useful when target is a Container or an OU, '
                                                                       'ACE will be inherited by objects within the container/OU (except objects with adminCount=1)')

    if len(sys.argv) == 1:
        parser.print_help()
        sys.exit(1)

    return parser.parse_args()


def parse_identity(args):
    domain, username, password = utils.parse_credentials(args.identity)

    if domain == '':
        logging.critical('Domain should be specified!')
        sys.exit(1)

    if password == '' and username != '' and args.hashes is None and args.no_pass is False and args.aesKey is None:
        from getpass import getpass
        logging.info("No credentials supplied, supply password")
        password = getpass("Password:")

    if args.aesKey is not None:
        args.k = True

    if args.hashes is not None:
        lmhash, nthash = args.hashes.split(':')
    else:
        lmhash = ''
        nthash = ''

    return domain, username, password, lmhash, nthash


def init_logger(args):
    # Init the example's logger theme and debug level
    logger.init(args.ts)
    if args.debug is True:
        logging.getLogger().setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
        # Print the Library's installation path
        logging.debug(version.getInstallationPath())
    else:
        logging.getLogger().setLevel(logging.INFO)
        logging.getLogger('impacket.smbserver').setLevel(logging.ERROR)


def get_machine_name(args, domain):
    if args.dc_ip is not None:
        s = SMBConnection(args.dc_ip, args.dc_ip)
    else:
        s = SMBConnection(domain, domain)
    try:
        s.login('', '')
    except Exception:
        if s.getServerName() == '':
            raise Exception('Error while anonymous logging into %s' % domain)
    else:
        s.logoff()
    return s.getServerName()


def ldap3_kerberos_login(connection, target, user, password, domain='', lmhash='', nthash='', aesKey='', kdcHost=None,
                         TGT=None, TGS=None, useCache=True):
    from pyasn1.codec.ber import encoder, decoder
    from pyasn1.type.univ import noValue
    """
    logins into the target system explicitly using Kerberos. Hashes are used if RC4_HMAC is supported.
    :param string user: username
    :param string password: password for the user
    :param string domain: domain where the account is valid for (required)
    :param string lmhash: LMHASH used to authenticate using hashes (password is not used)
    :param string nthash: NTHASH used to authenticate using hashes (password is not used)
    :param string aesKey: aes256-cts-hmac-sha1-96 or aes128-cts-hmac-sha1-96 used for Kerberos authentication
    :param string kdcHost: hostname or IP Address for the KDC. If None, the domain will be used (it needs to resolve tho)
    :param struct TGT: If there's a TGT available, send the structure here and it will be used
    :param struct TGS: same for TGS. See smb3.py for the format
    :param bool useCache: whether or not we should use the ccache for credentials lookup. If TGT or TGS are specified this is False
    :return: True, raises an Exception if error.
    """

    if lmhash != '' or nthash != '':
        if len(lmhash) % 2:
            lmhash = '0' + lmhash
        if len(nthash) % 2:
            nthash = '0' + nthash
        try:  # just in case they were converted already
            lmhash = unhexlify(lmhash)
            nthash = unhexlify(nthash)
        except TypeError:
            pass

    # Importing down here so pyasn1 is not required if kerberos is not used.
    from impacket.krb5.ccache import CCache
    from impacket.krb5.asn1 import AP_REQ, Authenticator, TGS_REP, seq_set
    from impacket.krb5.kerberosv5 import getKerberosTGT, getKerberosTGS
    from impacket.krb5 import constants
    from impacket.krb5.types import Principal, KerberosTime, Ticket
    import datetime

    if TGT is not None or TGS is not None:
        useCache = False

    target = 'ldap/%s' % target
    if useCache:
        domain, user, TGT, TGS = CCache.parseFile(domain, user, target)

    # First of all, we need to get a TGT for the user
    userName = Principal(user, type=constants.PrincipalNameType.NT_PRINCIPAL.value)
    if TGT is None:
        if TGS is None:
            tgt, cipher, oldSessionKey, sessionKey = getKerberosTGT(userName, password, domain, lmhash, nthash,
                                                                    aesKey, kdcHost)
    else:
        tgt = TGT['KDC_REP']
        cipher = TGT['cipher']
        sessionKey = TGT['sessionKey']

    if TGS is None:
        serverName = Principal(target, type=constants.PrincipalNameType.NT_SRV_INST.value)
        tgs, cipher, oldSessionKey, sessionKey = getKerberosTGS(serverName, domain, kdcHost, tgt, cipher,
                                                                sessionKey)
    else:
        tgs = TGS['KDC_REP']
        cipher = TGS['cipher']
        sessionKey = TGS['sessionKey']

        # Let's build a NegTokenInit with a Kerberos REQ_AP

    blob = SPNEGO_NegTokenInit()

    # Kerberos
    blob['MechTypes'] = [TypesMech['MS KRB5 - Microsoft Kerberos 5']]

    # Let's extract the ticket from the TGS
    tgs = decoder.decode(tgs, asn1Spec=TGS_REP())[0]
    ticket = Ticket()
    ticket.from_asn1(tgs['ticket'])

    # Now let's build the AP_REQ
    apReq = AP_REQ()
    apReq['pvno'] = 5
    apReq['msg-type'] = int(constants.ApplicationTagNumbers.AP_REQ.value)

    opts = []
    apReq['ap-options'] = constants.encodeFlags(opts)
    seq_set(apReq, 'ticket', ticket.to_asn1)

    authenticator = Authenticator()
    authenticator['authenticator-vno'] = 5
    authenticator['crealm'] = domain
    seq_set(authenticator, 'cname', userName.components_to_asn1)
    now = datetime.datetime.utcnow()

    authenticator['cusec'] = now.microsecond
    authenticator['ctime'] = KerberosTime.to_asn1(now)

    encodedAuthenticator = encoder.encode(authenticator)

    # Key Usage 11
    # AP-REQ Authenticator (includes application authenticator
    # subkey), encrypted with the application session key
    # (Section 5.5.1)
    encryptedEncodedAuthenticator = cipher.encrypt(sessionKey, 11, encodedAuthenticator, None)

    apReq['authenticator'] = noValue
    apReq['authenticator']['etype'] = cipher.enctype
    apReq['authenticator']['cipher'] = encryptedEncodedAuthenticator

    blob['MechToken'] = encoder.encode(apReq)

    request = ldap3.operation.bind.bind_operation(connection.version, ldap3.SASL, user, None, 'GSS-SPNEGO',
                                                  blob.getData())

    # Done with the Kerberos saga, now let's get into LDAP
    if connection.closed:  # try to open connection if closed
        connection.open(read_server_info=False)

    connection.sasl_in_progress = True
    response = connection.post_send_single_response(connection.send('bindRequest', request, None))
    connection.sasl_in_progress = False
    if response[0]['result'] != 0:
        raise Exception(response)

    connection.bound = True

    return True


def init_ldap_connection(target, tls_version, args, domain, username, password, lmhash, nthash):
    user = '%s\\%s' % (domain, username)
    connect_to = target
    if args.dc_ip is not None:
        connect_to = args.dc_ip
    if tls_version is not None:
        use_ssl = True
        port = 636
        tls = ldap3.Tls(validate=ssl.CERT_NONE, version=tls_version)
    else:
        use_ssl = False
        port = 389
        tls = None
    ldap_server = ldap3.Server(connect_to, get_info=ldap3.ALL, port=port, use_ssl=use_ssl, tls=tls)
    if args.k:
        ldap_session = ldap3.Connection(ldap_server)
        ldap_session.bind()
        ldap3_kerberos_login(ldap_session, target, username, password, domain, lmhash, nthash, args.aesKey, kdcHost=args.dc_ip)
    elif args.hashes is not None:
        ldap_session = ldap3.Connection(ldap_server, user=user, password=lmhash + ":" + nthash, authentication=ldap3.NTLM, auto_bind=True)
    else:
        ldap_session = ldap3.Connection(ldap_server, user=user, password=password, authentication=ldap3.NTLM, auto_bind=True)

    return ldap_server, ldap_session


def init_ldap_session(args, domain, username, password, lmhash, nthash):
    if args.k:
        target = get_machine_name(args, domain)
    else:
        if args.dc_ip is not None:
            target = args.dc_ip
        else:
            target = domain

    if args.use_ldaps is True:
        try:
            return init_ldap_connection(target, ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1_2, args, domain, username, password, lmhash, nthash)
        except ldap3.core.exceptions.LDAPSocketOpenError:
            return init_ldap_connection(target, ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1, args, domain, username, password, lmhash, nthash)
    else:
        return init_ldap_connection(target, None, args, domain, username, password, lmhash, nthash)


def main():
    print(version.BANNER)
    args = parse_args()
    init_logger(args)

    if args.action == 'write' and args.principal_sAMAccountName is None and args.principal_SID is None and args.principal_DN is None:
        logging.critical('-principal, -principal-sid, or -principal-dn should be specified when using -action write')
        sys.exit(1)

    if args.action == "restore" and not args.filename:
        logging.critical('-file is required when using -action restore')

    domain, username, password, lmhash, nthash = parse_identity(args)
    if len(nthash) > 0 and lmhash == "":
        lmhash = "aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee"

    try:
        ldap_server, ldap_session = init_ldap_session(args, domain, username, password, lmhash, nthash)
        dacledit = DACLedit(ldap_server, ldap_session, args)
        if args.action == 'read':
            dacledit.read()
        elif args.action == 'write':
            dacledit.write()
        elif args.action == 'remove':
            dacledit.remove()
        elif args.action == 'flush':
            dacledit.flush()
        elif args.action == 'backup':
            dacledit.backup()
        elif args.action == 'restore':
            dacledit.restore()
    except Exception as e:
        if logging.getLogger().level == logging.DEBUG:
            traceback.print_exc()
        logging.error(str(e))


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()