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README.md

Seth

Seth is an Ethereum client tool—like a "MetaMask for the command line"—maintained by the DappHub collective.

👵 If you're a command-line hacker, Seth will make you go "It's a Unix system—I know this!"

📠 If you're doing blockchain automation, Seth is an excellent base for deploy scripts, integration tests, and bots.

💸 If you love open source finance, Seth is a sci-fi future where you can manage funds from the command line.

seth supports signing transactions with Ledger Nano S or Trezor hardware wallets—even if you use a remote RPC node like Infura's.

"One indicator I look for in a healthy open source project is how many useful tools come out of its team as a side effect of their efforts." —@danfinlay

"Looks like a great set of CLI tools, very devopsy." —Andreas Antonopolous

"The Unix approach you've taken is perfect." —immutability


Contents


Installing

Seth is distributed as part of the Dapp tools suite.

Configuration

Seth has options that can be specified via command-line flags or environment variables.

Seth looks in the following places for configuration, in descending order of precedence:

  • ./.sethrc
  • XDG_CONFIG_HOME/seth/sethrc
  • ~/.sethrc

The configuration is loaded as a shell script (Bash 4 syntax). This is a convenient place to set default options by exporting environment variables.

Example .sethrc file

# Use Infura's mainnet node for all RPC calls
export SETH_CHAIN=ethlive

# Set an address as the default sender
export ETH_FROM=0xd08f67044c53d723686e002c5b880f73674e164c

# Look for my key files in a custom directory
export ETH_KEYSTORE=~/secrets/ethereum

Example .sethrc file that uses infura Kovan testnet

# Use Infura's Kovan testnet node for all RPC calls
export ETH_RPC_URL=https://kovan.infura.io/v3/<API-KEY>

# Set an address as the default sender
export ETH_FROM=0xd08f67044c53d723686e002c5b880f73674e164c

Note that flags given to the seth command will override these settings.

Connecting to the blockchain

By default, Seth assumes a local RPC node on the standard port.

You can specify another RPC URL using the variable ETH_RPC_URL or the flag --rpc-url.

Alternatively, you can use a default remote node (operated by Infura) using the variable SETH_CHAIN or the flag --chain (or -C). Allowed values: ethlive (aka mainnet), ropsten, kovan, rinkeby, and goerli.

Note: If you frequently use Seth with the Infura nodes, you should sign up for an Infura API key and use your custom URL:

export ETH_RPC_URL=https://mainnet.infura.io/<API-KEY>

Key management and signing

By default, Seth does not use the RPC node for key management or signing transactions. Instead, it uses keys stored on your machine, as well as your Ledger Nano S hardware wallet (if present). Thus, you do not need to "unlock" your account in Geth or Parity.

Seth looks for keys in the standard directories of Geth and Parity. To configure a custom location for your key files, use the ETH_KEYSTORE variable or the --keystore flag. The ETH_KEYSTORE variable should point to a directory containing JSON keystore wallet files. If you would like to use an existing private key that you do not have a keystore file for, you may use ethsign import.

Use seth accounts or seth ls to list out all wallets in the directory.

If your key is protected with a password, Seth will prompt you each time you make a transaction. If you are confident in your computer security, and you want to (say) run a bot script, you can set the ETH_PASSWORD variable (flag: --password) to point to a file containing your password.

If you do want to use the RPC node for key management and signing, set the ETH_RPC_ACCOUNTS variable or use the --rpc-accounts flag. This probably means you need to use Geth's or Parity's account management tools to "unlock" your account.

If both ETH_RPC_ACCOUNTS and ETH_FROM are set, seth will first check if the provided account can be found in the keystore, or in any connected hardware wallet, and only use the RPC node's signer if the account does not exist. Note: Seth uses the ethsign tool for signing transactions. This tool uses Geth as a library.

Hardware wallets

Seth will scan for Ledger Nano S hardware wallets by default.

The Ledger wallet is only available to Seth while it is unlocked, in the Ethereum app, and with browser mode off.

On Linux, you may have to enable some USB permissions. See the Ledger Wallet Linux instructions.

When you use a sending address that belongs to the hardware wallet, Seth will automatically use it for signing transactions.

Note: Seth currently only looks for the first four addresses derived from your seed phrase. You may customize the hd derivation path by setting the ETH_HDPATH variable.

Your address

When making transactions or doing read-only calls, Seth takes the sending address from the ETH_FROM variable or the --from flag.


Basic usage: a tutorial

This section assumes that you have something like the example .sethrc file specifying how to connect to the blockchain and a default sender address.

Ether transactions

Here is how you might use seth send to send one wei—the smallest possible amount of ether—to the Ethereum Foundation's donation address:

$ seth send --value 1 0xfB6916095ca1df60bB79Ce92cE3Ea74c37c5d359
seth-send: warning: `ETH_GAS' not set; using default gas amount
Ethereum account passphrase (not echoed):
seth-send: Published transaction with 0 bytes of calldata.
seth-send: 0xe428d4bb148ded426777ae892578507e4f394f608ad9d3a9d0229e8348ba72e3
seth-send: Waiting for transaction receipt...
seth-send: Transaction included in block 4908738.

Helper commands

The $(...) shell syntax for "command substitution" is very useful with Seth. It allows the output of one command to become a parameter to another. An example follows.

Generally, you don't transact in terms of wei amounts, but in fractional amounts of ether. You can convert an ether amount into a wei amount using seth --to-wei. Here, we send 1.5 ETH:

$ fund=0xfB6916095ca1df60bB79Ce92cE3Ea74c37c5d359
$ seth send --value $(seth --to-wei 1.5 eth) $fund

There is also seth --from-wei for converting wei amounts into a more readable notation.

For more advanced blockchain interactions, the helpers seth --abi-decode, seth --from-ascii, and seth --from-bin are also useful.

Checking ether balances

You can use seth balance to see how much is in the donation fund:

$ seth balance 0xfB6916095ca1df60bB79Ce92cE3Ea74c37c5d359
4595456374254502385669

You can use seth ls to check the ether balances of your own accounts:

$ seth ls
0xCC41D9831E4857B4F16914A356306fBeA734183A    2412312951251268
0xD9ceccea2BEE9a367d78658aBbB2Fe979b3877Ef    142109

Reading from contracts

The basic tool to read information from a contract is seth call, which performs a call without publishing a transaction.

For example, you can read the total supply of the MakerDAO governance token using the ERC20 ABI:

$ MKR_TOKEN=0x9f8F72aA9304c8B593d555F12eF6589cC3A579A2
$ seth call $MKR_TOKEN "totalSupply()(uint)"
995238778286468792512963

If the ABI function has parameters, you can supply them as additional arguments; for example, to check the balance of the MakerDAO fund:

$ MKR_FUND=0x7Bb0b08587b8a6B8945e09F1Baca426558B0f06a
$ seth call $MKR_TOKEN "balanceOf(address)(uint)" $MKR_FUND
0

(See also token for a more convenient way to use ERC20 tokens.)

You can also use seth logs to read event logs from a contract or seth code to get a contract's bytecode.

Transacting with contracts

The seth send tool is not only capable of sending ether, but also of constructing, signing, and publishing contract transactions. This requires that you know the exact ABI method to use.

For example, to approve access to some of your Dai for the OasisDEX decentralized exchange using the ERC20 approval interface:

$ DAI=0x89d24A6b4CcB1B6fAA2625fE562bDD9a23260359
$ OASIS=0x14FBCA95be7e99C15Cc2996c6C9d841e54B79425
$ amount=$(seth --to-wei 0.5 ether)
$ seth send $DAI "approve(address,uint256)" $OASIS $amount

(Again, see token for a more convenient way to interact with ERC20 tokens.)

See seth send for details on passing arguments, doing asynchronous transactions, exit codes, and so on.

Using strings

Strings can be used by enclosing them in double quotes within single quotes.

$ export RESULT=$(seth calldata "f(string)" '"Hello World"')
$ seth --calldata-decode "f(string)" $RESULT
Hello World

Using arrays

Arrays can be used by enclosing them in single or double quotes. Arrays surrounded in single quotes will be inerpreted literally - you won't be able to use variables ($FOO) in them.

$ export AMOUNT=$(seth --to-wei 5 ether)
$ export TEST=$(seth calldata "f(uint256[])" "[$AMOUNT]"
$ seth --calldata-decode "f(uint256[])" $TEST
5000000000000000000

Commands

seth --abi-decode

Extract return values from hex data.

seth --abi-decode "<name>(<in-types>)(<out-types>)" <hexdata>

Decodes <hexdata> according to <out-types> (<in-types> are ignored).

seth --calldata-decode

Decodes a calldata bytestring into a list of input arguments.

seth --calldata-decode <signature> <hexstring>

seth --from-ascii

Convert text data into hex data.

seth --from-ascii <text>...

seth --from-bin

Convert binary data into hex data.

seth --from-bin <data.bin >data.hex

Reads binary data from standard input and prints it as hex data.

seth --from-fix

Convert fixed point numbers into parsed integers with the specified number of decimals.

seth --from-fix <decimals> <value>

For example, use seth --to-fix 6 1 to convert 1 USDC into the parsed quantity of 1,000,000 USDC

seth --from-wei

Convert a wei amount into another unit (wei by default).

seth --from-wei <value> [<unit>]

The unit may be wei, gwei, eth, or ether.

seth --max-int

Returns the max signed integer with the specified number of bits.

seth --max-int [<bits>]

Defaults to 256 bits.

seth --max-uint

Returns the max unsigned integer with the specified number of bits.

seth --max-uint [<bits>]

Defaults to 256 bits.

seth --min-int

Returns the min signed integer with the specified number of bits.

seth --max-uint [<bits>]

Defaults to 256 bits.

seth --to-address

Convert an address into a checksummed address.

seth --to-address <address>

seth --to-ascii

Convert hex data into text data.

seth --to-ascii <hexdata>

seth --to-bytes32

Pad a hex string to the right with zeroes to 32 bytes.

seth --to-bytes32 <value>

seth --to-dec

Convert a hex value with 0x prefix into a decimal number.

seth --to-dec <hexvalue>

seth --to-fix

Convert parsed integers into fixed point with the specified number of decimals.

seth --to-fix <decimals> <value>

For example, use seth --to-fix 6 1000000 to convert the parsed amount of 1,000,000 USDC into a formatted amount of 1 USDC.

seth --to-hex

Convert a decimal number into a hex value.

seth --to-hex <value>

seth --to-int256

Convert a number into int256 hex string with 0x prefix.

seth --to-int256 <value>

seth --to-uint256

Convert a number into uint256 hex string with 0x prefix.

seth --to-uint256 <value>

seth --to-wei

Convert an ETH amount into wei.

seth --to-wei <value> [<unit>]

The unit may be wei, gwei, eth, or ether.

seth 4byte

Prints the response from querying 4byte.directory for a given function signature

seth 4byte <calldata> [<options>]

Any calldata appended after the function signature will be stripped before querying 4byte.directory.

By default, just the signatures will be printed, but the -v flag can be used to print the full JSON response.

seth 4byte-decode

Queries 4byte.directory for matching function signatures, uses one to decode the calldata, and prints the decoded calldata.

seth 4byte-decode <calldata> [<options>]

By default, the user will be prompted to select a function signature to use for decoding the calldata.

The --id flag can be passed to bypass interactive mode. Use --id earliest or --id latest to use the oldest and newest functions in the 4byte.directory database, respectively. Use --id <number> to select a function signature by it's ID in the 4byte.directory database.

seth 4byte-event

Prints the response from querying 4byte.directory for a given event topic

seth 4byte-event <topic> [<options>]

By default, just the signatures will be printed, but the -v flag can be used to print the full JSON response.

seth abi-encode

Prints the ABI encoded values without the function signature

seth abi-encode <sig> [<args>]

ABI encode values based on a provided function signature, slice off the leading the function signature, and print the result. It does not matter what the name of the function is, as only the types and values affect the output.

seth age

Show the timestamp of a block (the latest block by default).

seth age [--block <block>]

seth balance

Show the ether balance of an account.

seth balance [--block <block>] <account>

seth basefee

Show the basefee of a block (the latest block by default).

seth basefee [<block>]

If no <block> number is given, defaults to latest.

seth block

Print a table of information about a specific block.

seth block [--json] <block> [<field>]

If <field> is given, print only the value of that field.

The <block> may be either latest, a block hash, or a block number.

seth block-number

Returns the latest block number.

seth block-number

seth bundle-source

Fetch a contract source from etherscan and compile it with the appropriate Solidity version. Useful to provide source maps in calls to seth run-tx or hevm exec --debug --rpc.

seth bundle-source <address>

Requires the ETHERSCAN_API_KEY environment variable to be set.

Use --dir to control the directory in which compilation occurs (defaults to current working directory)

seth call

Call a contract without updating the blockchain.

seth call [<options>] <to> <sig> [<args>...]
seth call [<options>] <to> [<calldata>]
seth call [<options>] --create <code> <sig> [<args>]
seth call [<options>] --create <code> [<data>]

When given <sig> of the form <name>(<types>), perform ABI encoding to infer the calldata.

When <sig> also includes a return type, as name(<in-types>)(<out-types>), then also decode the return value.

Otherwise <calldata> should be hex data.

When --create is passed, read the <code> to use in a creation call, optionally passing additional hex <data> or structured <sig> and <args>.

Flag Variable Default Synopsis
--block ETH_BLOCK latest block number
--from ETH_FROM n/a simulated sender
--gas ETH_GAS 200000 simulated gas quantity
--value ETH_VALUE 0 simulated ether value

By default, calls are made to the defined RPC node. With --hevm, calls are evaluated locally with hevm.

If --debug is passed, the call will be displayed interactively in the hevm debugger.

If --code <code> is passed, the <to> address will have its runtime bytecode overwritten with <code>, against which the call will then be evaluated.

seth calldata

Pack a signature and an argument list into hexadecimal calldata.

seth calldata <sig> [<args>...]
seth calldata <file>
seth calldata <data>

When called with <sig> of the form <name>(<types>...), then perform ABI encoding to produce the hexadecimal calldata.

If <file> is given—containing at least one slash character—then treat it as a file name to read, and proceed as if the contents were passed as <data>.

Given <data>, ensure it is hexadecimal calldata starting with 0x and normalize it to lowercase.

seth chain

Print the symbolic name of the current blockchain by checking the genesis block hash.

Outputs one of ethlive, etclive, kovan, ropsten, goerli, morden, rinkeby, optimism-mainnet, optimism-kovan, arbitrum-mainnet, bsc, bsctest, kotti, polygon, or unknown.

seth chain-id

Print the ethereum chain id. 1 for Mainnet, 42 for Kovan, etc.

seth code

Print the bytecode of a contract.

seth code [--block <block>] <address>

If <block> is not given, the default is latest.

seth debug

Step through a transaction in the interactive debugger. Executes all prior transactions in the block to ensure correct state. This may take a while. If you are in a hurry or don't expect the relevant state to be changed by other transactions in the block, use seth run-tx instead.

seth debug <txhash> [<options>]

Unless --no-src is given, seth will try to fetch the source code for the target of the transaction for better debugging xp.

seth estimate

Estimate how much gas a transaction is likely to use, using the RPC node's gas estimation.

seth estimate [<options>] <to> <sig> [<args>]
seth estimate [<options>] <to> <sig> [<args>]
seth estimate [<options>] --create <code> <sig> [<args>]
seth estimate [<options>] --create <code> <data>

Options are similar to seth send, but no transaction is published.

seth etherscan-source

Fetch the source of a contract from etherscan. Requires etherscan api key.

seth etherscan-source <address> [<options>

Returns a json with source and options. For just the source, try:

seth etherscan-source <address> | jq .SourceCode -r

seth events

Print the decoded events of a contract.

seth events [--block <block>] [--follow] <address>

To use this command, you need to set the SETH_ABI variable:

export SETH_ABI=$(seth abi "event Foo(uint bar);")

To use a JSON ABI file:

export SETH_ABI=$(seth --decorate-abi $(cat abi.json))

With --follow, the command blocks waiting for new events (like tail -f).

See also seth logs which does not decode events.

seth gas-price

Reads the current gas price at target chain.

seth index

Prints the slot number for the specified mapping type and input data

seth index <fromtype> <totype> <fromvalue> <slot> [<lang>]

lang will default to Solidity when not specified. To compute the slot for Vyper instead, specify v, vy, or vyper.

Result is not guaranteed to be accurate for all Vyper versions since the Vyper storage layout is not yet stable.

seth keccak

Print the Keccak-256 hash of an arbitrary piece of data.

seth keccak <data>

Note: this uses the RPC node for hashing, which may be inefficient.

seth logs

Print the undecoded transaction logs of a contract.

seth logs [--block <block>] [--follow] <address>

With --follow, the command blocks waiting for new events (like tail -f).

See also seth events which decodes logs using an ABI specification.

seth lookup-address

Print the ENS name the provided address reverse resolves to. If the name is not owned or does not have a resolver configured, an invalid data for function output error will be thrown. An error will also be thrown if the forward and reverse resolution do not match.

seth lookup-address <address>

seth ls

Display a list of your accounts and their ether balances.

See Key management and signing for details on how Seth finds your accounts.

seth mktx

Make and signs a transaction without publishing it.

seth mktx [<options>] <to> <sig> [<args>]
seth mktx [<options>] <to> <calldata>

Options are as for seth send but no transaction is published.

See also seth publish for publishing a signed transaction.

seth namehash

Print the ENS namehash of the provided name.

seth namehash <name>

ENS names are converted to lowercase before hashing, but note this is not the complete normalization process, so users must ensure the ENS names they enter are properly formatted.

seth nonce

Show the number of transactions successfully sent from an address (its nonce).

seth nonce [--block <block>] <address>

seth publish

Publish an already signed transaction to the blockchain.

seth publish [<txdata>]

If <txdata> is not given, read it from standard input instead.

seth receipt

Wait for a transaction receipt to appear and print it in tabular form.

seth receipt [--async] <txhash> [<field>]

Print all fields of the transaction receipt unless <field> is specified.

Unless --async is given, wait indefinitely for the receipt to appear.

seth resolve-name

Print the address the provided ENS name resolves to. If the name is not owned or does not have a resolver configured, an invalid data for function output error will be thrown.

seth resolve-name <name>

ENS names are converted to lowercase before hashing, but note this is not the complete normalization process, so users must ensure the ENS names they enter are properly formatted.

seth run-tx

Run a transaction with hevm in the environment of the given transaction.

seth run-tx <tx-hash> [<options>]

Attempts to fetch contract source from etherscan if ETHERSCAN_API_KEY is set.

With --state dir, load and save state from dir With --trace, print the call trace of the transaction. With --debug, execute with hevm's interactive debugger With --no-src, do not attempt to fetch contract source from etherscan With --source=<filename>, manually supply a solc compiler output json (implies --no-src)

seth send

Sign and publish a transaction to the blockchain.

seth send [<options>] <to> <sig> [<args>]
seth send [<options>] <to> [<data>]
seth send [<options>] --create <code> <sig> [<args>]
seth send [<options>] --create <code> [<data>]
Flag Variable Default Synopsis
--block ETH_BLOCK latest block number
--from ETH_FROM n/a sender
--gas ETH_GAS 200000 gas quantity
--gas-price ETH_GAS_PRICE gas price
--prio-fee ETH_PRIO_FEE EIP-1559 priority fee (miner tip)
--value ETH_VALUE 0 ether value
--create SETH_CREATE create contract
--resend SETH_RESEND reuse nonce
--async SETH_ASYNC don't wait
--status SETH_STATUS check success

See Key management and signing for details on how Seth signs transactions.

With --async, just print the transaction hash. Otherwise, wait for the receipt and print as with seth receipt.

With --status (which excludes --async), check the status field of the transaction receipt and exit with an error code if the transaction failed. This is a post-Byzantium feature and will soon become the default behavior.

If --gas-price is provided (or ETH_GAS_PRICE) is set, legacy transactions will be used. For dynamic fee transactions (EIP-1559), --prio-fee is required.

seth sign

seth sign <data>

Sign hexdata with the '\x19Ethereum Signed Message:\n' prefix using the $ETH_FROM account.

See ethsign for more signing and key management options.

seth storage

Show the raw value of a contract's storage slot.

seth storage [--block <block>] <address> <slot>

seth tx

Print a table of information about a transaction.

seth tx <txhash> [<field>]

Show all fields unless <field> is given.